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International Journal of Mental Health Systems logoLink to International Journal of Mental Health Systems
. 2014 Aug 28;8:35. doi: 10.1186/1752-4458-8-35

Professionals’ perceptions about healthcare resources for co-occuring disorders in Spain

Carlos Roncero 1,2,3,✉, Pablo Vega 1,4, Jose Martínez-Raga 1,5, Carmen Barral 1,2,3, Ignacio Basurte-Villamor 1,6, Laia Rodríguez-Cintas 1,2, Beatriz Mesías 1,4, Lara Grau-López 1,2,3, Miguel Casas 1,2,3, Nestor Szerman 1,6
PMCID: PMC4158069  PMID: 25206926

Abstract

Background

Since provision of integrated services for patients with dual pathology or dual disorders (coexistence of an addictive disorder and other psychiatric disorders) constitutes an important challenge, this study compared the perceptions of health-care professionals with the existing, current state of specific resources for patients with dual pathology in Spain.

Methods

Epidemiological, observational, cross-sectional, multicenter study with a large, representative sample of health care professionals attending patients with dual pathology in treatment resources throughout Spain. Participants completed a specifically designed ad-hoc on-line questionnaire about their perceptions on the existence of available resources and treatment needs for patients with dual pathology. To compare professionals’ perceptions with existing available resources, the same on-line questionnaire was also completed by commissioners and managers responsible for national and regional healthcare plans on drug abuse.

Results

A total of 659 professionals, mostly psychologists (43.40%) or psychiatrists (32.93%) agreed to participate in the study. The highest degree of concordance between the perceptions of professional and the actual situation was found regarding the existence of mental health and addiction networks (either separately or unified) (74.48%), followed by specific workshops (73.08%) and sub-acute inpatient units (67.38%), specific hospitalization units (66.26%), detoxification units (63.15%) and outpatient programs (60.73%). We detected a lower degree of agreement regarding specific occupational rehabilitation centers (59.34%) day hospitals (58.93%), day centers (57.88%), outpatient intermediate resources (48.87%), psychiatric acute admission units (46.54%) and therapeutic communities (43.77%). In addition, on average, health care professionals underestimated the number of resources present in their respective communities.

Conclusions

Relevant differences exist between the perceptions of professional and existing available resources for dual pathology patients in Spain, thus supporting the need of additional efforts and strategies to establish a registry and clearly inform about available resources for patients with dual diagnosis.

Keywords: Dual pathology, Dual disorders, Co-occurring disorders, Resources, Professionals’ perception, Mental health, Drug abuse

Background

Dual pathology, dual disorders or co-occurring disorders are defined as the presence of an addictive and another mental disorder, with rates well-documented above 50% [1–14]. Dually-diagnosed patients represent a substantial proportion of individuals in treatment and commonly show greater severity from both the clinical and social perspectives than individuals with solely one of the disorders [15]. Importantly, dual disorders are usually associated with a significantly worse clinical course and outcome, as well as with a poorer treatment response and adherence, than patients with one of the disorders alone [15–17], as well as with frequent, high levels of polymedication [18]. Failure to detect, diagnose and adequately treat patients with dual pathology can jeopardize their chances of success [19].

Implementation of specific services and resources for dual pathology represents an important challenge [13, 19]. Traditionally, mental health and addiction treatment services have worked sequentially or in parallel, resulting in low adherence of dually diagnosed patients to treatment and in an inadequate management of the common interrelated problems of the comorbidity [17, 20, 21].

Specific integrated resources are being currently developed for patients with dual pathology (such as in- and outpatient units, or day centers). The integrated model envisages a global treatment plan for both mental health disorders and substance abuse disorders, being provided in one time by a multidisciplinary treatment team. Shared treatment plans, as "integrated model" implicates, would minimize philosophical differences among care providers. Substance abuse and psychiatric illnesses are accurately diagnosed and targeted for a stage-specific treatment [15]. In Spain, special resources have developed (including acute inpatient dual diagnosis units; dual diagnosis residential communities; dual diagnosis programs in both mental health and drug user treatment outpatients centers) to move into a final integrated model of treatment [15].

However, to date few studies, focused in professionals’ evaluation about co-occurring resources, have assessed the implementation of these strategies for dually diagnosed patients [22–25]. In a recent epidemiological, observational, cross-sectional, multicenter study conducted in Spain with a sample of healthcare professionals managing patients with co-occurring disorders, according to the perceptions of professionals, specific healthcare resources for co-occurring disorders were clearly insufficient, with scarcity of specific outpatient programs, hospitalization units, sub-acute inpatient units, outpatient intermediate resources, day hospitals and day centers [24]. In fact, the importance of the professionals’ perceptions on other aspects of the disorder (such as management and long-term care) has also been recently addressed [26]. Based on these results, the need of additional efforts and strategies for treating individuals with co-morbid disorders, such as a National Plan on Drugs on co-occurring disorders was suggested [24].

