Two Diterpenoids and a Cyclopenta[c]pyridine Derivative from Roots of Salvia digitaloids

Abstract

Two new glucosides, salviadigitoside A (1) and salviatalin A-19-O-β-glucoside (2), belonging to the salviatalin type diterpenoids, and a new cyclopenta[c]pyridine, salviadiginine A (3), were isolated from the roots of Salvia digitaloids. Structures of these compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. In addition, compounds 1–3 were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity, but the results showed a weak anti-inflammatory activity.

1. Introduction

Salvia, the largest genus of the family Labiatae [1], is economically important because it has exhibited various biological and pharmacological activities including antitumor [2], antiallergic [3], antioxidant [4], antimicrobial [5], and antiplatelet aggregation activities [6]. The diterpenoid constituents of this genus are of great interest due to their diverse structures and significant biological activities [7,8,9]. We previously reported a new antitumor agent, neo-tanshinlactone, which was isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza [9], and several notable new abietane diterpene alkaloids from Salvia yunnanensis [10].

Salvia digitaloides is a herbaceous perennial shrub native to the Chinese provinces of Guizhou, Sichuan, and Yunnan, which has been used in traditional Yunnan medicine. The local Tibetans soak the roots of this plant in alcohol to manufacture a special traditional health drink, to make them physically strong. As far as we know, fifteen diterpenoids have been reported from the roots of this plant [11,12]. In our previous study, two diterpenes with novel skeletons were isolated from the chloroform fraction of the roots of S. digitaloides, and salviatalin A showed a potent inhibitory effect on superoxide anion production in N-formyl-l-methionyl-l-leucyl-l-phenylalanine/cytochalasin B (FMLP/CB)-activated human neutrophils, as well as other anti-inflammatory effects [11]. In order to explore the anti-inflammatory effects and the diterpenoids constituents of the roots of S. digitaloides with novel structures, we continued to study the constituents of the n-butanol fraction of this plant. In this paper, we report the isolation and structural determination of two new diterpenoid glucosides salviadigitoside A (1) and salviatalinA-19-O-β-glucoside (2) together with a new cyclopenta[c]pyridine, salviadiginine A (3) (Figure 1) from the roots of S. digitaloids. In addition, the inhibitory activites on superoxide generation and elastase release by neutrophils of compounds 1–3 were also examined.

Figure 1.

Structure of three new compounds 1–3.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Purification and Characterization

The methanol-soluble extract of the dried roots of S. digitaloides was suspended in water and then extracted with chloroform and n-BuOH successively. The n-BuOH fraction was subjected to purification by a combination of conventional chromatographic techniques and resulted in the isolation of three new compounds (1–3).

