Table 1.

The settings for each simulation.

Parameters	Simulation
	First simulation 100 m × 100 m	Second simulation 500 m × 500 m
Number of nodes	100	200
Base station location	(50, 175)	(500, 575)
Number of clusters	5
Initial energy	2 J
E elec	50 pJ/bit
E fs	10 pJ/bit/m2
E mp	0.0013 pJ/bit/m4
α	0.75
Data message b	500 bytes/message
Control packet	25 bytes