The present study was designed to compare the knowledge of professionals on specific resources for co-occurring disorders.

Methods

Design

This observational, cross-sectional, multicenter study was conducted in Spain between February and May 2011 with a representative sample of 659 healthcare professionals involved in the management of patients with co-occurring disorders in various treatment settings throughout Spain, in order to explore the available healthcare resources and the specific needs for patients with co-occurring disorders.

The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Hospital de la Vall d’Hebrón (Barcelona, Spain) and procedures were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Helsinki Declaration, as revised in 2000. After complete description of the study, healthcare professionals accepted to voluntarily participate, without receiving any remuneration.

Questionnaire

For this purpose, an ad-hoc on-line questionnaire ( http://www.patologiadual.es/profesional_publica.html) was designed by a group of different experts in dual diagnosis from different clinical and academic origins, including the authors of this article, and distributed on-line to the participating investigators to collect all relevant data related to specific healthcare resources for patients with co-occurring disorders (available on http://www.sepd.es). In addition, the questionnaire included several items to address the perceptions of the professionals on current available resources for co-occurring disorders (such as specific outpatient units and programs, hospitalization units, detoxification units, day centers, acute admission units, occupational rehabilitation programs and centers, or therapeutical communities) and resources that, in their opinion, should be made available for patients with co-occurring disorders or dual disorders. Their opinion on the integration model was also solicited. The results of this on-line questionnaire has been reported previously [24].

To compare professionals’ perceptions with existing available resources, the same on-line questionnaire was also completed by commissioners and managers responsible for national and regional healthcare plans on drug abuse (between June and July 2012). The degree of agreement or concordance between professionals’ perceptions and commissioners was expressed as percentages of surveyed healthcare professionals informed on the number of different resources for dual pathology.

All the members of the Spanish Society of Dual pathology (SEPD) and the professionals in the SEPD database (over 2,000) were sent three e-mails inviting them to complete the questionnaire. The questionnaire was also available to all the professionals working in the mental health or addiction field in Spain who accessed the SEPD website.

We assessed the general perspective of healthcare professionals from all 17 Spanish regions or Autonomous Communities. Each Autonomous Community has its own regional parliament and government, with independent health politics and general state-wide health strategies.

To compare the professionals ‘perception with the available existing resources, between June and July 2012, the on-line questionnaire was also completed by 19 commissioners and managers responsible of the national and regional drug plans (17 commissioners from the regions and 2 commissioners from the autonomous cities Ceuta and Melilla). Commissioners are member boards (heads of addiction services), responsible to promote action policies in the addiction fields in the different Spanish autonomous communities or regions.

Statistical analysis

In the statistical analysis, frequency tables and percentages were obtained for categorical variables while measures of central tendency and dispersion were calculated for continuous variables (mean, Standard Deviation (SD), minimum and maximum and 95% confidence intervals).

Results

Sample characteristics

A total of 659 healthcare professionals working throughout Spain, were recruited to participate in the study. The sample included 55% (n = 286) women and 45% (n = 232) men from 553 centers in 235 cities across Spain. 95.9% of centers provided 1 or 2 participants, 2.6% provided 3 participants, 0.7% provided 4 participants, while only a 0.04% provided 7 participants.

The majority of the sample was of Spanish origin (n = 625, 94.8%). The rest of study participants were Latin American (n = 22; 3.3%), from other European countries (n = 8; 1.2%) and a small proportion (n =4; 0.6%) of other origins. Most of the participants were psychologists (43.40%) or psychiatrists (32.93%), followed by general practitioners (14.57%) and physicians with other specialist degrees (7.59%), whilst a small percentage of professionals had two or more specialties.

In general, diagnosis of dual pathology, performed by psychiatrists, was established according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR)-based.

Regarding network affiliations, 40.5% of participants belonged to the mental health network and 35.4% to the addictions network, while a lower percentage of participants belong to the unified network (mental health and addictions) (13.5%) or to both separated networks (10.3%). Only 0.3% participants were not attached to any network.

From the 19 asked commissioners, a total of 16 (84.2%) answered the questionnaire.