2.2. Structural Elucidation of Compounds 1–3

Salviadigitoside A (1) was obtained as a colorless syrup and had a postitive rotation ( + 56.3, c 0.19, MeOH). The high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (HRESI-MS) of 1 showed an ion peak at m/z 531.2209, which was consistent with the molecular formula of C₂₆H₃₆O₁₀Na. This formula implied nine degrees of unsaturation. The UV spectrum of 1 showed absorption maxima at 220 and 283 nm, indicating the presence of α,β,γ,δ-unsaturated ketone moiety in the molecule. The IR spectrum showed strong absorption peaks for OH (3387 cm⁻¹), carbonyl group (1728 cm⁻¹) and furan ring (763 cm⁻¹). The proton signals for an anomeric proton at δ 5.46 (d, J = 8.0 Hz), oxygenated methylene at δ 3.82 (1H, dd, J = 11.6, 1.4 Hz) and 3.69 (1H, dd, J = 11.6, 4.0 Hz), and oxygenated methines at δ 3.45–3.30 (4H, m) suggested the presence of one sugar moiety. In the ¹³C NMR spectrum (Table 1) of 1, the carbon resonances at δ 95.5, 74.1, 78.5, 71.1, 78.8, 62.4 further confirmed that 1 was substituted with one glucose [13]. Furthermore, the ¹³C NMR spectrum showed 20 remaining carbon signals, including a vinyl carbon (δ 117.0), three quaternary olefinic (δ 160.4, 157.4 and 129.9), two carbonyl (δ 177.8 and 176.7), two quaternary (δ 46.2 and 45.8), one oxygenated quaternary (δ 81.4), one methine (δ 49.0), eight methylene (δ 72.4, 38.7, 38.1, 36.3, 33.9, 26.5, 20.9, and 19.4), and two methyl (δ 29.6 and 16.8) carbons. These results were confirmed by the heteronuclear singular quantum correlation (HSQC) spectrum. The ¹H NMR spectrum of 1 (Table 1) showed signals for two methyls (δ 1.32 and 0.79) and an oxygen-bearing methylene (H-15, δ 4.77), which are the typical lactone protons. The correlation spectroscopy (COSY) spectrum showed the following proton–proton cross-peaks: H-11 (δ 1.85 and 2.15) to H-12 (δ 2.30 and 2.46), H-6 (δ 2.04) to H-7 (δ 2.30 and 2.91)/H-5, (δ 2.25), and H-2 (δ 1.55, 1.96) to H-1 (δ 1.53, 1.79)/H-3 (δ 1.14, 2.19). The seven-membered C-ring was established by the correlations of H-11 (δ 1.85) with C-8 (δ 160.4), C-12 (δ 19.4) and C-13 (δ 129.9), of H-12 (δ 2.30, 2.46) with C-9 (δ 81.4), C-11 (δ 36.3), C-13 (δ 129.9) and C-14 (δ 157.4), and of H-17 (δ 6.05) with C-8 (δ 160.4), C-9 (δ 81.4) and C-13 (δ 129.9) in the heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC) spectrum (Table 1, Figure 1). The HMBC spectrum of 1 also showed the conjugated cross-peaks of H-15 (δ 4.77) to C-13 (δ 129.9)/C-14 (δ 157.4)/C-16 (δ 176.7), H-11 (δ 1.85) to C-8 (δ 160.4)/C-13 (δ 129.9) and H-17 (δ 6.05) to C-8 (δ 160.4)/C-9 (δ 81.4)/C-13 (δ 129.9)/C-15 (δ 72.4), indicating that 1 was a γ-lactone ring α,β-fused to a novel 6/6/7 tricyclic-skeleton diterpene containing two double bond conjugated with the carbonyl group. The ³J HMBC correlations of the methyl protons (H-18) at δ 1.32 with C-3 (δ 38.7), C-4 (δ 45.8), C-5 (δ 49.0), and C-19 (δ 177.8) indicated that the quaternary C-4 was substituted with both methyl and carboxylic acid groups. Moreover, the correlation of the anomeric proton at δ 5.46 with C-19 (δ 177.8) in HMBC spectrum suggested that the glucose was connected to the C-19 carboxylic acid group. In addition, the ³J HMBC correlations of the oxygenated quaternary carbon (C-9) at δ 81.4 with H-7 (δ 2.30), H-12 (δ 2.30), H-17 (δ 6.05), and H-20 (δ 0.79) showed that the C-9 was substituted with a hydroxyl group. The stereochemistry was confirmed by a nuclear overhauser enhancement spectroscopy (NOESY) experiment, which showed correlations of H-5/Me-18, H-5/H-6α, Me-20/H-2β, Me-20/H-6β, and Me-20/H-11β (Figure 2). Thus, the methyl substituents at C-4 and C-10 have the α- and β-orientation, respectively. Based on the above-mentioned observations, the structure of salviadigitoside A was assigned as 1.

Table 1.

¹H and ¹³C NMR spectral data and heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC) correlations for compounds 1 and 2 in CD3OD.

