Time-Dependent Clinical Results of Rotating-Platform Total Knee Arthroplasty According to Mechanical Axis Deviation

Abstract

Purpose

We hypothesized that the low contact stress (LCS) posterior stabilization system in knees with ≤3° deviation of coronal alignment would provide more favorable clinical outcomes and survival rate over the course of time.

Materials and Methods

A retrospective study was performed on 253 consecutive cases of primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Patients were classified according to the degree of deviation of coronal alignment on the initial postoperative radiograph as Group 1 (≤3° deviation) and Group 2 (>3° deviation). The clinical assessments were performed using the Knee Society score and Hospital for Special Surgery systems and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities index.

Results

The survival rate was 97.4% in Group 1 and 96.8% in Group 2. No statistically significant intergroup difference was observed in the clinical scores before surgery and since 1 year after surgery (p>0.05). However, a significant intergroup difference was noted between 6 months to 1 year after surgery (p<0.001). Less than 2 mm radiolucent lines were found more frequently in Group 2. Time-dependent improvement was noted within one year after TKA in both groups.

Conclusions

Most of the expected improvements were achieved at 6 months after surgery in Group 1 and at 1 year after surgery in Group 2. The present study suggests that the LCS system yields time-dependent improvement regardless of coronal alignment deviation.

Introduction

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) using fixed-bearing implants has produced good long-term survival rates of up to 97% at 10 years1,2). However, there have been problems of premature polyethylene wear and aseptic loosening with some fixed-bearing implants. To address this issue, mobile-bearing TKA was developed and has been performed worldwide for over 20 years.

The low contact stress mobile-bearing knee prosthesis (LCS system; DePuy Orthopaedics Inc., Warsaw, IN, USA) provides theoretical advantages over fixed-bearing prostheses. The mobile polyethylene insert, in the form of either twin meniscal bearings or a single rotating platform, permits increased congruity, ensures reduced or even no shear stress at the bone-implant interface, and is anticipated to reduce the prosthesis loosening rate. Mid- and long-term studies of the LCS system showed as satisfactory results as fixed-bearing TKA3,4,5).

Correct alignment of the components including soft tissue balancing is crucial for successful knee arthroplasty6). Various ranges of acceptable limb alignment have been reported, but ±3° varus/valgus mechanical axis has been associated with higher success rates7,8). The postoperative limb alignment can be over ±3° varus/valgus in up to 30% of the cases after conventional TKAs9).

Information on the implant survival rate and ideal postoperative alignment are important to surgeons and patients for appropriate treatment planning; however, from the patient's point of view, it is equally important to know how well the knee will function after a TKA. Recent studies focusing on patient-relevant functional outcome of TKA have provided some information on the postoperative recovery: several factors including preoperative function, gender, and, especially, recovery time influenced clinical outcomes regardless of the alignment10,11,12).

Moreover, the recent concept of constitutional varus alignment in normal people has made surgeons to reconsider whether restoration of neutral coronal alignment is desirable for all patients. In the study by Bellemans et al.13), a large fraction of the normal population (32% of men and 17% of women) had constitutional varus alignment: therefore, they suggested the postoperative alignment target should be individualized according to the patient's preoperative knee alignment, which does not necessarily lie within 0°±3° in reference to the neutral mechanical axis. Likewise, in a recent clinical study on TKA, Parratte et al.14) demonstrated there was no difference in the 15-year implant survival rate between the group with a mechanical axis of ±3° and the outlier group.

In this study, we retrospectively compared the time course of clinical and radiological results between knees with ≤3° deviation from the neutral mechanical axis and those with >3° deviation after TKAs using the rotating-platform LCS posterior stabilized system. We hypothesized that the LCS system would yield more favorable clinical and radiological results in knees with ≤3° deviation from the neutral mechanical axis in the time course analysis.