Knowledge on networks

Regarding the level of knowledge on the mental health and addictions networks (existence of separated networks and/or a unified treatment network), a high degree of agreement between professionals’ perceptions and commissioners’ data (about 75%) was observed (Figure  1a).

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Degree of professionals’ knowledge on the existing available resources of mental health and addictions networks. (a), outpatients programs (b) and specific hospitalization units (c) for patients with dual disorders.

Knowledge on existing resources for co-occurring disorders.A lower percentage of concordance (about 61%) was found between professionals’ perception and existing resources regarding the available outpatient programs for co-occurring disorders (Figure  1b). In addition, 66.26% of participating professionals answered in agreement with the commissioners’ reports on specific hospitalization units for co-occurring disorders (general adult psychiatry inpatient units intended to offer short-term hospitalization to treat, control or stabilize the individual patient) (Figure  1c).A total of 63.15% of participating healthcare professionals provided accurate answers on the existing detoxification units accepting dually-diagnosed patients (facilities designed to offer medical evaluation and to provide medically-assisted withdrawal treatment to adult patients with dual pathology who may require pharmacological treatment to manage withdrawal symptoms from alcohol or other drugs). In contrast, only 18.41% of professionals correctly indicated the number of these units (Figure  2).Only 46.54% of professionals were correctly informed on the existing psychiatric acute admission units for co-occurring disorders, whilst only 2.54% of these knew the correct number of this type of units available (Figure  3).Study participants were also asked on the number of individual resources in each community for patients with co-occurring disorders. A total of 67.38% of surveyed healthcare professionals were aware of the existence of sub-acute inpatient units (1–3 months of inpatient stay, provided to patients with a co-occurring disorder experiencing an exacerbation or a relapse of their condition), 48.87% of outpatient intermediate resources, 58.93% of day hospitals, 57.88% of day centers, 73.08% of workshops, 59.34% of occupational rehabilitation centers and 43.77% of therapeutic communities accepting patients with dual disorders (Figure  4).For all the different resources, in general, professionals underestimated the number of resources present in their respective communities. In particular, we found a relevant difference between the number of units offered in each community and the number believed to be available by the professionals: 4.33 vs 1.6 for sub-acute inpatient units, 28.5 vs 2.97 for outpatient intermediate resources, 7.5 vs 1.28 for day hospitals, 9 vs 1.96 for workshops, 21 vs 13.8 for day centers, 5.33 vs 2.14 for occupational rehabilitation centers and 7.2 vs 2.4 for therapeutic communities (Figure  5). Finally, we found relevant differences between the Spanish regions in all the questions.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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Knowledge on the available existing detoxification units accepting patients with dual disorder. a) Degree of knowledge on the existence of detoxification units accepting patients with dual disorder, b) Degree of knowledge on the number of detoxification units accepting patients with dual disorder.

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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Knowledge on the available existing psychiatric acute admission units for patients with dual disorder.

Figure 4.

Figure 4

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Professionals’ perceptions on the number of resources for patients with dual pathology. a) Percentages of surveyed healthcare professionals informed on the number of different resources for dual pathology in their own autonomous community, b) Communities with the highest percentage of informed professionals about the number of resources for dual pathology.

Figure 5.

Figure 5

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Comparison between existing resources and professionals’ perception on the number of dual pathology units. Resources include sub-acute inpatient units, outpatient intermediate resources, day hospitals, day centers, workshops, occupational rehabilitation centers, therapeutic communities.

Discussion

Importance of findings

In health-services planning and in the evaluation of healthcare needs for the provision of adequate treatment resources, opinions of healthcare professionals are generally sought by healthcare authorities, as a strategy that is receiving increasing attention in recent years [27]. However, the number of studies evaluating the perceptions of professionals on healthcare resources around the world, unfortunately, is still low.

To our knowledge, the present observational study is the first report comparing the perceptions of professionals with data on the existing available integrated resources for the management of patients with co-occurring disorders, since current data is evidencing the need of integrating services for the optimal treatment of co-morbid disorders [17, 28, 29]. Indeed, integrated services for dually diagnosed patients pathology face continuous challenges to find more efficient and effective strategies for improving the overall poor prognosis and outcomes and the rates of morbidity and mortality associated with this condition [8, 10, 13, 16, 21, 28, 30, 31].

