Abstract
Background and Purpose
Thrombolytic therapy rate for acute ischemic stroke remains low, and improving public awareness of thrombolytic therapy may be helpful to reduce delay and increase chances of thrombolytic therapy. Our purpose was to survey the level of knowledge about thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke among community residents in Yuzhong district, Chongqing, China.
Methods
In 2011, a population-based face-to-face interview survey was conducted in Yuzhong district, Chongqing. A total of 1500 potential participants aged ≥18 years old were selected using a multi-stage sampling method.
Results
A total of 1101 participants completed the survey. Only 23.3% (95% CI = 20.8 to 25.8) were aware of thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke, of whom 59.9% (95% CI = 53.9 to 65.9) knew the time window. Awareness of thrombolytic therapy was higher among young people, those with higher levels of education and household income, those with health insurance, and those who knew all 5 stroke warning signs, while awareness of the time window was higher among those aged 75 years or older. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that awareness of thrombolytic therapy was independently associated with age, education level, health insurance and knowledge of stroke warning signs (P<0.05).
Conclusions
In this population-based survey the community residents have poor awareness of thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke.
Introduction
Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) has been proven to be the most effective therapy for ischemic stroke [1]. However, less than 5% of acute ischemic stroke patients received thrombolytic therapy in China and other countries [2]–[5]. Various studies have shown that pre-hospital delay is the single most important reason for why patients with acute stroke do not receive rt-PA treatment [4]–[6]. Activating emergency medical services (EMS) should be the first and only response to suspected stroke symptoms, however, activation of EMS involves a complex “knowledge-to-action” process that requires adequate knowledge of stroke warning signs, proper recognition and interpretation of warning signs, and awareness of the need to activate EMS [7]–[9]. Some studies have found that knowledge of specific stroke warning signs resulted in increases in the odds of activate EMS, but the association between knowledge and the intention to activate EMS was weak in population-based studies [8]–[13] or in clinical patients with stroke symptoms [14]–[18]. Actually, some studies have showed that public awareness of stroke related knowledge has increased in recent years, but delays in stroke treatment remain prevalent, which indicates increasing public awareness of stroke warning signs may be insufficient to reduce pre-hospital delay [19]–[22].
There are a few studies that have found the low level of public knowledge about treatment for acute stroke, especially rt-PA [23]–[26]. The availability of rt-PA maybe the most important reason for stroke patients to arrive to the hospital as early as possible [23], therefore, awareness of thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke, particularly its time window, may lead to earlier activation of EMS, and reduce pre-hospital delay. So far there is no similar research report in China. We chose to determine the level of knowledge about thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke among community residents in Yuzhong district, Chongqing, China.
Methods
Sampling and Survey content
This is a cross-sectional study conducted in Yuzhong district of Chongqing, which is located in western China. The urban area of Chongqing municipality includes nine districts and Yuzhong district is located in the center area. It is the most developed and densest area in Chongqing, there are 12 blocks and about 660,000 permanent population in this area. According to a recent investigation report about cause of death, cerebrovascular disease is the third most common cause of death in Yuzhong district [27].
In this survey, 1500 households in Yuzhong district were randomly selected between March 20 and August 23, 2011. The study was approved by the ethics committees of the second affiliated hospital, Chongqing medical university. A detailed description of the epidemiologic methods employed for this study has been described previously [28]–[29]. Briefly, this study contained 4 sections: (1) Respondents’ demographic details such as sex, age, ethnicity, educational level, monthly household income, and health insurance. (2) The following two questions on knowledge of thrombolytic therapy were asked: “What kind of drug should be used to treat someone who is suffering from cerebral infarction: (i) traditional Chinese medicine for activating circulation to remove blood stasis, (ii) antibiotics, (iii) corticosteroids, (iv) thrombolytic agent, (v) other drugs”. Only one choice was allowed, and those who chose thrombolytic agent were asked, “Within how much time after a stroke begins this drug needs to be given to be effective?” (3) Awareness of stroke warning signs, respondents were asked to “Please judge whether the following 5 sudden symptoms are stroke symptoms”: (i) sudden difficulty in speaking, understanding, or slurred speech, (ii) sudden blurred vision in one or both eyes, (iii) sudden severe headache with unknown cause, (iv) sudden dizziness, difficulty in walking, loss of balance or co-ordination, (v) sudden numbness or weakness of the face and/or limb(s) on one side of the body. Respondents answered with “Yes”, “No”, or “Do not know/Not sure” for each listed symptom. (4) Sources of information about stroke knowledge, respondents were asked to “What are your sources of stroke related knowledge? (i) television, (ii) internet, (iii) newspaper, (iv) health magazine, (v) medical staff, (vi) others (family/friends)”. For this question, multiple answers were allowed.
