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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Aug 25.
Published in final edited form as: AIDS. 2013 Jul 31;27(12):1959–1970. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e328361195b

Table 3.

Estimated Shifts (months) in Mean Ages at Pubertal Onset by HIV infection status in Perinatally HIV-exposed Youth from the IMPAACT 219C and PHACS AMP Studies and by HIV Disease Severity and ARV Treatment Measures as of First Pubertal Assessment among Perinatally HIV-infected Youth

Characteristic Unadjusted* Adjusted for Race/Ethnicity and Birth Cohort** Unadjusted* Adjusted for Race/Ethnicity and Birth Cohort**
Mean Shift (95% CI) p-value Mean Shift (95% CI) p-value Mean Shift (95% CI) p-value Mean Shift (95% CI) p-value
(a) Estimated Shifts (months) in Mean Ages at Pubertal Onset in Girls
Breast Development Pubic Hair
Among all Girls, by HIV Infection status
(N=1222) (N=1185)
HIV-infected vs uninfected 8.09 (5.05, 11.13) <0.001 5.55 (2.38, 8.72) <0.001 5.75 (2.42, 9.07) <0.001 1.48 (−1.87, 4.83) 0.39
Among HIV-infected Girls: by HIV Disease Severity and Antiretroviral Treatment
(N=1004) (N=969)
CD4% <15% 7.17 (3.11, 11.23) <0.001 4.78 (0.71, 8.85) 0.021 10.91 (6.53, 15.30) <0.001 7.67 (3.40, 11.94) <0.001
CD4 count < 200 cells/mm3 7.93 (4.48, 11.38) <0.001 5.66 (2.18, 9.14) 0.001 9.68 (5.96, 13.39) <0.001 6.28 (2.64, 9.92) <0.001
Nadir CD4% <15% 1.58 (−1.19, 4.34) 0.26 0.07 (−2.62, 2.77) 0.96 5.54 (2.57, 8.51) <0.001 2.97 (0.14, 5.80) 0.040
viral load >10,000 copies/mL 5.64 (2.30, 8.98) <0.001 3.54 (0.15, 6.92) 0.041 3.94 0.10, 7.77) 0.045 0.61 (−3.13, 4.35) 0.75
Peak viral load >100,000 copies/mL 0.51 (−2.62, 3.65) 0.75 0.99 (−2.04, 4.01) 0.52 −1.34 (−4.86, 2.18) 0.45 −0.34 (−3.60, 2.93) 0.84
Log10 Copy-years Viremia 1.60 (−0.06, 3.26) 0.059 1.33 (−0.23, 2.89) 0.094 1.52 (−0.35, 3.40) 0.11 1.00 (−0.72, 2.71) 0.25
CDC Class C 1.50 (−1.15, 4.14) 0.27 1.96 (−0.57, 4.50) 0.13 0.84 (−2.00, 3.68) 0.56 1.18 (−1.45, 3.81) 0.38
ARV regimen as of first pubertal assessment
 Combination with PI −2.67 (−5.25, −0.08) 0.044 0.40 (−2.36, 3.16) 0.78 −3.68 (−6.45, −0.91) 0.009 0.65 (−2.21, 3.51) 0.65
 Combination without PI −1.76 (−6.46, 2.93) 0.46 0.79 (−3.86, 5.43) 0.74 −2.64 (−7.62, 2.33) 0.30 2.05 (−2.74, 6.85) 0.40
 Not on combination regimen (ref) --- (ref) --- (ref) --- (ref) ---
Each additional year of ART use by regimen or drug class (not mutually exclusive)
Combination regimen −0.60 (−1.09, −0.12) 0.015 0.17 (−0.50, 0.84) 0.62 −1.15 (−1.67, −0.64) <0.001 0.14 (−0.57, 0.85) 0.71
Combination regimen with PI −0.65 (−1.17, −0.14) 0.012 0.04 (−0.60, 0.67) 0.91 −1.22 (−1.76, −0.67) <0.001 −0.08 (−0.75, 0.59) 0.83
Any PI-containing regimen −0.58 (−1.09, −0.07) 0.025 0.18 (−0.44, 0.81) 0.57 −1.19 (−1.74, −0.65) <0.001 −0.05 (−0.71, 0.61) 0.89
NNRTI-containing regimen −0.72 (−1.51, 0.06) 0.069 −0.15 (−0.96, 0.66) 0.72 −1.46 (−2.28, −0.65) <0.001 −0.39 (−1.22, 0.44) 0.36
