Uric acid enhances T cell immune responses to hepatitis B surface antigen-pulsed-dendritic cells in mice

Abstract

AIM: To study the induction of T cellular immune responses in BALB/c mice immunized with uric acid and dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg).

METHODS: DCs were generated from bone-marrow cells of BABL/c mice, and then pulsed or unpulsed with HBsAg protein (HBsAg-pulsed-DCs or unpulsed-DCs) in vitro. BABL/c mice were immunized with HBsAg-pulsed-DCs (1 × 10⁶) and uric acid, injected through the tail vein of each mouse. The mice in control groups were immunized with HBsAg-pulsed-DCs alone, unpulsed-DCs alone or 200 μg uric acid alone or PBS alone. The immunization was repeated 7 d later. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in vivo were determined by the CFSE labeled spleen lysis assay. Spleen cells or spleen T cells were isolated, and re-stimulated in vitro with HBsAg for 120 h or 72 h. Production of IFN-γ and IL-4 secreted by spleen cells were determined by ELISA method; proliferation of spleen T cells were detected by flow cytometry.

RESULTS: The cytotoxicities of HBsAg-specific-CTLs, generated after immunization of HBsAg-pulsed-DCs and uric acid, were 68.63% ± 11.32% and significantly stronger than that in the control groups (P < 0.01). Compared with control groups, in mice treated with uric acid and HBsAg-pulsed-DCs, the spleen T cell proliferation to HBsAg re-stimulation was stronger (1.34 ± 0.093 vs 1.081 ± 0.028, P < 0.01), the level of IFN-γ secreted by splenocytes was higher (266.575 ± 51.323 vs 135.223 ± 32.563, P < 0.01) , and IL-4 level was lower (22.385 ± 2.252 vs 40.598 ± 4.218, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSION: Uric acid can strongly enhance T cell immune responses induced by HBsAg-pulsed-DCs vaccine. Uric acid may serve as an effective adjuvant of DC vaccine against HBV infection.

INTRODUCTION

It is generally accepted that dendritic cells (DCs) are the most efficient and powerful antigen presenting cells and play a center role in exciting T cell immune reactions. T-cell mediated immune responses, especially Hepatitis B virus (HBV) specific- cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response, may play an important role in resolving HBV infection[1,2]. hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) pulsed DCs can activate lymphocytes to become HBsAg-specific CTLs or specific CD4⁺ T cells in vivo[3]. Shimizu et al[4] immunized HBV transgenic mice with DCs loading HBsAg, and found that DC vaccine could break tolerance to HBV and induce an effective anti-viral immune response. Chen et al[5] reported that HBsAg-pulsed DCs from the peripheral blood could effectively suppress HBV replication in chronic hepatitis B patients. However, anti-HBV immune effects of DC vaccine are varied and instable. This may be due to the diversity of DC vaccine preparations; however, the main cause may be the insufficiency of DC vaccines. For example, some researchers carried out similar immune therapy in volunteers, but no evident immune response was shown[3,6-8]. Therefore, the basic research of DC vaccine as well as how to improve the immune response to DC vaccine is still a significant challenge.

Recently, it was reported that uric acid (UA) could stimulate DCs to mature, promote DCs to present foreign antigens and stimulate T lymphocytes[9,10]. These findings demonstrate the adjuvant effects of uric acid and encourage the potential application of uric acid in vaccination.

This study aimed to observe the T cell immune response after immunization with HBsAg pulsed DCs (HBsAg-pulsed-DCs) and uric acid in mice. The results demonstrated that administration of uric acid could enhance the T cell immune response to HBsAg-pulsed-DCs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Mice

Male or female BALB/c (H-2^d) mice aged 8 to 10 wk were obtained from the Department of Experimental Animals, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. All animal experiments followed the guidelines for the care and use of animals established by Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, and were approved by the Ethics Committee of Tongji Medical College.