Compound	1				2
	δH (J in Hz)	δC		HMBC	δH (J in Hz)		δC	HMBC
1	β (eq): 1.53 m;	33.9		C-2, C-10,	α (ax): 1.26 td (13.9, 3.8)		37.1	C-2, C-20
	α (ax): 1.79 td (12.8, 3.2)			C-20	β (eq): 2.11 m
2	β (ax): 1.55 m;	20.9		C-3	α (eq): 1.61 dq' (13.9, 3.8)		20.5
	α (eq): 1.96 dq' (13.6, 3.2)				β (ax): 2.05 m
3	α (ax): 1.14 td (13.6, 3.2);	38.7		C-4, C-19	α (ax): 1.12 td (13.9, 3.8)		38.3	C-2, C-4,
	β (eq): 2.19 m				β (eq): 2.27 dt (13.9, 3.8)			C-18, C-19
4		45.8					45.3
5	α (ax): 2.25 d (9.6)	49.0		C-4, C-6,	α (ax): 1.44 d (13.2)		54.4	C-4, C-6, C-7,
				C-10, C-20				C-10, C-19
6	2.04 m (2H)	26.5		C-7, C-8, C-10	β (ax): 1.83 qd (13.2, 6.0)		21.1	C-5, C-7,
					α (eq): 2.17 dd (13.2, 6.0)			C-8, C-10
7	β (eq): 2.30 m;	38.1		C-9	α (ax): 2.02 td (13.2, 6.0)		29.0	C-5, C-6, C-8,
	α (ax): 2.91 m				β (eq): 2.69 dd (13.2, 6.0)			C-9, C-17
8		160.4					137.3
9		81.4					159.3
10		46.2					43.1
11	β (ax): 1.85 t (13.6);	36.3		C-8, C-12,	2.59 m (2H)		27.4	C-8, C-10,
	α (eq): 2.15 m			C-13				C-13
12	α (ax): 2.30 m;	19.4		C-9, C-11, C-13, C-14, C-16	α (ax): 2.40 m		24.6	C-9, C-13,
	β (eq): 2.46 dd (16.2, 6.6)				β (eq): 2.59 m			C-16
13		129.9					139.9
14		157.4					154.1
15	4.77 m (2H)	72.4		C-13, C-14,	4.84 dd (17.4, 2.4)		71.4	C-14, C-16
				C-16	4.98 dt (17.4, 2.4)
16		176.7					176.0
17	6.05 s	117.0		C-8, C-9,			192.1
				C-13, C-15
18	α (eq): 1.32 s	29.6		C-3, C-4,	α (eq): 1.31 s		28.7	C-3, C-4,
				C-5, C-19				C-5, C-19
19		177.8					177.6
20	β (ax): 0.79 s	16.8		C-1, C-5,	β (ax): 1.04 s		17.8	C-1, C-5,
				C-9, C-10				C-9, C-10
1'	5.46 d (8.0)		95.5	C-19		5.48 d (7.9)	95.6	C-19
2'	3.30–3.45 m		74.1			3.32–3.42 m	74.2
3'	3.30–3.45 m		78.5 *			3.32–3.42 m	78.4
4'	3.30–3.45 m		71.1			3.32–3.42 m	71.1
5'	3.30–3.45 m		78.8 *			3.32–3.42 m	78.7
6'	3.69 dd (11.6, 4.0)		62.4			3.68 dd (11.8, 4.0)	62.4
	3.82 dd (11.6, 1.4)					3.80 d (11.8)

* Assignments may be interchangeable; “m” means overlapping or irresolvable peak.

Figure 2.

HMBC correlations of 1−3.

SalviatalinA-19-O-β-glucoside (2) was also obtained as colorless needles with positive rotation ( + 107.8, c 0.47, MeOH). The HRESI-MS of 2 showed a ion peak at m/z 529.2053, consistent with the molecular formula of C₂₆H₃₄O₁₀Na, implied ten degrees of unsaturation. The UV spectrum showed an absorption maximum at 251 and 313 nm, and the IR spectrum showed strong absorptions at 3383 and 1751 cm⁻¹ for hydroxyl and carbonyl group in the molecule, respectively. The structure of 2 was similar to that of 1, according to the ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR spectral data (Table 1). The differences observed in the ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR spectra of 2 compared with those of 1 were occurrence of signals for C-8 and C-9 at δ 137.3 and 159.3 instead of δ 160.4 and 81.4, respectively. In addition, the H-17 signal in 2 disappeared and the carbonyl signal at δ 117.0 in 1 shifted to δ 192.1 in 2, suggesting that the seven-membered C-ring of 2 was formed the α,β-unsaturated ketone group. Therefore, the structure of salviatalinA-19-O-β-glucoside was assigned as 2, which was supported by COSY, HSQC, HMBC (Table 1, Figure 1), and NOESY (Figure 3) experiments.

Figure 3.

Nuclear overhauser enhancement spectroscopy (NOESY) correlations of 1–3.