Previously, we reported that in Spain specific healthcare resources for the management of co-occurring disorders were clearly insufficient according to the professionals’ perceptions [13, 24]. In view of these results, we compared the perceptions of professionals with data coming from commissioners and managers responsible for the national and regional healthcare plans on drug abuse. Results obtained have evidenced the important gap between reality and professionals’ perceptions on the existence of specific resources for dually diagnosed patients, with systematic underestimation of the number of the existing resources. We also noted important differences among the different Spanish regions, thus highlighting the existing diversity of professionals’ knowledge on specific resources, which could be derived from the independent health politics and general state-wide health strategies of the regions. We think that the implementation of a single national register on this type of resources could avoid this reported lack of information and that information and dissemination campaigns are required to make known the available specific resources for co-occurring disorders.

Although we could not perform comparisons with any other international study, we consider these results of great relevance, since they evidence that, as a consequence of the lack of adequate knowledge by healthcare professionals, currently the available integrated resources are probably underused, thus failing to provide an optimal management of patients with co-occurring disorders. Although the causes of this lack of knowledge have not been addressed, we postulate that it can be at least partly explained by the lack of diffusion or a poor information flow regarding the available resources in each region.

As in other health problems that require an integrated care approach, professionals need to be aware of both local and regional network resources and specific treatment facilities available from each individual institution [32, 33]. Devising a register of available integrated resources for health professionals could be a feasible option to address this issue. As proposed elsewhere, classification of local and community resources based on the treatment offered, professionals in charge, etc. could help professionals working with dually diagnosed patients to identify a quick and targeted access to available resources, according to patient needs [32, 33].

Limitations and strengths of the study

In the absence of the necessary information, in the present study it is possible that some professionals could have provided incorrect answers due to having misleading information or no information at all. We believe that a register, with a correct classification of resources (integrated/non integrated), would help to revert this tendency. Among the strengths of the study, it is important to consider that this report, based on a large sample of healthcare professionals, gives for the first time, new insights into the real knowledge of professionals attending patients with co-occurring disorders on integrated resources. In fact, being known the complexity of management of these patients, assessing perceptions and knowledge of professionals is of paramount importance for the specific management of the disorder, since these professionals are responsible to select treatments, interventions and resources use [24, 26].

Importantly, we consider that the surveyed sample of Spanish professionals working with co-occurring disorders patients could represent between 5–8% of all the professionals working in the Spanish mental health or addition networks. Of note, the official data corresponding to the existing resources were obtained from the different commissioners, which are the maximum autonomic authorities in this issue.

Among the limitations of this report, we consider that it is possible that professionals participating in this study could be most interested in co-occurring disorders than the others who did not participate, thus their answers could not be representative of the total of professionals. The high percentage of respondent professionals, however, allows us to have a broad picture of the current situation, useful for treatment planning and developing adequate health policies. Further studies should assess the possible causes of the reported differences and the implementation of new strategies, such as a national register of integrated resources for co-occurring disorders.

Conclusions

Based on the results of the present study, we can conclude that relevant differences exist between the perceptions of professional and existing available resources for co-occurring disorders patients in Spain, thus supporting the need of additional efforts and strategies to register and inform about the existing resources for dually-diagnosed patients. We propose the implementation of a single national register and information and dissemination campaigns to make known the available specific resources for co-occurring disorders.

Acknowledgements

The study has been sponsored by an unrestricted educational grant of BrainPharma, SA, belonging to Grupo Ferrer, S.A. and has been performed with support from the Spanish "Plan Nacional sobre Drogas". The authors thank to Anna Campuzano PhD of Brainpharma, SA, belonging to Ferrer Group SA the technical support for the study development, Núria Piqué for her writing assistance and Grupo Saned, SA, for technical secretary services and for the statistical analysis.