Agents

Uric acid (UA, Sigma-aldrich) was dissolved at a concentration of 5 mg/mL in 0.1 mol/L sodium borate buffer (pH 8.5) for more than 72 h[9,11]. The HBsAg protein was synthesized by Shanghai SanGon Company, China. The purity (> 99%) of the protein was confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry. Carboxy-fluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester (CFSE, Molecular Probes, USA) was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at a concentration of 10 mmol/L.

Preparation and culture of bone marrow DCs

DCs were prepared as described previously[12]. Briefly, bone marrow cells were collected from the femur and tibiae of BALB/c mice, and DCs were grown from precursors at a starting concentration of 2 × 10⁶ cells per ml in complete RPMI 1640 (RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% inactivated fetal calf serum, 2 mmol/L L-glutamine, 100 U/mL penicillin G and 100 μg/mL streptomycin), and cultured in six-well flat bottom plates (Falcon) at 37°C, 5% CO₂ for 3 h and then non-adherent cells were washed out. rmGM-CSF at 10 ng/mL (PeproTech, Rocky Hill, NJ) and rmIL-4 at 10 ng/mL (PeproTech, Rocky Hill, NJ) were added to the culture. On days 3, 5 and 7, half of the medium was replaced with a fresh medium. On day 7, cells were incubated with uric acid (100, 200 and 400 μg/mL) or 1 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS, Sigma), respectively. Serum-free RPMI 1640 was used as control. On day 9, cells and culture supernatants were collected for further experiments and analysis.

Analysis of cell surface markers on DCs by flow cytometry

Expression of DC cell surface molecules (CD11c, CD83, IA/IE, CD86) were determined by flow cytometric analysis. Cells were washed twice with an ice cold FACScan buffer (PBS containing 2% FCS and 0.1% sodium azide). The same buffer was used for the incubation with antibodies as well as for all washes. Twenty percent of mixed sera of mice and rats were used to prevent nonspecific antibody binding. FITC-conjugated anti-mouse CD1lc (Clone: N418, eBioscience) and IA/IE(Clone:M5/114.15.2, eBioscience) or PE-conjugated anti-mouse CD83 (Clone:Michel-17, eBioscience) and CD86 (Clone: RMMP-2, Caltag Laboratories) were added, respectively, to the cells and the samples were left on ice for 45 min in the dark. Fluorescence profiles were generated on an FACScan flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson). Histogram was produced with the CellQuest software package.

Measurement of IL-12P70 concentrations

The concentration of IL-12P70 in DC culture supernatants was determined by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (R&D Systems) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Preparation of HBsAg-pulsed-DCs

Mature DCs stimulated by 1 μg/mL LPS were collected and used to pulse with HBsAg. The procedure for pulsing DCs was the same as previously described[13]. Briefly, 1 × 10⁶ mature DCs were incubated with 10 μg/mL HBsAg for 6 h. DCs were washed three times and resuspended in PBS.

Immunization of mice

Totally 1 × 10⁶ HBsAg-pulsed-DCs (total volume 200 μL) were injected through the tail vein of each mouse, together with 200 μg uric acid. The mice immunized with HBsAg-pulsed-DCs (1 × 10⁶) or unpulsed-DCs (1 × 10⁶) alone were used as controls. The mice treated with 200 μg uric acid or 200 μL PBS alone were used as controls as well. Ten mice were in each group. The immunization was repeated 7 d later.