Materials and Methods

This is a retrospective study of 260 consecutive primary TKAs that were performed by a single surgeon using the rotating-platform posterior stabilization LCS system in 215 patients between February 2003 and February 2006. The surgery was bilateral in 45 patients (90 knees). Assessments were performed preoperatively, at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year after surgery, and yearly thereafter. Exclusion criteria were bone graft due to rheumatoid arthritis, severe deformity or bone defect, revision surgery, and body mass index (BMI) of over 30 kg/m². At the time of evaluation, 8 patients (14 knees) died of reasons not related to surgery, 17 patients (22 knees) did not return for follow-up assessments and 18 patients (18 knees) were diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis. Finally, 172 patients (203 knees) were followed for more than 5 years and were evaluated clinically. To evaluate our hypothesis, the patients were classified according to the degree of deviation from the neutral mechanical axis on the immediate postoperative standing full-length radiograph as Group 1 (patients with ≤3° deviation) or Group 2 (patients with >3° deviation). Patient demographics are listed in Table 1. The primary outcome measures were clinical and radiological results according to the degree of deviation (either ≤3° or >3°) from the neutral mechanical axis.

Table 1.

Patient Demographics

Values are presented as mean (standard deviation).

NS: not significant, Preop: preoperative.

^a)Patients with ≤3° deviation of coronal alignment at final follow-up.

^b)Patients with >3° deviation of coronal alignment at final follow-up.

The operations were performed using a modified subvastus approach through a midline skin incision measuring about 10 cm in length15). The modified subvastus approach features a 2-3 cm additional snip at the tendinous junction of the vastus medialis obliquus. The cruciate ligaments were excised in all patients. Tibial cutting was initially performed using the extramedullary method followed by a femoral anterior and posterior cut using a gap technique with a lamina spreader or gap blocks. Soft tissue balancing was performed using a sequence of tissue releases for medial, lateral, and posterior structures. Adequate soft tissue balancing was achieved and confirmed by palpation of ligamentous tension and assessment of the gap during symmetrical leg distraction using the laminar spreader. During gap balancing, mediolateral and flexion-extension gaps were adjusted to be within 3 mm by the laminar spreader. None of the patients underwent patella resurfacing. All components were fixed with cement.

The postoperative protocol for both groups was identical. Straight leg raising exercises were encouraged immediately after surgery. All patients began partial weight-bearing with walking aids and range of motion (ROM) exercises on the second day after surgery. The mechanical axis was measured as the angle between a line drawn from the center of the femoral head to the deepest point of the femoral notch and a line drawn from the midpoint of the tibiotalar joint to the center of the tibial plateau on the standing full-length radiograph.

Pre- and postoperative scores were obtained at every follow-up from all patients using the Knee Society score (KSS) and Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) systems, and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) scores were obtained before surgery and 5 years after surgery. Serial postoperative radiographs were evaluated according to the KSS system for radiolucency at the bone-cement interface, wear of polyethylene, any change in the component position, alignment, and osteolysis.

1. Statistical Analysis

Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan and Meier16). The survival end point was defined as revision surgery for any reason or a recommendation for revision surgery for a mechanical reason. The primary outcome measures were the KSS and HSS score at the final follow-up. Allocation ratio was set at 1:1 and sample size calculation was based on pilot measurements in 30 patients per each group. The standard deviation was 3.13 in Group 1 and 4.83 in Group 2, and the minimum detectable difference for power analysis was calculated to be 5 points in clinical scores. A two-sided test with an α error of 5% and a β error of 20% were used to determine significant difference. Based on these calculations, the required study size was 57 per each group. The data were analyzed by fitting separate linear mixed models for evaluating time dependent change of the KSS and HSS scores. Post-hoc comparisons between the main effects of all pairs of points in time including age, gender, BMI, and preoperative mechanical axis and clinical scores were performed separately for each model, corresponding to the KSS and HSS scores. Bonferroni adjustments were applied to the p-values to account for multiple testing. The significance of p-value was set at 0.05. The differences according to age, gender, and disease were analyzed using paired t-tests, Student's t-tests, and Mann-Whitney tests, and chi-square tests according to the data form. To improve the test-retest intraobserver reliability, measurements were performed twice by two orthopedic surgeons each with an interval of 2 weeks. The intra- and interobserver reliability was calculated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for consistency. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS ver. 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

Results

1. Survival Rate and Complications

The overall prosthesis survival rate was 97.1% at 6 years with the endpoint defined as revision (6 of 203 knees) required for failure of any component due to bearing dislocation, fracture, or deep infection. In Group 1, the estimated survival rate was 97.2% with a revision rate of 2.8% (4 of 145 knees). In Group 2, the estimated survival rate was 96.6% with a revision rate of 3.4% (2 of 58 knees), indicating no statistically significant intergroup difference (p=0.803) (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1.

