Overexpression of microRNA-124 promotes the neuronal differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Abstract

microRNAs (miRNAs) play an important regulatory role in the self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells. In this study, we examined the effects of miRNA-124 (miR-124) overexpression in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. In particular, we focused on the effect of overexpression on the differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells into neurons. First, we used GeneChip technology to analyze the expression of miRNAs in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, neural stem cells and neurons. miR-124 expression was substantially reduced in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells compared with the other cell types. We constructed a lentiviral vector overexpressing miR-124 and transfected it into bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Intracellular expression levels of the neuronal early markers β-III tubulin and microtubule-associated protein-2 were significantly increased, and apoptosis induced by oxygen and glucose deprivation was reduced in transfected cells. After miR-124-transfected bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells were transplanted into the injured rat spinal cord, a large number of cells positive for the neuronal marker neurofilament-200 were observed in the transplanted region. The Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan locomotion scores showed that the motor function of the hind limb of rats with spinal cord injury was substantially improved. These results suggest that miR-124 plays an important role in the differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells into neurons. Our findings should facilitate the development of novel strategies for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation for spinal cord injury.

Introduction

Injury to the spinal cord leads to loss of function, such as movement, sensation and autonomic control, in the regions innervated below the site of damage. Transplantation of neural stem cells to treat spinal cord injuries is currently one of the hottest research fields in biology (Paspala et al., 2009; Xu et al., 2012). However, neural stem cells are mainly obtained from embryos, which raise ethical and legal issues (Robertson, 1999). Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are a potentially promising source of cells for use in regenerative medicine because they are abundantly available, are easy to isolate from the patient themselves, are an autologous tissue and there is no ethical dispute over their use (Eftekharpour et al., 2007; Eftekharpour et al., 2008).

BMSCs can be isolated and differentiated into a variety of cell lineages in vitro, including osteoblasts, myofibroblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes and nerve cells (Jung et al., 2005; Roese-Koerner et al., 2013). Cultured BMSCs are hypoimmunogenic and capable of homing, and thus have great potential for various clinical applications (Abdallah and Kassem, 2009). However, the differentiation of BMSCs into neurons or neural stem cells remains limited. In this study, we sought to improve the differentiation efficiency of transplanted BMSCs into neurons.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 20–24-nt endogenous, evolutionarily conserved, RNA molecules that negatively regulate the translation of their target mRNAs by binding to their 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) (Bartel, 2004). Recent research has shown that miRNAs play essential roles in neural development and neuronal function (Bartel, 2009; Shi et al., 2010), and in the differentiation of stem cells (Krichevsky, 2007; Bak et al., 2008; Schoolmeesters et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2012; McNeill and Van Vactor, 2012; Akerblom and Jakobsson, 2013). However, the role of miRNAs in the neurogenesis of BMSCs remains unclear. For example, the brain-enriched miRNAs miR-9/9* and miR-124, which promote the assembly of neuron-specific BAF complexes (ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes), are able to convert non-neuronal human dermal fibroblasts into post-mitotic neurons (Sun et al., 2013). In this study, we compared the miRNA profiles of BMSCs with cortical neurons and neural stem cells using GeneChip. We observed that miR-124 was one of the most downregulated miRNAs in BMSCs compared with cortical neurons and neural stem cells. We then overexpressed miR-124 in BMSCs using a lentiviral vector, and evaluated the effects of overexpression on the differentiation of BMSCs. We also assessed the effect of treatment with miR-124-overexpressing BMSCs in an animal model of spinal cord injury.

Materials and Methods

Materials

Adult rat neural stem cells, cortical neurons from 18.5-day-old rats, and adult rat BMSCs (all from Sprague-Dawley rats) were purchased from Cyagen Biosciences Inc., Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China. The adult male Sprague-Dawley rats used for in vivo experiments (body weight: 230–250 g) were purchased from the Chinese Medical University Laboratory Animal Center (license No. SYXK (Liao) 2008-0013). All rats were housed in a temperature and light-cycle-controlled animal laboratory and allowed free access to food and water. This study was approved by the Animal Research Committee of China Medical University, China.

Cell culture, identification and GeneChip miRNA array

Total RNA, containing miRNAs, was isolated from sorted cells with an miRNeasy kit (Qiagen, Frankfurt, Germany). GeneChip microarray assay was then performed by a third-party service provider (Affymetrix, CA, USA). qRT-PCR was used to validate miRNA expression in the BMSCs, neural stem cells and neurons.