Assay of CTL cytotoxic activity in vivo

Seven days after immunization with DCs for the second and last time, each mouse received spleen cells labeled with CFSE. To prepare target cells to detect in vivo cytotoxic activity[14,15], erythrocytes were removed from naive BALB/c spleen cell suspensions by lysis in ammonium chloride solution. The cells were then washed and split into two populations. One population was pulsed with 10 μg/mL HBsAg, incubated at 37°C for 4 h, and labeled with a high concentration of CFSE (5.0 μmol/L) (CFSE^high cells). Another population as control target cells was left without HBsAg and was labeled with a low concentration of CFSE (0.5 μmol/L) (CFSE^low cells)[16]. An equal number of cells from each population were mixed together, and each mouse received a total of 2 × 10⁷ mixed cells in 400 μL of PBS. Cells were intravenously injected into all mice as above. And 10 h later, the mice were sacrificed and their spleen cells were obtained. Cell suspensions were analyzed by flow cytometry, and each population was detected for their differential CFSE fluorescence intensities. Up to 1 × 10⁴ CFSE-positive cells were collected for analysis. To calculate specific lysis, the following formula was used: Ratio = (percentage CFSE^low/percentage CFSE^high). Percentage specific lysis = [1- (ratio unprimed/ratio primed) × 100][14,15].

Cytokine production by spleen cells

Spleen cells from the immunized mice were depleted of erythrocytes and washed twice with PBS. The cells obtained were resuspended with complete RPMI 1640, and seeded in duplicate into flat-bottomed 24-well microtitration plates(Costar, Brumath, France) at 2 × 10⁶ cells per well in 1 mL of culture medium containing 10 μg/mL HBsAg. The cell-free culture supernatants were harvested after 72 h and assayed for IFN-γ and IL-4 activity. The cytokine concentrations were determined by using a commercial ELISA kit (eBioscience Inc.) according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and the standard curves corresponding to known amounts of mouse recombinant IFN-γ, IL-4. The sensitivity limits for the assays are 15 pg/mL for IFN-γ, and 4 pg/mL for IL-4.

Cell proliferative response of spleen T cells

Erythrocytes were removed from the spleen cells of mice 14 d after immunization as above. The cells were resuspended with complete RPMI 1640, and then T cells were separated by a nylon wool column method[17]. In brief, 1 × 10⁸ cells were drained through a nylon wool column (Polysciences. Inc., Warrington, PA) for 45 min at 37°C, and then nonadherent T cells were collected after two washes. T cells were labeled with 2.5 μmol/L CFSE and washed three times in the medium as described above, counted, and resuspended at a concentration of 1 × 10⁶ cells/mL. The samples were seeded in triplicate into 24-well microtitration plates (Costar, Brumath, France) at 2 × 10⁶ cells per well in 2 mL of culture medium containing 10 μg/mL HBsAg or PBS. T cells from the untreated mice were used as the negative control; and T cells from the untreated mice stimulated with 10 μg/mL concanavalin A (ConA) and 10 μg/mL HBsAg or PBS was served as the positive controls. The plates were incubated for 72 h in 5% CO₂ at 37°C. Cell proliferation was estimated by flow cytometry[16]. Histogram was produced with the Motif 3.0 software package.

Statistical analysis

All data were presented as mean ± SD and analyzed using the Student-Newman-Keuls test and LSD multiple comparisons with SPSS11.5 software in the experiments. P < 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant.

RESULTS

Cell surface markers on DCs

We demonstrated an increase in CD83, IA/IE, and CD86 expression by DCs, stimulated with uric acid previously (Figure 1, Table 1). The effect of uric acid was dose-dependent and was still observed when the uric acid was administered at 100 μg/mL. After stimulation with uric acid (100-400 μg/mL), the percentage of various markers increased from 2.0- fold to 3.0-fold. The stimulatory effect elicited by uric acid at a concentration of 200-400 μg/mL was similar to that induced by LPS (1 μg/mL). After stimulation with uric acid or LPS, the CD11c expression in each group was high and similar, including the imDC group.

Figure 1.

The cell surface markers analysis on dendritic cells by flow cytometry after exposure to uric acid or LPS. Bone marrow-derived DCs were stimulated with 100, 200 and 400 μg/mL uric acid or 1 μg/mL LPS or Serum-free RPMI media 1640 for 48 h and immunostained with mAbs against CD11c, CD83, CD86 and IA/IE molecules (open histograms). Shade histograms represent the isotype control mAb staining of the cells. The histograms (Figure 1) and data (Table 1) are representative of five independent experiments.