Participants’ list

Julieta Ruiz Mccormick; Arturo Argelaguer Martínez, Nuria Rigau Simon, Bartolome Marin Romero, Carlos Mizrahi Recasens, Izaskun Elortegi Kaiero, Alejandro Alfonso Sanchez Moraga, Diana Gallo Martinez, Joaquin Martinez Valente, Rafael Villanueva Blandón, Jaime Domper Tornil, Marta Torra Moreno, Carlos Chiclana Actis, Sebastián Navarro Tauste, Patricia Marqués Cabezas, Rosó Duñó Ambròs, Manuel Antonio Valencia Fernández, Laura Blasco Barrena, Raúl Padilla Soldado, Mariana Abeledo Otero, Segundo de Miguel Gimeno, Margot Garcia de Gregorio, Sebastián Mera, Maria Ruiz Gomes, Juan Manuel Ferrer Angulo, Maria Lizaur, René Miguel González Rubio, Isabel Piñel Cortes, Aquilino Cuenda Corrales, Mª Ángeles Bravo Álvarez, Maria de Guia Castro Granados, María José Alemany García, Alfredo Barredo, Juan Alday Muñoz, Paula Maria Fuertes Silva, Jose Luis Salazar Sanchez, Ivan Ollé i Llopis, Sara Morís González, Marcos López Hernández-Ardieta, Itxaso Oiarzabal Monje, Maria Suarez Gomez, Jose Antonio Wanguemert Garcia, Paula Gestoso Campos, Carmen Barral Picado, Josep Lluis Conde Sala, Adrián Neyra Del Rosariio, José Miguel Rodríguez Molina, Bayta Diaz Rodríguez, Maria Dolores Gomez Garcia, Dionisio García Osuna, Juan Francisco Torres Soto, Manuel Arrojo Romero, Raquel Ramírez Larrondo, Iria Espiño Díaz, Carmen Fernandez Cabrera, Mercedes Gómez Pérez, Rafael Tortosa Gómez, Alexandra Glink Lezana, Jose Luis Montero Horche, Lidia Toribio Martinez, Idoia Zorrilla Larrainzar, Paola Bully Garay, Olga Prieto Blanco, Ángel Gabriel Herrera Garcia, Marina Lamich, José Gabriel Franco Vásquez, Isabel Recio Aroca, Carme Mariscot Bas, Emiliano Rodriguez-Sanchez, Desiderio Mejías Verdú, Concepcion Bancalero Romero, Emilio Javier Blanco Bengoechea, Juan José Millán, Josefina Fernandez Iglesias, Sergio Ocio, Rebeca Ojea Quintela, Ana Barrera Frances, Miguel Angel Landabaso Vazquez, Francisco Acosta Artiles, Ana María Bárzano Cruz, Miquel Joan Far Ferrer, José María Salgado Cacho, David Cabrera Lucas, Irene López Romero, Rafael Rodriguez Calzada, Fidel J. García Sánchez, Rafael Gautier Roques, Nicolás Condés Balboa, Samuel Pombo Chorto, Rocio Martinez Higueras, Amable Manuel Cima Muñoz, Pilar Gardeta Sabater, Cesar Pereiro Gomez, Marta Sabio Gutierrez, Ana Fernández-Manchón García, María Martínez Diez, Carles Rodríguez i Domínguez, Valentín Estévez Pérez, Estefanía Hidalgo Aldana, Eugenia González Goizueta, Vanesa Ortiz González, Mª Trinidad Gómez Talegón, Rosa Maria Ventura Broncazo, Cristina Prieto Fernández, Antoni Far i Ferrer, Maria Jesus Longo Garcia-Peñuela, María Nieves Gómez Llano, Ana Mª Bastida de Miguel, Mª Joaquina Lloreda Morillo, Joan de Pablo Rabazo, Rafael Casas Rivera, Ana María Caaveiro García, Carlos Muñoz Pérez, Mª Dolors Mas Delblanch, Isabel Mª de Haro García, Miriam Aran, Carlos Martín Fernández-Mayoralas, Carlos Calcaño, Iban Onandia Hinchado, Rafael Casquero Ruiz, Maria Isabel Iglesias Hernandez, Belen Rubio Morell, José Luis Castro Feijóo, Carmen Pérez Espino, Sandra Castillo Magaña, Albert Batalla Cases, Maria Teresa Perez Castellano, Lorena Casete Fernández, Luis Cordero de Ciria, José B. Morales Ramirez, Leonor Riera Fueyo, Ramon Angel Rivera Mera, Antonia María Gómez Hinojosa, Pedro Massé García, Eduardo Samper Lucena, Sabela Maceda García, Blanca Castillon Abenia, Eglee Florencia Castillo Oramas, Rafael Campos Cloute, Francisco Rosagro Escámez, Purificación Reguillo Calero, Eduardo Mirón