Vector construction and transfection of BMSCs with miR-124

The lentiviral vector pLVX-EN-rno-miR-124 was constructed at Yingrun Biotechnologies Inc. (Changsha, China). 293FT cells were then transiently transfected with pLVX-EN-rno-miR124 (10 μg), pLP1 (6.5 μg), pLP/VSVG (3.5 μg) and pLP2 (2.5 μg) using Lipofectamine 2000 (Life Technologies, CA, USA). The virus titer was evaluated by counting the number of GFP-positive cells. We then transfected BMSCs with the pLVX-EN-rno-miR124 pseudovirion.

RT-PCR analysis of miR-124 expression in transfected BMSCs

We performed RNA extraction using Trizol reagent (Invitrogen, Guangzhou, China). Reverse transcriptases (Life Technologies) were used to prepare complementary DNA (cDNA) according to the instructions provided by Fermentas Corporation. Expression levels were quantitatively determined with the ABI 7500 system using the SYBR Green I dye method (TOYOBO, Shanghai, China). U6 was used as the internal reference for miRNA detection. PCR protocol: 95°C for 3 minutes; 40 cycles of 95°C for 20 seconds, 60°C for 30 seconds; and 95°C for 10 seconds (to obtain the melting curve).

Western blot analysis

The BMSCs were separated into three groups: (1) control (untransfected), (2) miR-124⁺ (pLVX-EN-rno-miR124-transfected) and (3) miR-124⁻ (pLVX-EN-rno-transfected). Western blotting was carried out using standard protocols. The cells were lysed on ice with PMSF lysis buffer (Applygen Technologies Inc, Beijing, China) for 30 minutes. Lysed cells were collected by centrifugation at 12,000 × g for 5 minutes at 4°C to obtain total protein, which was then quantified using the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay (ShineGene, Shanghai, China). A total of 50 μg of protein was separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on 5% to 10% gels and then transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. The membranes were blocked with 5% skimmed milk powder in TBST (10 mmol/L Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 150 mmol/L NaCl, 0.05% Tween-20) and incubated overnight with mouse anti-β-III tubulin, anti-MAP-2 (1:1,000, Abgent Biotechnology, San Diego, CA, USA), anti-synaptophysin or anti-β-actin (1:3,000, Abgent Biotechnology) antibody at 4°C. After washing, the membranes were incubated with the secondary antibody, horseradish peroxidase-labeled IgG (goat anti-mouse IgG/HRP, KPL Biotechnology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA), for 1 hour and visualized with an ECL chemiluminescent reagent system (Pierce Biotechnology, Rockford, IN, USA). Gray scale densitometric scanning of the protein bands was performed with Quanti Scan software using β-actin as the control. Data were expressed as mean ± SD of the percentage ratio of the control.

Immunofluorescence detection of neuronal markers

Three groups of cells were cultured in vitro 6 days after transfection, and were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde on coverslips and then rinsed with PBS, blocked with 10% goat serum for 1 hour at room temperature, and incubated at 4°C overnight. Sections were rinsed with PBS, and incubated with mouse anti-β-III tubulin (1:100, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) or mouse anti-MAP-2 (1:50, Cell Signaling, Boston, MA, USA) for 24 hours at 4°C. Sections were then rinsed with PBS, followed by incubation with secondary antibodies (Dy-Light488 green fluorescence-labeled goat anti-mouse IgG [1:250, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA]; Texas Red-labeled rabbit anti-mouse IgG [1:250, Merck Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA]) for 1 hour in the dark at 37°C. After rinsing in PBS, the sections were observed under a fluorescence microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).

Apoptosis assay

Oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) was performed on cells according to Sun et al. (2013). After 12 hours, apoptosis was quantified with an annexin V-FITC/PI double staining kit (Beyotime, Shanghai, China) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Apoptosis was measured using a flow cytometer (BD Pharmingen, Franklin, NJ, USA).

Spinal cord injury model and transplantation of BMSCs

Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: (1) spinal cord injury group (spinal cord injury, treated only with 10 μL saline, n = 20), (2) miR-124⁻-BMSCs group (spinal cord injury followed by transplantation of 10 μL (1 × 10⁵) miR-124⁻-BMSCs, n = 20), and (3) miR-124⁺-BMSCs group (spinal cord injury followed by transplantation of 10 μL (1 × 10⁵) miR-124⁺-BMSCs, n = 20). The rats were then subjected to a contusion injury of the spinal cord using a 20-g weight dropped from a height of 10 cm onto the surface of the spinal cord at T_10–11 exposed by laminectomy (Allen, 1911). Following this, either saline, miR-124⁻-BMSCs or mir-124⁺-BMSCs were transplanted into the damaged area within 30 minutes of the spinal cord injury and were also injected intraperitoneally at a dose of 20 μL/100 g four times with an interval of 3 hours.