Salviadiginine A (3) was obtained as colorless needles, + 15.5 (c 0.09, MeOH). The molecular formula, C₉H₁₁NO₃, was established by HRESI-MS (182.0816 [M + H]⁺, calcd. for 182.0817), implying five degrees of unsaturation. The IR spectrum displayed absorption characteristic of hydroxyl and aromatic groups (3321 and 1608 cm⁻¹), and the UV spectrum showed absorbance at λ_max 259 nm. The presence of α,β,γ-disubstituted pyridine was revealed by ¹H NMR signals at δ 7.43 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, H-4), 8.48 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, H-3) and 8.53 (s, H-1), together with ¹³C NMR signals at δ 120.4 (d), 143.2 (s), 145.4 (d), 149.4 (d), and 151.1 (s). The signals at δ 76.8 (d) and 90.3 (d) in the ¹³C NMR spectrum, as well as a resonance at δ 4.04 (1H, d, J = 7.7 Hz) and 4.68 (1H, d, J = 7.7 Hz) in the ¹H NMR spectrum, provided evidence for the presence of the fragment –CH(OH)–CH(OH)– in 3. In the HMBC experiment (Table 2, Figure 1) of 3, correlations of H-5 (δ 4.68)/C-4 (δ 120.4), C-4a (δ 151.1), C-6 (δ 90.3), and C-7a (δ 143.2), and of the methyl group (δ 1.36)/C-6 (δ 90.3), C-7 (δ 78.2), and C-7a (δ 143.2) suggested that the planar structure of salviadiginine A was established as 3. The relative stereochemistry of three hydroxyls located toward pseudo equatorial orientation was due to the presence of nuclear overhauser effect (NOE) correlation between H-5 and 7-CH₃ and the absence of NOE correlation between H-5/7-CH₃ and H-6 in the NOESY spectrum (Figure 3). The absolute configuration of the 5,6,7-triol moiety was determined by application of the circular dichroic (CD) exciton chirality method [14]. The negative Cotton effect at 225 nm (Δε −1.19), the positive Cotton effect at 268 nm (Δε +2.19) and the negative Cotton effect at 291 nm (Δε −0.12) were correlated to the 5S, 6R, 7R configuration. Thus, compound 3 was determined to be (5S,6R,7R)-6,7-dihydro-7-methyl-5H-cyclopenta[c]pyridine-5α,6α,7α-triol.

Table 2.

¹H and ¹³C NMR spectral data and HMBC correlations for compound 3 in CD₃OD.

Compound	3
	δH (J in Hz)	δC	HMBC
1	8.53 s	145.4	C-3, C-4a, C-7, C-7a
3	8.48 d (5.1)	149.4	C-1, C-4, C-4a
4	7.43 d (5.1)	120.4	C-3, C-5, C-7a
4a		151.1
5	4.68 d (7.7)	76.8	C-4, C-4a, C-6, C-7a
6	4.04 d (7.7)	90.3	C-5, C-7, 7-CH3
7		78.2
7-CH3	1.36 s	23.1	C-6, C-7, C-7a
7a		143.2

2.3. Anti-Inflammatory Activity

Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cells in human-bodies. They play an important role in the immune defense against various diseases, and they also participate in the development of the inflammatory reaction. As a response to different stimuli, activated neutrophils secrete a series of cytotoxins, such as the superoxide anion radical (O²⁻), a precursor to other reactive oxygen species (ROS), bioactive lipids, granule proteases, and neutrophil elastase, a major contributor to destruction of tissue in chronic inflammatory disease. Suppression of the extensive or inappropriate activation of neutrophils by drugs has been suggested as a way to improve inflammatory diseases [15,16,17,18]. In the anti-inflammatory assay (Table 3), neutrophils were activated by N-formyl-l-methionyl-l-leucyl-l-phenylalanine/cytochalasin B (FMLP/CB) to produce superoxide anion and elastase, which are both mediators of neutrophilic inflammation. In this study, the percentage of inhibition (Inh %) for compounds 1–3 at 10 μM concentration against FMLP/CB-induced superoxide anion generation by human neutrophils were 11.14 ± 3.27, 9.35 ± 4.85 and 7.88 ± 5.53, respectively. In addition, the percentage of inhibition (Inh %) for compounds 1–3 at 10 μM concentration in the FMLP/CB-induced elastase release assay were 11.83 ± 6.06, 11.12 ± 2.76 and 2.83 ± 4.91, respectively.

Table 3.

Effects of pure compounds on superoxide anion generation and elastase release in FMLP/CB-induced human neutrophils.