Ortega, María Luisa Gutiérrez López, David Busse Olive, Lorena Pereyra Grustan, Miguel-Angel Villalba Abarquero, Maria Dolores Romero Lemos, Margarita Mª Hernanz Manrique, Maria Pilar Elias Villanueva, Marina Gonzalez Gonzalez, Ahinara Mendo Hernández, Cristobalina Lopez Lorente, Pilar Bermejo Gonzalez, Mª Rosa Sánchez-Waisen Hernández, Jesus Saiz Otero, Mª Yolanda P. Crespo Jiménez, Maria Gonzalez Hidalgo, Óscar Garrido Miralles, Julia García White, Joaquin Descals Gilabert, Cristina Martinez Martinez, Josep Cornellà Canals, Mar Peinado Vergara, Cristina Larrayoz Perez, Consuelo Llamazares Peña, Amaia Perez-Izaguirre Urquizu, Jorge Muñoz Ruata, Olga Arbeo Ruiz, Vicente Montero Sierra, Antonia San Martín García, Rafael Coullaut-Valera, Maria Badenes Mezquita, Izaskun Madinabeitia Cobos, Maria de Gracia Viseu Pinheiro Lopes Do Rego, Mª Soledad Iglesias Pérez, Miguel Angel Beltran Viciano, Juan Miguel Llorente Del Pozo, Juan Ramírez López, Mónica Serrano García, Victoria Panisello Sorribes., Mcarme Masferrer i Herrera, Miquel Cavalleria Verdaguer, Almudena Hermoso, Barbara Mas Corbella, Antonio García Patiño, Asun Santos Mocoroa, Luis Alfonso Núñez Domínguez, Lourdes Del Rio Garcia, Manuel Fernandez Molina, Teresa Orengo Caus, Jose Diaz Morfa, Isabel Moreno García, Beatriz Isabel Pelaez Gutierrez, Maria Asunción Berrueco Quintero, Francisco Arnau Peiró, Gonzalo Haro Cortés, Helen Dolengevich Segal, Susagna Nevado, Mireia Reyero Salazar, Yolanda Carmona Cifuentes, Eva Amada Povedano Suárez, Astrid Roda de Sola, María Del Sol Roncero Rodríguez, Diana González Cano, Amanda Rodriguez Urrutia, Vicent Balanzá Martínez, Emilia Herrero López, Manuela Reyes Requena, Noemí Vivas Rubio, Esther Garcia Usieto, Silvia Reyes Campos, Marisol Mondragon Egaña, Maria Calatayud, Miguel Guerrero Diaz, María José Casares López, Jose Manuel Martínez Delgado, Dolores Velo Camacho, Gregorio Navalon Roberto, Luis Basilio Rodríguez, Bartolomé Pérez Gálvez, Encarnacion Gomez Juarez, Alfonso Rodriguez-Palancas Palacios, Francisco Javier Arranz Estévez, Angela Rita Martín Caballero, José Luis Gómez Juárez, Estrella Fatima Rueda Aguilar, Addis Leonor de Álava Celso, José María Sánchez García, Vicente García Vicent, Mª Josefa Campillo Cascales, Isabel Rodriguez Garcia, Rezeda Radjapova, Radjapova, José Manuel Fernandez Fernandez, Miguel Gómez-Calcerrada Berrocal, Maria Jose Gomez Del Castillo, Karmele Garay, Irene Milla Melero, Maria Alvarez Riedweg, José Antonio Segura Zamudio, Laia Miquel de Montagut, Alfredo Gurrea Escajedo, Lurdes Ortgosa Chasco, Isabel Gonzalez Katarain, Maria Jesus Mota Rodríguez, Emilio Rato Alario, Castora Silva Silva, Alfonso Pérez Poza, Beatriz Oda Plasencia García de Diego, Rafael García Pérez, Juan Manuel Alonso Ramis, Miquel Monras Arnau, Gideoni Fusté Coetzee, Sebastian Pablo Rodríguez, Daniel Ocaña Rodríguez, Carmen Rubio Otero, Maribel Molina Fernández, Ana Adan Puig, Ana Sanchez, Juana Teresa Rodriguez Sosa, Jose Luis Alvarez Marques, Juan Manuel Miguens Tjarks, Magdalena de Miguel Fernández, Andres Perez Barrero, Maria Del Mar Lazaro Redondo, Carmen Palau Muñoz, Ana Alvarez Navares, Vicente Garijo Garcia, Maria Ines Padilla Cabrera, Sonia Encabo Franco, Silvia Funes, Mª Del Rosario Demetrio Santana, Mª Paloma Pando Fernández, Jose Juan Ávila Escribano, Belen Alonso Verdugo, Lidia Sánchez Morales, Alfred Granell Gorrochategui, Ramon Bellot Arcis, Esperanza Bosch Casañas, Juan Carlos Prados Moreno, Pedro