Immunocytochemistry

Animals were euthanized 7 days after injury (n = 4 for each group). A 10-mm segment of the spinal cord encompassing the injury site was then harvested. After fixation, the tissue blocks were embedded in paraffin, and sectioned at 5 μm thickness. After paraffin sections were deparaffinized and rehydrated, antigen retrieval was performed in sodium citrate buffer heated to 92–98°C for 20 minutes. Endogenous peroxidase was inactivated by incubation with 3% hydrogen peroxide for 20 minutes. Non-specific binding sites were blocked by 10% normal goat serum (Zsbio, Beijing, China) for 30 minutes. Sections were incubated with primary antibody in PBS at 4°C overnight, and the following antibody was used: mouse anti-neurofilament 200 (NF-200, 1:100, Santa Cruz Biotechnology). After rinsing in PBS, sections were incubated with goat anti-mouse IgG for 30 minutes followed by avidin-peroxidase complex solution containing avidin-peroxidase conjugate for 30 minutes. Staining was developed by incubating in 50% 3,3-diaminobenzidine (DAB) and 3% hydrogen peroxide in 0.1 mol/L PBS. Then, the sections were dehydrated, cleared, and coverslipped. PBS instead of primary antibody was used in the negative control.

Behavioral testing

Locomotor activity was evaluated at 1, 4, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days post-injury using the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) score to measure locomotor ability over 4 minutes. Two independent and well-trained investigators observed movement and scored locomotor function according to the BBB scale as described previously (Caggiano et al., 2005).

Statistical analysis

The data were analyzed using SPSS 17.0 statistical software. Values are presented as mean ± SD. Student's t-test was performed for statistical evaluation. Differences with a level of P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results

Differential expression of miRNAs in BMSCs, cortical neurons and neural stem cells

GeneChip data revealed that compared with cortical neurons and neural stems cells, miR-124 was significantly downregulated in BMSCs (Figure 1A, C), which was confirmed by qRT-PCR (Figure 1B). Previous studies showed that miR-124 has an important role in the neurogenesis of non-neuronal cell types (Cheng et al., 2009). Therefore, we chose miR-124 for further study.

Figure 1.

Detection of rat miR-124 (rno-miR-124) expression in rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), cortical neurons (SDCNC) and neural stem cells (SDNSC).

(A) Results of GeneChip microarray assay showing that miR-124 expression is downregulated in BMSCs. (B) Quantitative RT-PCR analysis show-ing that miR-124 was more significantly downregulated than miR-127 or miR-9 in BMSCs. The bars represent mean ± SD. *P < 0.05, vs. miR-127, miR-9*, miR-138 (Student's t-test). (C) miRNA array heat map showing the differentially expressed miRNAs in rat BMSCs. Green represents the lowest, and red represents the highest expression. (D) pLVX-EN-rno-miR124 was cut with enzymes XhoI and BamHI. Lane M: Marker III; lane 1: pLVX-EN-rno-miR124; lane 2: the approximately 600-bp rno-miR-124 and the approximately 8.9-kb vector.

miR-124 expression is upregulated in BMSCs after transfection with pLVX-EN-rno-miR-124

The sequence of the lentiviral vector pLVX-EN-rno-miR-124 was confirmed by restriction enzyme digestion and DNA sequencing (Figure 1D). We observed three GFP-positive 293FT cells following addition of a 10⁻⁶ dilution of the virus, indicating that there were at least three pseudovirion-transfected 293FT cells (Figure 2N). We calculated the virus titer at 1.5 × 10⁹ TU/mL. We transfected miR-124⁺ cells with the pLVX-EN-rno-miR-124 pseudovirion and miR-124⁻ cells with pLVX-EN-rno. Following this, the expression profiles of the three cell groups were assessed using RT-PCR. Quantitation of miR-124 was estimated based on measured Ct values. qRT-PCR revealed that miR-124 expression in miR-124⁺ cells was significantly higher than in control or miR-124⁻ cells (Figure 2O; ΔΔCt values 141.60 ± 8.51, 1.00 ± 0.05, 0.54 ± 0.02, respectively). This result indicated that miR-124 was upregulated after BMSCs were transfected with pLVX-EN-rno-miR-124.