Compound	Superoxide Anion	Elastase Release
	Inh %	Inh %
1	11.14 ± 3.27 *	11.83 ± 6.06
2	9.35 ± 4.85	11.12 ± 2.76 *
3	7.88 ± 5.53	2.83 ± 4.19
LY294002 a	1.0± 0.3	1.5± 0.4

Percentage of inhibition (Inh %) at 10 mM concentration. Results are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 3); * p < 0.05 compared with the control value (DMSO); ^a, this phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase inhibitor was used as a positive control for inhibition of superoxide anion generation and elastase release (n = 3).

3. Experimental Section

3.1. General

All the chemicals were purchased from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany) unless specifically indicated. Melting points of purified compounds were determined by a Yanagimoto MP-S3 melting point measuring apparatus without correction. UV spectra were obtained on a Hitachi UV-3210 spectrophotometer (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). IR spectra were recorded on a Shimadzu FTIR spectrometer Prestige-21 (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan). Optical rotations were measured using a Jasco DIP-370 Polarimeter. Electrospray ionization (ESI) and HRESI mass spectra were recorded on a Bruker APEX II mass spectrometer (Bruker, Rheinstetten, Germany). The NMR spectra, including ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, COSY, NOESY, HMBC, and HSQC experiments, were recorded on Bruker Avance 400 and AV-500 NMR spectrometers (Bruker, Rheinstetten, Germany) with TMS as the internal reference, and chemical shifts are expressed in δ (ppm). Silica gel (Merck, Germany, 70–230, 230–400 mesh) was used for column chromatography and thin layer chromatography (TLC) was conducted on pre-coated Kiesel gel 60 F₂₅₄ plates (Merck), and the spots were visualized by UV.

3.2. Plant Materials

The roots of S. digitaloides were collected from in Li Jiang, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China, in October 2004 by S. Zhang, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medicinal Sciences, Beijing, China, and identified by Kuoh, C.S. Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. Permission was obtained to export the plant material from the China into Taiwan. A voucher specimen (TSWu-20041015) was deposited at the Herbarium of National Cheng Kung University.

3.3. Extraction and Isolation

The dried roots of S. digitaloides (3.0 kg) were pulverized into powder and extracted six times with methanol under reflux. The methanol soluble extract was concentrated under reduced pressure to give dark brown syrup (220 g). The methanol-soluble extract was suspended in water and then extracted with chloroform and n-BuOH successively to afford the chloroform layer (70 g), n-BuOH fraction (68 g). The n-BuOH fraction was chromatographed over reversed-phase Diaion HP-20 gel using water and methanol gradients (water:methanol = 1:0, 9:1, 5:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:3, 1:9, 0:1) and afforded 8 fractions according to the TLC monitoring. Fraction (Fr.) 3 was chromatographed on silica gel, eluted with a mixture of chloroform and methanol (3:1) to give five subfractions (Fr. 3.1–3.5). Fr. 3.3 was subjected to silica gel column chromatography (CC) eluted by solvent mixture of chloroform and methanol (5:1) to yield salviatalin A-19-O-β-glucoside (2) (4.7 mg). Fraction 5 was purified by silica gel CC with a mixing eluent of chloroform and methanol (5:1) to afford six subfractions (Fr. 5.1–5.6). Fr. 5.2 was further purified by silica gel CC and successive preparative thin layer chromatography (pTLC) eluted by chloroform and methanol (5:1) to produce salviadigitoside A (1) (2.1 mg). Fraction 6 was subjected to silica gel CC eluted by solvent mixture of chloroform and methanol (5:1) and all the collections were combined to seven subfractions (Fr. 6.1–6.7) according to the TLC monitoring. Fr. 6.5 was subjected to silica gel CC eluted by solvent mixture of chloroform and methanol (5:1) and the successive pTLC purification to yield salviadiginine A (3) (5.1 mg).

3.1.1. Salviadigitoside A (1)

Colorless syrup; + 56.3 (c 0.19, MeOH); UV (MeOH), λ_max (log ε) 220 (3.60), 283 (3.90) nm; IR (KBr) ν_max cm⁻¹: 3387, 1728, 763 cm⁻¹; ¹H and ¹³C NMR see Table 1; electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS) m/z (rel. int.): 531 [M + Na]⁺; HRESI-MS m/z: 531.2209 [M + Na]⁺ (calcd. for C₂₆H₃₆O₁₀Na, 531.2206).

