Cerebellar Neuroblastoma in 2.5 Years Old Child

Abstract

Neuroblastoma is the third most common malignancy of childhood, after leukemia and brain tumors. Only 2% of all neuroblastoma occur in the brain. Primary cerebellar neuroblastoma is an specific subset of Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors (PNET). Meduloblastoma is a relatively common and well-established entity, consisting of primitive and multipotential cells that may exhibit some evidence of neuroblastic or gliad differentiation. But cerebellar neuroblastoma with ultrastractural evidence of significant neuroblastic differentiation is extremely rare. We report a rare case of neuroblastoma in the cerebellum. A 2.5-year-old Iranian boy presented with vomiting and nausea in the morning and ataxia. CT scan showed a tumor mass in the cerebellum and the report of radiologist was medulloblastoma. Light microscopic assay showed a small cell neoplasm with lobules of densely packed cells (lobulated pattern) and better differentiated cells. Neuron-Specific Enolase was positive. Pathologic diagnosis confirmed the existence of cerebellar neuroblastoma. Chemotherapy followed surgical removal. No relapse occurred 12 months after surgery.

Introduction

Neroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children, accounting for 8% to 10% of all childhood cancers [1-4].

A tumor mass can occur anywhere along the sympathetic nerve crest pathway [2].

Therefore, a wide variety of tumor locations and clinical presentations have been described [5] but only 2% of all nerublastoma arise in the brain [6]. The most common malignant brain tumor of childhood is Medulloblastoma [1, 2]. Medulloblastoma, medullophithelioma, and neuroblastoma are designated in the WHO classification as embryonic and cytologically pluripotential tumors. Microscopically, medulloblastomas exhibit highly variable histological features, most frequently appearing as an infiltrative, extremely undifferentiated, cellular neoplasm [3, 5]. The cells have carrot - shaped or ovoid nuclei with course dark chromatin and scant or no visible cytoplasm. Mitoses and necrosis are highly variable. Homer - wright rosettes, the core of which is formed or tenuous fibrillated processes, may be present. Exceptionally, neurons in various stages of maturation are observed. When matured cells are present at the site of cerebellum, the tumor maybe classified as cerebellar ganglioneuroblastoma.

When they form a lobulated pattern with cells streaming in a fine fibrillated background, they are designated cerebellar neuroblastoma [1, 7, 8]. Review of epidemiologic studies and case reports revealed that there is not a reported case of cerebellar neuroblastoma as a primary CNS tumor in Iran [9-11]. Here, we describe a rare case with cerebellar mass, which pathological diagnosis was cerebellar neuroblastoma.

Case Report

We report a patient with primary cerebellar neuroblastoma. A 2.5-year-old boy was admitted to our hospital because of nausea and vomiting in the morning, headache, ataxia, poor balance and torticulli. The preoperative routine complete blood count , clotting profiles , electrolytes , sequential multiple analysis for chemistry , and the urine analysis findings were all within the normal limits . A brain CT scan revealed a well defined hyperdense mass in cerebellar vermis compressing forth ventricle with obstructive hydrocephaly, compatible with medulloblastoma (Figure 1). A microscopic suboccipital craniectomy was performed and after complete resection of the tumor, a ventriculoperitoneal shunt was inserted.

Figure 1.

This figure shows brain CT scan at the time of diagnosis.

The pathologist reported a lesion composed of small, dense and round cells with hyperchromatic nucleus and scanty cytoplasm. The lesion arranged in sheets and prevascular accumulation numerous foci of small cells with few mitotic figures. There were necrosis and hemorrhagia. Also lobulated tumor cells were arranged in groups (islands separated by few fibrous stroma). Parallel patterns were seen in some foci of tumor cells. Also cells with vesicular nuclei were seen (Figure 2). These findings established the diagnosis of neuroblastoma. Immuno-Histo-Chemistry (IHC) showed a strong positivity for Neuron-Specific Enolase (NSE).

Figure 2.

This figure shows pathological slide of tumor (H&E staining).

During this hospital admission, postoperative systemic examination which included bone survey, bone marrow aspiration, abdomino-pelvic CT scan and MRI of the neuroaxis revealed no other evidence of tumor. Also cytological examination of cerebrospinal fluid was normal. After surgery we began chemotherapy with a combination of Cisplatin, Ara-c, Vincristine, Hydroxyurea, Lamustin, Procarbazin, Cyclophosphamide and Methyl prednisolon (8 at 1 protocol) every four weeks for 12 courses. Follow up examination revealed a profound delay in mental development but brain MRI performed 12 months after surgery revealed no evidence of tumor recurrence. The patient is presently 3.5 years old and his chemotherapy is finished and he is stable with no sign of relapse.

Discussion

Neuroblastoma is an enigmatic tumor in its clinical and biologic behavior [1]. Emberyonal tumors or Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors ( PNET ) are the most common groups of malignant CNS tumors of childhood, accounting for 20 - 25 % of pediatric CNS tumors [3]. Primitive neuroepithelial tumors of the CNS, with few or absent foci of cellular differentiation, are called primary cerebral neuroblstoma or medulloblastoma depending on a supra-or infratentorial location of the mass, respectively [1]. A wide variety of tumors are known to occur in the cerebellum and many of these are referred to as medulloblastoma [12]. Medulloblastoma, accounting for 90% of embryonal tumors, is a cerebellar tumor [4]. Their cells are primitive or poorly differentiated and are considered to be of embryonic origin [13]. Its differentiating capacity is one of disputes. Many researchers have not observed the ultrastructural characteristics of neuronal differentiation in medulloblastoma [13]. Yagishita et al. examined a series of medulloblastomas by histological and immunohistochemical techniques and proposed the hypothesis that medulloblastoma was a stem-cell lines, astrocytic, ependymall, neuronal and oligodendroglial although "cerebellar neuroblastoma" could arise from differentiation of a medulloblastoma along neuroblastic lines [14,15].

Cerebellar "neuroblastomas" are extremely rare [15]. There are a few reports of cerebellar neuroblastoma in the papers. Shuji Nishio et al. (2000) reported a case of cerebellar neuroblastoma in an infant separately. This tumor displays a better prognosis than those with classical or desmoplastic medulloblastoma. The optimal treatment for patients with this tumor, however, remains uncertain. This tumor tends to occur in young children particularly in infants, and this further makes the treatment problematic [16]. Our patient was treated by total removal of the tumor followed by chemotherapy. He was survived one year after operation without recurrence.