Kaplan and Meier16) survival analysis.

Postoperative chronic infections were found in four knees over 6 months after TKA (three in Group 1 and one in Group 2). In Group 1, one complication was a postoperative periprosthetic fracture with extension to prosthesis. In Group 2, one complication was a tibial bearing dislocation (spin-out) with polyethylene wear. There were no patellar problems such as fracture, dislocation, and mal-tracking.

2. Clinical Results

The linear mixed models analysis revealed that there were significant differences in the KSS and HSS scores during the seven measurement points (before surgery and 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 3 years, and over 5 years after surgery) in both groups (p<0.001).

In Group 1, the mean KSS continued to improve at all time points until 5 years after surgery, but minimal changes were seen 6 months after surgery. Pairwise comparisons revealed statistically significant difference until 6 months after surgery (p<0.001), but not thereafter. Using the highest scoring values as a reference, the percentages of improvement in KSS were 59% at 6 weeks, 68% at 3 months, 90% at 6 months, 91% at 1 year, 95% at 3 years, and 100% at over 5 years after surgery (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2.

The graph shows improvement in the Knee Society score (KSS) with time in both groups. In Group 1, pairwise comparisons revealed statistically significant improvement between each time point from preoperative (preop) period to 6 months after surgery (p<0.001). In Group 2, pairwise comparisons revealed statistically significant improvement between each time point from preop period to 1 year after surgery (p<0.001). The KSS decreased slightly between the 3- to 5-year follow-up in Group 2 although no statistical significance was found.

The mean HSS functional score in Group 1 continued to improve until 3 years after surgery, but minimal changes were seen from 6 months after surgery. Pairwise comparisons revealed statistically significant difference until 6 months after surgery (p<0.001), but not since 6 months after surgery. Using the highest scoring values as a reference, the percentages of improvement in HSS knee score were 51% at 6 weeks, 62% at 3 months, 87% at 6 months, 93% at 1 year, 100% at 3 years, and 95% at over 5 years after surgery (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3.

The graph shows improvement in the Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) score with time. In Group 1, pairwise comparisons revealed statistically significant improvement between each time point from preoperative (preop) period to 6 months after surgery (p<0.001). In Group 2, pairwise comparisons revealed statistically significant improvement between each time point from preop period to 1 year after surgery (p<0.001). The HSS scores slightly decreased in both groups between 3- to 5-year follow-up although no significant difference was found.

In Group 2, the mean KSS continued to improve until 3 years after surgery, and then declined until over 5 years after surgery. Only small changes were observed 1 year after surgery. Pairwise comparisons revealed statistically significant difference until 1 year after surgery (p<0.001), but not thereafter. Using the highest scoring values as a reference, the percentages of improvement in KSS were 52% at 6 weeks, 62% at 3 months, 70% at 6 months, 96% at 1 year, 100% at 3 years, and 96% at over 5 years after surgery (Fig. 2).

The mean HSS functional score in Group 2 continued to improve until 3 years after surgery, and then declined until 5 years after surgery. Only small changes were observed 1 year after surgery. Pairwise comparisons revealed statistically significant difference until 1 year after surgery (p<0.001), but not since 1 year after surgery. Using the highest scoring values as a reference, the percentages of improvement in HSS knee score were 49% at 6 weeks, 59% at 3 months, 68% at 6 months, 91% at 1 year, 100% at 3 years, and 94% at over 5 years after surgery (Fig. 3).

Comparison of the two groups showed no statistically significant difference in the preoperative KSS and HSS scores (both, p>0.05) and postoperative scores (both, p>0.05) since 1-year after surgery. However, there were significant intergroup differences between the 6 weeks postoperative 1 year postoperative period (p<0.001) (Table 2). The preoperative and final follow-up WOMAC scores and ROM were not significantly different between groups (Table 3).