3.1.2. SalviatalinA-19-O-β-glucoside (2)

Colorless needles (from MeOH); mp, 172–175 °C; + 107.8 (c 0.47, MeOH ); UV (MeOH), λ_max (log ε) 251 (3.92), 313 (3.51) nm; IR (KBr) ν_max cm⁻¹: 3383, 1751, 759 cm⁻¹ ; ¹H and ¹³C NMR see Table 1; ESI-MS m/z (rel. int.): 529 [M + Na]⁺; HRESI-MS m/z: 529.2053 [M + Na]⁺ (calcd. for C₂₆H₃₄O₁₀Na, 529.2050).

3.1.3. Salviadiginine A (3)

Colorless needles (from MeOH); mp, 194–196 °C; + 15.5 (c 0.09, MeOH); UV (MeOH) λ_max (log ε) nm: 259 (3.46), 265 (3.38) nm; IR (KBr) ν_max cm⁻¹: 3321 cm⁻¹; ¹H and ¹³C NMR see Table 2; ESI-MS m/z (rel. int.): 182 [M + H]⁺; HRESI-MS m/z: 182.0816 [M + H]⁺ (calcd. for C₉H₁₂NO₃, 182.0817); CD (MeOH, 2.76 × 10⁻⁴ M) (Δε) 291 (−0.12), 268 (2.19), 225 (−1.19) nm.

3.2. Biological Assay

3.2.1. Preparation of Human Neutrophils

Whole blood was obtained from healthy donors (20–30 years old) by venipuncture. Human neutrophils were isolated by means of dextran sedimentation, Ficoll-Paque centrifugation, and hypotonic lysis of erythrocytes [19]. The purified neutrophils were resuspended in a Ca²⁺-free Hank’s balanced salt solution buffer at pH 7.4 and kept at 4 °C before use.

3.2.2. Measurement of Superoxide Anion Generation

The superoxide anion generation assay was carried out according to an established protocol [20], which monitors the reduction of ferricytochrome c inhibited by superoxide dismutase. In brief, the neutrophils were equilibrated with 0.5 mg/mL ferricytochrome c and 1 mM Ca²⁺ at 37 °C for 2 min and then incubated with each test compound for 5 min. Cells were incubated with cytochalasin B (CB, 1 μg/mL) for 3 min, before activation by formyl-l-methionyl-l-leucyl-l-phenylalanine (FMLP, 100 nM) for 10 min. FMLP/CB was used as a stimulant to activate neutrophils to produce superoxide anion. The changes in absorbance with reduction of ferricytochrome c at 550 nm were continuously monitored in a double-beam, six-cell positioned spectrophotometer (Hitachi U-3010, Tokyo, Japan) with constant stirring. Calculations were based on differences in the reactions with and without superoxide dismutase (100 U/mL) divided by the extinction coefficient for the reduction of ferricytochrome c (ε = 21.1/mM/10 mm). LY294002 was used as a positive control.

3.2.3. Elastase Release Assays.

Elastase release was measured by degranulation of azurophilic granules in human neutrophils as described previously [21]. Neutrophils were equilibrated in an elastase substrate, MeO-Suc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val-p-nitroanilide (100 μM), at 37 °C for 2 min and then incubated with test compounds for 5 min. Cells were activated by 100 nM FMLP and 0.5 μg/mL CB, and the changes in absorbance at 405 nm were monitored continuously to assay elastase release. The results were expressed as the percentage of elastase release in the FMLP/CB-activated, drug-free control system. LY294002 was used as a positive control.

4. Conclusions

In summary, three new compounds were characterized from the rhizomes the S. digitaloides. These compounds could be classified into two basic skeletons. Salviadigitoside A (1) and salviatalinA-19-O-β-glucoside (2) were belonging to the salviatalin type diterpenoids of natural origin. The biosynthetic pathway to both compounds 1–2 is illustrated in Scheme 1. Salviadiginine A (3) was identified to possess a cyclopenta[c]pyridine-type skeleton. Compounds 1–3 were examined for their inhibitory effects of superoxide anion generation and elastase release by human neutrophils in response to N-formyl-l-methionyl-l-leucyl-l-phenylalanine/cytochalasin B (FMLP/CB). The results revealed these compounds have only weak anti-inflammatory activity.

Scheme 1.

Plausible biosynthetic pathway of compounds 1 and 2.

Author Contributions

We thank National Science Council, R.O.C. for financial support of this research.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.