Galindo Espada, Patricia Gracia García, Patricia Fadon Martin, Carlos José Pino Serrano, Andrés Arce, Pilar Calvo Estupiñán, Claudia Alejandra Fuentes, Juan Antonio Arance Maldonado, Elena Gómez Crespo, Rocio Caballero Campillo, Josep Oltra Aznar, Mª Amparo Ferreros Villar, Susana Rodriguez Picó, Isabel Hernandez Otero, Cristina Eloísa Masini Fernández, Mª Elena Brea Pastor, Marisa Dorado Garcia, Anna Olive Torralba, Verónica Gómez Gómez, Pedro Seijo Ceballos, Nazaret Martínez Mollinedo, María Vázquez Costa, M. Luisa Sanz Aguado, Icíar Álvarez Uría, Raquel Alvarez Garcia, Manuel Pérez Rivas, Cristina Gomez Atienza, Francisco Rodriguez Pulido, José López Delgado, Domingo Robayna Ojeda, Matias Real López, Guadalupe Lopez Cerón, Pilar San Juan, Gerard Mateu Codina, M Jose Hidalgo Quiles, Mónica Portillo Santamaría, Alejandro Ramirez Reffay, Ana Victoria Paris Fernandez, David Caceres Anillo, Olga Junca Jiménez, Miguel Angel Quintanilla Lopez, Jose Maria Vázquez Vázquez, Carmen Tosio, Nora Soria Garcia, Rafael Navarro Pichardo, Inmaculada Gutierrez Porcel, J. Luis Frias Pulido, Virginia Yera Verruga, Antonio Manuel Rodríguez Cerezo, Mª Luisa Celorrio Bustillo, Carmen Quesada Romero, Angeles Ramon Góngora, Maier Rodriguez Zabaleta, Mª Loreto Medina Garrido, David Barranca Vargas, Luis Pacheco Yañez, Juan Bosco Anguiano Jiménez, Idoia Larrañaga Garate, José María Playà Busquets, Mª Carmen Rodriguez Fernandez, Irene Aparicio Salinas, Adriana Massotti Leon, Jose Angel Alcala Partera, Jose Maria Osuna Fuentes, Jose A. Juan Berna, Maria Rosario Consuegra Sanchez, Félix Reina Galán, Ramón Martinez Remacha, Josefina Puig Campañà, Gerardo Aznar Rivera, Pilar Garzon Nacer, Juan Manuel Jiménez Lerma, Carmen Díaz Lorenzana, Juana Palacios Márquez, José Manuel Fernández Fernández, Antonio Jesús Molina Fernández, Ainhoa Garibi Perez, Joseba Pérez Atxa, Ignacio Basurte Villamar, Juan Antonio Abeijon Merchan, Blanca Carcolé Batet, Ignacio Gonzalez Jiménez, Usue Espinós Ortueta, Raquel Perez Hernandez, Silvia Amparo Navarro Ferragud, Jose Martinez Raga, Olga Chapinal Sánchez, José Miguel Cuevas, Barranquero, Iluminada Rubio García, Vicente Fabregat Navarro, Rodriguez Zarate Carlota Pilar, Cesar Negro Albañil, Belen Borjano, Esperanza Manzano Prado, María Lapeña Valencia, Alba de La Caridad Alba Pons, Mª Del Mar Sánchez Fernández, Antonio Teran Prieto, Fernando Gómez-Pamo Guerra Del Río, Beatriz Nogueras, Oskar Clar Corteza, Ana Romaguera Piñol, Ana Cáceres Santos, Belén Orozco Jabato, Oscar David Galera García, Ana Amelia Sánchez Padilla, Asuncion Prieto Orzanco, Juan Carlos Hornillo Castro, José Javier Rosa Mestre, Jose A. Contreras Nieves, Vicente Tomas Gradoli, Ana Aparicio Aparicio, Diego Jose Moreno Ribas, Celia Gómez Yepes, Francisco Arias Horcajadas, Amparo Lara Garcia, Ohicys Cala Hernandez, Antonio Manuel Cabrera Ibarria, Ainhoa Madoz Ibáñez, Jose Maria Blanco Loberías, Francisco Vera Izquierdo, Maria Amparo Malea Fernández, Aránzazu Ferrer Añó, Montserrat Mola Gubert, Ana María Sánchez Viñas, Graciela Adriana Gómez Albarracín, Carlos Salavera Bordás, Antonio Francisco García Atenza, Rosa María Tomé Rodríguez, Mariano Montavez Díaz, Amparo Sanchez Mañez, Maria Sales Gilabert Fos, German Jurado de Flores Yepez, José Luis Sancho Acero, Diana Bachiller Valdenebro, Juan Jose Molina Castillo, Julio Quiles Lloret, Susana Gómez Baeza, Jose Morante Del Peral, Mercedes Zurdo Carrion, Marta Pilar Jiménez Cortés, Mar