Table 2.

Clinical Outcomes at Each Follow-up Period

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

NS: not significant.

^a)p-value for comparing two groups at each period.

Table 3.

Preoperative (preop) and Postoperative (postop) WOMAC Scores

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

WOMAC: Western Ontario and McMaster Osteoarthritis, NS: not significant, ROM: range of motion.

3. Radiological Evaluation

The mean preoperative mechanical femorotibial angle was 11.8°±4.85° (mean±standard deviation) varus, whereas the median final follow-up mechanical femorotibial angle was 2.1°±5.74° varus. The mean preoperative mechanical femorotibial angle was 11.4°±3.43° varus in Group 1 and 12.1°±5.41° varus in Group 2 (p>0.05). The mean postoperative mechanical femorotibial angle was 1.5°±1.1° varus in Group 1 and 4.8°±2.12° varus in Group 2 (p=0.001). Radiolucent lines were observed in 3 of 145 knees (2.0%) in Group 1 and in 9 of 58 knees (15.5%) in Group 2 on the final follow-up radiographs. The incidence of radiolucency was higher in Group 2 than in Group 1 (p=0.001) (Table 4). Regarding zonal distribution, radiolucent lines were observed in zones I, II, and IV on the femoral side in Group 2 and in zones I or II on the tibial side in both groups. However, no clinically significant progressive radiolucent lines were observed and all radiolucent lines were less than 2 mm.

Table 4.

Comparison of Radiolucent Lines between Groups

The ICC for inter- and intra-observer reliability ranged from 0.72 to 0.88 for all measurements, indicating that all measurements had good inter-observer reliability.

Discussion

A biomechanical study of mobile-bearing LCS TKA has revealed that a congruency and mobility of femorotibial articulation with a rotating-platform can reduce contact stresses within the polyethylene liner and allow axial rotation17). This leads to reduced torque forces on the tibial component, eventually resulting in good long-term survivorship2,3,4,5). Other mobile-bearing designs have also been confirmed to lower wear rates and the risk of associated osteolysis in radiological studies18,19).

The results of the current study are consistent with those of the previous studies3,4,5): the use of the LCS system in TKA resulted in acceptable clinical and radiographic results for more than 5 years of follow-up regardless of the degree of coronal mechanical axis. Overall, radiolucent lines were observed in 5.9% of the total patients, although the incidence of radiolucency was higher in the group with ≥3° deviation from the neutral mechanical axis (15.5%) than in the group with <3° deviation. However, there was significant difference between the two groups in the improvement of clinical scores during the first year after TKA. The overall survival rate was 97.1% at 6 years without any true loosening.

Proper alignment in TKA has been the subject of debate. Incorrect alignment can lead to abnormal prosthesis wear, premature mechanical loosening of the components, and patellofemoral problems7,8). Thus, most surgeons have tried to achieve a neutral mechanical axis. A recent study supported this concept: accurate coronal alignment of the total knee prosthesis (within 3° of neutral mechanical axis) resulted in greater functional improvement and more favorable quality of life up to 5 years postoperatively20). Yet, other studies proposed the importance of other factors that may influence TKA outcomes and suggested that improved component design and surgical technique reduced the risk of negative clinical outcomes associated with poor coronal alignment14,21). However, neutral coronal alignment does not always guarantee the accurate position or rotation of each component. Bonner et al.22) investigated the relationship between the survival of primary TKA using a cruciate-retaining press-fit condylar system (Johnson and Johnson Professional Inc., Raynham, MA, USA) and mechanical axis alignment: the relationship was weaker than that described in a number of previous reports22). Their results are in agreement with our study results except for the time course of the clinical improvement and fixed- bearing TKA. In our study, postoperative coronal alignment exceeded 3° of varus/valgus deviation in 28% of the patients operated by the conventional gap technique, as in previous studies where the percentages were 25%-26%23,24).