Figure 2.

miR-124 expression in lentiviral vector-infected BMSCs.

(A–N) In the 293FT cells transfected with the first dilution of the virus, there were numerous GFP-positive cells, as shown in Figure 4B. The num-ber of GFP-positive cells decreased with increasing dilution, until the seventh dilution, where three GFP-positive cells could be observed, as shown in Figure 4N. (O) The differences in expression of miR-124 were compared among miR-124⁺ (pLVX-EN-rno-miR124-transfected; I), miR-124^– (pLVX-EN-rno-transfected; II) and control (untransfected; III) cells by RT-PCR. Bars represent mean ± SD. **P < 0.01, vs. the other two groups (Student's t-test) (n = 3). BMSCs: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; GFP: green fluorescent protein. IE-0–IE-6: Seven dilutions.

Overexpression of miR-124 increases expression of β-III tubulin, MAP-2 and synaptophysin

To investigate neurogenesis, we performed immunofluorescence for β-III tubulin and MAP-2 in the BMSCs during the earlier stages of the neural differentiation process. We observed a strong signal for β-III tubulin (a marker for neurons in the earlier stage; Figure 3A, red fluorescence) and MAP-2 (Figure 3B, green fluorescence) in the miR-124⁺ neurons compared with the control or miR-124⁻ group on the 6^th day of in vitro culture. β-III tubulin and MAP-2 expression were clearly found in both the cell soma and the neurite-like structures under high magnification (200 ×; Figure 3A, B) on the 6^th day of differentiation. BMSCs developed dendrites and neurites, similar to neurons (Figure 3A2, A4, B2, B4).

Figure 3.

Neural differentiation of BMSCs on the 6^th day of in vitro transfection.

(A, B) Immunofluorescence for the neuronal markers β-III tubulin (A1 and A3; red) and MAP-2 (B1 and B3; green) in BMSCs transfected with pLVX-EN-rno-miR124 (miR-124⁺) after 6 days of in vitro differentiation. Scale bars: 100 μm. BMSCs developed dendrites and neurites, similar to neurons (A2, A4, B2, B4). Scale bars: 100 μm. (C) Western blotting was used to detect the expression of synaptophysin (38 kDa). BMSCs: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; MAP-2: microtubule-associated protein-2.

Overexpression of miR-124 reduces apoptosis in BMSCs following oxygen and glucose deprivation

The effect of miR-124 on apoptosis of BMSCs following oxygen and glucose deprivation was analyzed by annexin V-FITC/PI double staining. Quantification of apoptosis was performed 6 days post-injury (n = 4/group). Early apoptosis was determined (Figure 4A−C). The rate of apoptosis in the miR-124⁺ group was significantly lower than in the control or miR-124⁻ group (5 ± 1% vs. 35 ± 4% or 15 ± 2%, respectively; P < 0.05, Figure 4D).

Figure 4.

Analysis of the effects of miR-124 on apoptosis in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) following oxygen and glucose deprivation by annexin V-FITC/PI double staining.

(A) Control group; (B) miR-124^– group; (C) miR-124⁺ group. A great number of cells were apoptotic in the control and miR-124^– groups. There was a small number of apoptotic cells in the miR-124⁺ group (lower right, Q4: apoptotic cells). (D) Quantification of apoptosis. Bars represent mean ± SD. *P < 0.05, vs. the other two groups (Student's t-test). n = 3.

Axonal growth assessed with NF-200 immunohistochemistry

Six days after spinal cord injury, axonal regeneration was assessed by NF-200 immunostaining. In the miR-124⁺ group, NF-200 immunoreactivity could be detected in a large number of cells in the area of spinal cord injury. In contrast, only a small number of NF-200-immunoreactive cells were observed in the injured area in the injury and miR-124⁻ groups (Figure 5A−D).

Figure 5.

NF-200 immunohistochemistry in the injured rat spinal cord following miR-124-transfected bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) transplantation.

(A–C) NF-200-immunoreactive cells in the control, miR-124^– and miR-124⁺ groups. Scale bars: 250 μm. High magnification images of the insets in (A–C), scale bars: 25 μm. (D) Compared to the control and miR-124^– groups, the percentage of NF-200-positive cells was significantly higher in the miR- 124+ group on day 7 after spinal cord injury (*P < 0.05; Student's t-test). Bars represent mean ± SD (n = 3). (E) Overexpression of miR-124 in BMSCs promoted functional recovery following spinal cord injury. Hind limb recovery was assessed from day 1 to day 42 after spinal cord injury using the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) score. *P < 0.05, vs. the other two groups (Student's t-test). Bars represent mean ± SD (n = 10).