Nieto Riva, Laura Elías Casado, Rafael Goya Moscoso, Joan Alvarós Costa, Carlos Martin Picola, Javier Fernández Aurrecoechea, María Soledad Olmeda García, María Isabel Calvo Ortega, Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga, Marc Ferrer Vinardell, Aimée María Ruiz Rodríguez, María Teresa Guillermo Pardenilla, Nicolás Amador Amador, Silvia Piñeiro Carrió, Gemma Isabel San Narciso Izquierdo, Bruno Ribeiro Do Couto, Jesus Salomon Martinez, Carmen Gimeno Escrig, Bartolomé de La Fuente Darder, Jesús V. Cobo Gómez, Pablo Cardona Pintos, Esther Ontanilla Reyes, Marina Comín Zafón, Beatriz Mesías Pérez, Gloria Cordeiro-Crespo Cabral-Campello, Isabel Lopez Escamilla, Letizia Irene Manchado Lopez, Amadeo Martinez Guevara, Jose Torroba Molina, Miriam Mayoral Morena, Mª Angeles Alonso Urbano, Enrique Marcos Gonzalez, Lluisa Pilar Puerta Marín, Andrés Martín Joison Rotbard, Roberto Pérez, Lorena Castillo Jiménez, Francisco Herrera Benitez, María Zaida Ramos Marrero, Nuria Seijas Fernández, Maria Gomez Sousa, Javier Gonzalez Gonzalez, Estela Saez Fuentes, Wilson Nieves Pla, Carmen Sanchez Rivas, Manuel Conde Amado, Alfonso Gil Martinez, Jose Martinez, Concha Fernandez Ramirez, Iñaki Markez Alonso, Javier Santamaria Gutierrez, Francisco Javier Trujillo Carrillo, Eva Giralt Martínez, Armando Santiago Masuelli, Carla Ramos Vidal, Ignacio Zaera Cuadrado, Jose Luis Navarro Gonzalez, Nieves Domeque Valiente, Miguel Del Nogal, Mª Josefa García Escudero, Juan Jesus Hernandez Gonzalez-Nicolas, Irma Teresa Bracamonte García, M. Carmen García Guijosa, Mª Fernanda Gómez Villaespesa, José Miguel Zoido Ramos, Alejandro Moreno Galindo, Juan Matias Fernandez, César Paumard Oliván, Sumpci Guillén Font, Manuel Javier Pretel Pretil, José Miguel Ausejo Sanz, Carlos Iglesias Echegoyen, Paloma Sanchez de La Nieta Aragonés, Celia Del Pino Lidón, Hugo Mongay Sanchez-Gijon, Braulio Del Palacio Lopez, Begoña de Pablo Garcia, Lucía San Narciso Izquierdo, Cesar Lucchetti, Angel Manuel Turbi Pinazo, Atahualpa Granda Flores, Juan Angel Correa de La Calle, Marta Fernandez de Aguirre Malaina, Beatriz Mesias Perez, Gustavo Molina Rodríguez, Jaime A. Fernandez Fdez, Domingo Panizo Rivas, Mª Del Pilar Moreno Palancar, Francisco Javier Sedano Pérez, Carmen Iglesias Azcue, Gerardo Hernandez Vazquez, Lucía Yolanda Armenteros García, Cristina Baliarda Hernández, Gerardo Pacheco Otoya, Marta Vallcanera Cabrera, Roberto Carlos Tapia, Juan A López-Rodríguez.

Footnotes

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interest.

Authors’ contributions

Participated in research design: CR, PV, JM-R, CB, IB-V, LR-C, BM, LG-L, MC, NS. Conducted experiments: JM-R, CB, IB-V, LR-C, BM, LG-L. Contributed new reagents or analytic tools: CR, PV, NS: Performed data analysis: CR, PV, NS. Wrote or contributed to the writing of the manuscript: CR, PV, NS. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Contributor Information

Carlos Roncero, Email: croncero@vhebron.net.

Pablo Vega, Email: pablovegaastudillo@gmail.com.

Jose Martínez-Raga, Email: martinez_josrag@gva.es.

Carmen Barral, Email: cbarral@vhebron.net.

Ignacio Basurte-Villamor, Email: basurte@gmail.com.

Laia Rodríguez-Cintas, Email: laiarcintas@gmail.com.

Beatriz Mesías, Email: mesiaspb@madrid.es.

Lara Grau-López, Email: lgrau@vhebron.net.

Miguel Casas, Email: mcasas@vhebron.net.

Nestor Szerman, Email: contacto@nestorszerman.com.

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