Table 1.

Surface molecular expression of DCs (%, mean  ±  SD)

Group	n	CD11C	CD83	CD86	MHC
RMPI-1640	5	72.85 ± 1.64	21.66 ± 5.34f	37.77 ± 1.62f	27.34 ± 1.81f
UA100	5	73.16 ± 1.05	47.71 ± 4.75bd	78.48 ± 2.98bf	75.83 ± 2.49bf
UA200	5	73.18 ± 0.95	52.23 ± 0.83b	80.14 ± 1.01b	79.47 ± 0.92b
UA400	5	73.36 ± 1.46	52.33 ± 0.94b	81.08 ± 1.25b	80.36 ± 1.22b
LPS	5	73.44 ± 1.33	53.28 ± 1.12b	82.50 ± 2.29bb	81.42 ± 2.21b

^bP < 0.001 vs RMPI-1640;

^dP < 0.01 vs LPS;

^fP < 0.001 vs LPS.

IL-12 p70 production in DC supernatants

Using the ELISA technique, the IL-12 p70 secretion by DCs was detected 48h after stimulation with uric acid or LPS. IL-12p70 production was markedly increased in response to uric acid stimulation in a dose-dependent manner. The IL-12p70 production stimulated by 200-400 μg/mL uric acid was similar to LPS treatment (Table 2).

Table 2.

IL-12 p70 production in DC supernatants (mean ± SD, n = 5, ng/mL)

Group	imDC	UA100	UA200	UA400	LPS
IL-12P70	2.53 ± 0.27	3.52 ± 0.22b	3.99 ± 0.28b	4.37 ± 0.19b	4.38 ± 0.17b

^bP < 0.001 vs imDC.

Cytokine production by spleen cells

The supernatants of cultured immune spleen cells were evaluated for the production of IL-4 (Th2 cytokine) or IFN-γ (Th1 cytokine) in response to HBsAg re-stimulation on day 14 (Figure 2, Table 3).

Figure 2.

Cytokine production by splenocytes. Fourteen days after immunization, spleen cells were isolated, then stimulated with HBsAg (10 μg/mL) in vitro. Values were measured at 72 h for IL-4 (A), IFN-γ (B) by ELISA. The results are representative of ten samples from each group. The data show the mean ± SD.

Table 3.

IFN-γ production of spleen cells (mean ± SD, n = 10,pg/mL)

Group	IL-4	γ-IFN
PBS	40.598 ± 4.218	135.223 ± 32.563
UA	39.387 ± 3.657	141.500 ± 32.654
Unpulsed-DC	37.352 ± 3.238	149.32 ± 37.354
HBsAg-pulsed-DC	22.385 ± 2.252b	266.575 ± 51.323b
UA-DC	15.123 ± 1.353d	429.216 ± 59.232d

^bP < 0.01,

^dP < 0.001 vs PBS group.

The production of IL-4 in mice immunized with HBsAg-pulsed-DCs and uric acid was lower than that of mice immunized with HBsAg-pulsed-DCs alone or unpulsed-DCs alone or PBS alone(P < 0.001 for all) (Figure 2A).

The production of IFN-γ (Figure 2B) in mice immunized with HBsAg-pulsed-DCs and uric acid was significantly greater (P < 0.001 for all) than that in mice immunized with HBsAg-pulsed-DCs alone. Spleen cells from mice immunized with unpulsed-DCs alone or PBS alone produced a few IFN-γ.

Spleen cells from mice immunized with uric acid alone failed to enhance the secretion of IFN-γ or inhibit the secretion of the IL-4 (Figure 2).

Cell proliferative response in spleen T cells

Fourteen days after immunization, CFSE-labeled-T cells from each mouse were re-stimulated with 10 μg/mL HBsAg or PBS for 72 h in vitro, and cellular proliferations were assayed by flow cytometry (Figure 3, Table 4).