Overexpression of miR-124 promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury

As shown in Figure 5E, compared to the control or miR-124^– group, recovery was significantly greater in the miR-124⁺ group from day 14 after injury (P < 0.05), indicating that overexpression of miR-124 in BMSCs promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury.

Discussion

miR-124 is one of the best characterized and most abundantly-expressed neuronal miRNAs (Krichevsky et al., 2003; Kim et al., 2004). Overexpression of miR-124 results in upregulation of the expression of neuronal markers, as well as morphological changes, including enhanced neurite outgrowth and complexity (Yoo et al., 2011). Some overexpression studies in vertebrates have identified miR-124 as a promoter of neuronal differentiation and an inhibitor of progenitor self-renewal (Maiorano et al., 2009; Clark et al., 2010; Liu et al., 2011; Sanuki et al., 2011; Akerblom et al., 2012; Weng and Cohen, 2012; Xia et al., 2012). However, whether miR-124 can regulate neurogenesis in BMSCs remains unknown. In this study, we succeeded in constructing a lentiviral vector for the overexpression of miR-124 in BMSCs. Overexpression of miR-124 was associated with increased expression of the proteins β-III tubulin, MAP-2 and synaptophysin after 6 days of in vitro culture.

Tubulin is an important structural protein in neurons and is a marker of differentiated neurons. β-III tubulin is expressed by the neuroepithelium during embryogenesis and is widely used as a specific marker of neurons (von Bohlen und Halbach, 2011). MAP-2 is a dendrite-specific protein that plays an important role in the development, formation and regeneration of the nervous system (Czikk et al., 2014). We investigated the rate of cell differentiation of transfected BMSCs into neurons based on their expression of β-III tubulin and MAP-2. In BMSCs overexpressing miR-124, the number of β-III tubulin and MAP-2-positive neurons were remarkably elevated. This result is consistent with the findings of Roese-Koerner et al. (2013). However, these two markers do not demonstrate that BMSCs that have undergone neurogenesis are functionally neurons. Synaptophysin is a synaptic protein that is used as a marker of synapse formation (Czikk et al., 2014). We observed that synaptophysin expression was substantially increased in miR-124⁺ cells compared with miR-124^– or control cells. This indicates that miR-124 not only promotes neurogenesis in BMSCs, but also commits them to the development of synapses, which is essential for recovery of nerve function. After spinal cord injury, secondary damage is triggered by multiple processes. Usually, transplanted BMSCs undergo apoptosis as a result of inflammatory and oxidative damage. Recently, a number of miRNAs were found to be decreased after spinal cord injury. In particular, miR-124a expression was significantly decreased 1 to 7 days after spinal cord injury (Nakanishi et al., 2010). Here, we found that BMSCs overexpressing miR-124 were relatively protected from oxygen and glucose deprivation-induced apoptosis in vitro.

Although we initially showed that BMSCs could be induced to differentiate into neurons in vitro by overexpressing miR-124, we needed to confirm if they could differentiate into functional neurons in vivo. We found that overexpression of miR-124 in BMSCs not only enhances the ability of the cells to survive, but also raises the rate of differentiation of the transplanted BMSCs into neurons in the region of spinal cord injury. Our NF-200 immunohistochemistry results indicated that there were more NF-200-positive cells in the miR-124⁺ group than in the miR-124^– or control group. This result is in agreement with those of Sun et al. (2013). Our behavioral data revealed that miR-124-overexpressing BMSCs promote functional locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury.

Previous studies demonstrated that miR-124 represses the expression of proteins with anti-neuronal activities, including repressor-element-1-silencing transcription factor (Qureshi et al., 2010; Baudet et al., 2011), small c-terminal domain phosphatase 1 (SCP1) (Visvanathan et al., 2007) and Sox9 (Sanuki et al., 2011). A study by Doeppner et al. (2013) found that miR-124 reduces expression of the target deubiquitinating enzyme Usp14, thereby increasing repressor-element-1-silencing transcription factor degradation. These observations provide insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the differentiation of BMSCs into neurons.

In conclusion, the transplantation of BMSCs overexpressing miR-124 may be an effective therapeutic strategy for promoting regeneration and functional recovery following spinal cord injury.