The more than 5-year follow-up clinical results of this study demonstrated that favorable results could be obtained with more than 3° of varus/valgus deviation of coronal alignment. These results were consistent with those of the study by Vogt and Saarbach24). Moreover, there was substantial improvement in the KSS and HSS scores as early as 6 weeks postoperatively: approximately 50% improvement in the KSS and HSS scores was achieved by 6 weeks in both groups, and the scores gradually improved during the follow-up. As in previous studies11,12,25), most expected recovery was obtained within first year on account of improvement of ROM, recovery of quadriceps power, and reduced pain and swelling10,11,12,25). However, in our study, the time of improvement was much faster in Group 1 than Group 2, despite the similarity of the final outcomes. Moreover, clinical KSS and HSS scores slightly declined after 3 years in Group 2, even though the decrease was not statistically significant. These similar clinical results of TKA regardless of the coronal alignment deviation can be explained by the concept of constitutional varus alignment13). The degree of varus deformity is different in each individual; thus, the proper postoperative alignment of the mechanical axis is different from person to person. In our study, comparable clinical scores were obtained in patients with the mechanical axis deviation greater than the traditional criteria, if proper soft tissue balancing was achived.

From the radiological point of view, the incidence of radiolucency was higher in Group 2 than Group 1 at the final follow-up. Many studies have associated low rates of osteolysis and loosening with the LCS system3,26) except for one study where the rate was 2%27). In the current study, although no clinical loosening or osteolysis was evident in either group, the incidence of radiolucency was much higher in Group 2. Moreover, most radiolucent lines were observed on the tibial side as in previous studies18,24), although it was impossible to identify whether these lines could affect clinical outcomes or further survival rates of TKA18,28). Recently, Sadoghi et al.29) reported that radiolucent lines in the tibial component could represent poor implant seating, not loosening or osteolysis, and could be associated with knee pain. According to the concept of constitutional varus alignment13), the appropriate criteria for mechanical axis could be different for each individual. However, in terms of the weight-bearing and load distribution mechanism, the traditional criteria for mechanical axis would have the biomechanical advantages including decreased varus momentum30) and result in lower rates of radiolucency that have been associated with the risk of loosening. Our study results demonstrated that constitutional varus knees can achieve comparable clinical outcomes with proper soft tissue balancing, but not mechanical advantages. However, our study did not reveal any relationship between radiolucency and clinical scores or survival outcomes. A longer term follow-up would be necessary to evaluate the relationship between loosening, clinical outcomes and changes in radiolucent lines or osteolysis.

This study had some limitations. First, this study is retrospective. However, the data was collected prospectively, the cases that have missing data for follow-up were excluded, and this study has shown enough power of study. The second limitation is the lack of standardization of the force applied by the spreader in the balancing procedure that may have affected the final outcome. However, all TKAs were performed by one senior surgeon, and all posterior cruciate ligaments were sacrificed with sequential soft tissue release to control the bias. Third, the duration of follow-up was 5 years, so the long-term variability in the outcome could not be assessed. Although there were no statistically significant intergroup differences in the clinical outcomes and survival rates regardless of the coronal alignment during the 5-year follow-up, some differences may occur due to the coronal alignment in the long term. Fourth, although 3° deviation of coronal alignment was used as a cut off value, there could be another value that may reflect the influence of the coronal alignment deviation on the clinical outcome. However, increasing the cut off value would decrease the number of cases, resulting in low power of study. Moreover, the 3° deviation of coronal alignment has been used as the criteria for TKA at our institution.

One of the strengths of our study is that we included both short-term and intermediate-term evaluations to establish a true timeline for functional recovery. Moreover, the survival rate and radiolucency were analyzed in the intermediate-term follow-up.

Conclusions

Functional results and recovery after TKA using LCS are time-dependent. Substantial improvements in KSS and HSS scores were present as early as 6 weeks after surgery, and most of the expected improvements were achieved by 6 months after surgery in patients with ≤3° deviation of coronal alignment and by 1 year after surgery in patients with >3° deviation. The findings of the present intermediate-term, retrospective cohort study suggest that the rotating-platform LCS posterior stabilization system performs well regardless of the degree of coronal alignment deviation without causing significant differences in the clinical outcome and survival rate over 5 years of follow-up.