Figure 3.

Celluar proliferative response in spleen T cells after stimulation with HBsAg or PBS for 72 h in vitro. Celluar proliferative response was estimated by flow cytometry. Spleen T cells of PBS group mice were cultured with HBsAg or PBS and ConA, used as ConA group. Histogram was produced by the modfit 3.0 software packages. These results showed were from individual mice that were representative of per experiment group.

Table 4.

T cell proliferative response

Group	n	SI (HBsAg)	SI (PBS)
PBS	10	1.09 ± 0.028	1.062 ± 0.027
UA	10	1.17 ± 0.035	1.067 ± 0.031
Unpulsed-DC	10	1.19 ± 0.055	1.076 ± 0.035
HBsAg-pulsed-DC	10	1.34 ± 0.093b	1.081 ± 0.028
UA-DC	10	1.59 ± 0.156d	1.081 ± 0.029
ConA	10	2.53 ± 0.179d	2.487 ± 0.146

^bP ≤ 0.01,

^dP ≤ 0.001, vs PBS group.

A strong proliferative response to HBsAg re-stimulation was observed in T cells of mice immunized with HBsAg-pulsed-DCs and uric acid (Figure 3).

Proliferative response to HBsAg re-stimulation was also observed in T cells of mice treated with HBsAg-pulsed-DCs. Insignificant proliferation was observed in T cells of mice treated with unpulsed-DCs. No proliferation to HBsAg re-stimulation was observed in T cells of mice treated with uric acid alone or PBS (Figure 3).

PBS re-stimulation in vitro failed to stimulate T cell proliferation in each mouse (Table 4).

Determination of HBsAg-specific-CTL cytotoxicity

We directly determined the activity of HBsAg-specific-CTLs with an in vivo cytotoxicity assay. The extent of lysis of HBsAg-pulsed spleen cells was expressed as R-values (Figure 4) and the cytotoxicity activity of HBsAg-specific-CTLs were calculated (Table 5).

Figure 4.

Analyze CTL activity against HBsAg of immunization mice by flow cytometry in vivo at 2 wk. Flow cytometric analysis of each mouse was adoptively transferred with a 1:1 mixture of Protein-pulsed (CFSE^high) and unpulsed (CFSE^low) naive mouse splenocytes 10 h previously. Then ratio between percentage of CFSE^low cells and CFSE^high cells were calculated. HBsAg-specific CTL cytotocity was determined (Table 5). These histogram results were from individual mice that were representative of ten experiments.

Table 5.

HBsAg-specific CTL cytotoxicity (%, mean ± SD, n = 10)

Group	PBS	UA	Unpulsed- DC	HBsAg- pulsed-DC	UA-DC
Cytotoxicity	3.51 ± 1.14	3.52 ± 1.15	6.32 ± 2.18	27.32 ± 7.32b	68.63 ± 11.32d

^bP ≤ 0.01,

^dP ≤ 0.001, vs PBS group.

A significant strong cytotoxicity of HBsAg-specific CTLs was observed in the mice immunized with HBsAg-pulsed-DCs and uric acid; whereas immunization with HBsAg-pulsed-DCs alone or unpulsed-DCs induced low cytotoxicities of HBsAg-specific CTLs (Table 5).

In mice immunized with uric acid 200 μg alone or PBS, R values or CTL cytotoxicity were similar (P > 0.05) (Figure 4). It demonstrated that no significant specific lysis was observed and immunization with uric acid 200 μg alone failed to induce HBsAg-specific CTLs.

DISCUSSION

It has been shown that T-cell mediated immune responses are very important in overcoming HBV infection[1,2] and DCs can efficiently prime T-cell response, so the development of a vaccine of DCs has attracted considerable interest[18,19].