3(b) Estimated Shifts (months) in Mean Ages at Pubertal Onset in Boys
Genitalia Pubic Hair
Among all Boys, by HIV Infection status
(N=1259) (N=1182)
HIV-infected vs uninfected 10.61 (7.08, 14.14) <0.001 6.02 (2.15, 9.90) 0.002 9.78 (6.03, 13.54) <0.001 3.92 (−0.14, 7.98) 0.058
Among HIV-infected Boys: by HIV Disease Severity and Antiretroviral Treatment
(N=1031) (N=970)
CD4% <15% 12.20 (8.41, 15.99) <0.001 8.95 (5.06, 12.84) <0.001 12.78 (8.95, 16.62) <0.001 9.04 (5.16, 12.92) <0.001
CD4 count < 200 cells/mm3 10.23 (6.78,13.68) <0.001 6.98 (3.40,10.56) <0.001 11.85 (8.37,15.33) <0.001 8.36 (4.79, 11.94) <0.001
Nadir CD4% < 15% 8.13 (5.21, 11.06) <0.001 5.74 (2.85, 8.64) <0.001 8.70 (5.70, 11.70) <0.001 5.94 (3.01, 8.88) <0.001
Viral load >10,000 copies/mL 9.36 (5.88, 12.83) <0.001 5.07 (1.52, 8.62) 0.005 10.18 (6.60, 13.75) <0.001 5.50 (1.90, 9.10) 0.003
Peak viral load >100,000 copies/mL 4.60 (1.13, 8.06) 0.009 4.47 (1.18, 7.76) 0.008 3.53 (−0.04, 7.10) 0.053 4.15 (0.83, 7.48) 0.014
Log10 Copy-years Viremia 3.23 (1.27, 5.19) 0.001 2.04 (0.24, 3.85) 0.026 4.47 (2.43, 6.51) <0.001 3.09 (1.23, 4.95) 0.001
CDC Class C 5.30 (2.27, 8.33) <0.001 5.39 (2.51, 8.27) <0.001 3.59 (0.43, 6.74) 0.026 3.20 (0.25, 6.15) 0.034
ARV regimen as of first pubertal assessment
 Combination with PI −0.97 (−3.98, 2.04) 0.53 3.98 (0.88, 7.08) 0.012 −3.17 (−6.25, −0.09) 0.044 1.75 (−1.38, 4.89) 0.27
 Combination without PI 0.05 (−5.24, 5.35) 0.98 3.46 (−1.53, 8.46) 0.17 1.82 (−3.53, 7.17) 0.51 4.90 (−0.08, 9.88) 0.054
 Not on combination regimen (ref) --- (ref) --- (ref) --- (ref) ---
Each additional year of ARV treatment by regimen or drug class (not mutually exclusive)
Combination regimen −0.62 (−1.19, −0.04) 0.035 0.98 (0.27, 1.70) 0.007 −0.89 (−1.48, −0.31) 0.003 0.90 (0.18, 1.63) 0.014
Combination regimen with PI −0.61 (−1.22, −0.01) 0.046 0.92 (0.20, 1.64) 0.012 −0.99 (−1.60, −0.37) 0.002 0.71 (−0.03, 1.44) 0.059
Any PI-containing regimen −0.57 (−1.16, 0.03) 0.062 0.96 (0.26, 1.66) 0.007 −0.92 (−1.53, −0.31) 0.003 0.75 (0.04, 1.46) 0.039
NNRTI-containing regimen −1.30 (−2.20, −0.40) 0.005 −0.24 (−1.16, 0.68) 0.61 −1.63 (−2.56, −0.71) <0.001 −0.39 (−1.32, 0.54) 0.41

CI = confidence interval; IQR = interquartile range; ARV = antiretroviral; PI = protease inhibitor; NNRTI = non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; CDC = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

*

All estimated shifts in mean age at pubertal onset are based on interval-censored models; and reflect the estimated shift in mean age at pubertal onset for those with versus without a characteristic, or for each 1-unit change in continuous measures.

**

Interval-censored models for covariate of interest adjusted for Race/Ethnicity (classified as White non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, Hispanic, or other/unknown race) and birth cohort (classified as pre-1990, 1990-1992, 1993-1996, and 1997 or later.