Several studies indicated that uric acid had excellent immune adjuvant activity, which could promote the specific immune response to vaccines efficiently[9,11]. Shi and colleagues have shown that the generation of responses from specific CTL activity was significantly enhanced, when uric acid was injected into mice along with the gp120 protein of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)[9]. Hu and colleagues showed that eliminating uric acid, by administration of allopurinol or uricase, delayed tumor immune rejection, whereas subcutaneous administration of uric acid enhanced the rejection process[11].

Uric acid crystals might be the biologically active form. It was shown that preformed crystals were highly stimulatory, whereas soluble uric acid was not[9-11]. The concentrations of uric acid that stimulated DCs corresponded to one at which uric acid crystals were precipitated. Injection of purified uric acid (> 70 μg /mL) was shown to boost CTL responses in spleen cells isolated from mice, which had been primed with particulate antigens, by triggering increased DC expression of the costimulatory molecules CD86 and CD80[9,11]. Allopurinol and uricase treatment, which substantially reduced plasma uric acid concentrations, was shown to markedly inhibit this T-cell priming. Uric acid crystals are known to stimulate monocytes to produce inflammatory mediators[20], and it seems likely that DCs are stimulated in a similar way.

As highly specialized antigen presenting cells (APC), DCs play a central role in antigen presentation to CD4⁺ or CD8⁺ T cells and allogeneic T cell proliferation[8]. It has been known that phenotypic and functional maturation was critical for DCs to activate immune responses effectively[21]. In a previous study, it was reported that uric acid could promote expression of co-stimulatory molecules (CD86, CD80) on DC surfaces[9]. Our data showed that uric acid promoted maturation of DCs (CD83^high) and up-regulated the expression of co-stimulatory molecules CD86, and IA/IE (MHC-I molecule).

DCs have a crucial role in determining the type of T cell mediated response[22,23]. IL-12 is an important immune modulatory molecule, which specifically promotes Th1 cell differentiation and suppresses Th2 cell function, and induces a Th1 cell immune response[24]. In this study, uric acid could promote DCs to secrete IL-12p70 in vitro; after combination of immunization with uric acid, in spleen cells of mice, production of IFN-γ was significantly up-regulated，and IL-4 production was down-regulated. This indicated that uric acid might enhance Th1 cell immune responses by promoting DC to secrete IL-12. And then Th1 cells can induce the proliferation of CTLs and amplification of CD8⁺ T cell responses[25].

In addition, we showed that combination immunization of uric acid and HBsAg-pulsed-DCs could elicit a strong T cell-mediated immune response. Compared with HBsAg-pulsed-DCs vaccine alone, combination immunization elicited significantly greater T cell immune responses as evidenced by T cell proliferation to HBsAg re-stimulation, Th1 cytokine secretion and HBsAg-specific CTL responses. Uric acid may enhance the T cell immune responses by stimulating DC maturation and enhance its functions.

In hyperuricemia, it is well-known that uric acid can precipitate in the joints, where they cause gout, and/or in other tissues causing inflammation[26]. Therefore, the dose of uric acid administration is of crucial importance. In our study, the dose of uric acid was 200 μg. According to Shi and Hu et al[9,11], this dose of uric acid was safe and had an adjuvant effect.

We immunized both treated and control mice with 200 μg uric acid alone for two weeks. As expected, the T cell mediated immune responses were not enhanced. It demonstrated that uric acid has no adjuvant activity in the absence of exogenous antigens. It is important that no autoimmunity is induced, using uric acid as an adjuvant of vaccine.

In the murine model, combination of uric acid and HBsAg-pulsed-DCs seemed to be very effective. However, the anti-HBV effect of this vaccine strategy must be tested further in the HBV animal model.

In summary, we have demonstrated that uric acid can strongly enhance T cell immune responses to HBsAg-pulsed-DCs. We conclude that uric acid might serve as an effective adjuvant for DC vaccine against HBV infection. This strategy provides a model to develop therapeutic vaccines against HBV infection.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful to Professor Zuo-Ya Li, and Guan-Xin Shen for valuable advice on ELISA.