Data collection
The interview team made appointment with the selected household about the time and place before survey. After signing the informed consent form, the uniformly trained investigators conducted the survey through face-to-face interview with selected household member at the scheduled time and place. All the data were anonymized.
Statistical analysis
All statistical analyses were completed using SPSS11.5 statistical software. Descriptive statistical analysis was employed to assess respondents’ general characteristics. The chi-square test was utilized to analyze the univariate relationship between demographic characteristics, awareness of stroke warning signs and knowledge of thrombolytic therapy. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors independently associated with knowledge of thrombolytic therapy. P<0.05 was regarded as statistically significant.
Results
A total of 1,101 respondents completed the questionnaires, with the response rate of 73.4%, included 419 men and 682 women. The mean age was 57.9±15.4 years (range, 18 to 91 years).
Awareness of thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke
Among all of the respondents, 23.3% chose thrombolytic agent for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, 42.0% chose traditional Chinese medicine. Univariate analysis showed that the awareness of thrombolytic therapy was unrelated to gender and ethnicity (P>0.05). The proportion awareness of thrombolytic therapy decreased with age, but higher awareness was among those with higher education level and household income. The awareness was also significantly higher among those with health insurance. In addition, awareness of thrombolytic therapy was significantly associated with the knowledge of stroke warning signs. The proportion awareness of thrombolytic therapy increased with the number of identification of stroke warning signs (P<0.001). However, even among those who could identify all 5 warning signs, only 34.9% chose thrombolytic agent for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that age, education level, health insurance and knowledge of stroke warning signs were independently associated with awareness of thrombolytic therapy (Table 1).
Table 1. Respondents’ awareness of thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke.
| Proportion (%) | 95% CI | P * | AOR (95% CI)† | |
| Total | 23.3 | 20.8–25.8 | ||
| Gender | 0.577 | |||
| Male | 22.4 | 18.4–26.4 | 0.85 (0.62–1.17) | |
| Female | 23.9 | 20.7–27.1 | 1.00 | |
| Age Group (years) | <0.001 | |||
| 18–36 | 40.9 | 31.9–49.9 | 3.68 (1.74–7.79) | |
| 37–55 | 24.7 | 19.8–29.5 | 2.96 (1.54–5.69) | |
| 56–74 | 23.5 | 19.8–27.1 | 2.60 (1.41–4.81) | |
| ≥75 | 8.4 | 4.2–12.7 | 1.00 | |
| Ethnicity | 0.342 | |||
| Han | 23.2 | 20.7–25.7 | 0.68 (0.25–1.83) | |
| Other | 31.8 | 12.4–51.3 | 1.00 | |
| Educational Level | <0.001 | |||
| Primary School or Below | 10.5 | 7.1–14.0 | 1.00 | |
| Middle School | 19.6 | 15.3–23.8 | 1.31 (0.80–2.14) | |
| High School | 26.4 | 21.1–31.7 | 1.71 (1.03–2.85) | |
| College or Above | 45.6 | 38.6–52.6 | 4.10 (2.35–7.15) | |
| Monthly Household Income (yuan‡) | <0.001 | |||
| <2000 | 15.3 | 11.5–19.0 | 0.75 (0.43–1.33) | |
| 2000–3999 | 27.6 | 23.3–31.8 | 1.16 (0.69–1.96) | |
| 4000–7999 | 24.2 | 18.5–29.9 | 0.70 (0.40–1.22) | |
| ≥8000 | 31.7 | 22.8–40.7 | 1.00 | |
| Health Insurance | 0.001 | |||
| Yes | 25.3 | 22.5–28.1 | 1.81 (1.08–3.03) | |
| No | 13.4 | 8.4–18.4 | 1.00 | |
| Number of Knowledge of Stroke Warning Signs | <0.001 | |||
| 0 | 9.9 | 5.0–14.8 | 1.00 | |
| 1 | 11.7 | 5.9–17.4 | 1.24 (0.54–2.81) | |
| 2 | 15.2 | 10.2–20.1 | 1.49 (0.74–3.01) | |
| 3 | 28.4 | 23.0–33.8 | 3.02 (1.59–5.75) | |
| 4 | 31.3 | 24.9–37.8 | 3.34 (1.72–6.48) | |
| 5 | 34.9 | 27.8–42.0 | 3.70 (1.90–7.22) |
* based on a chi-squared test.
based on multiple logistic regression analysis.
exchange rate: 100 dollars = 638 yuan.
Awareness of time window for thrombolytic therapy
Of those who chose thrombolytic agent, 59.9% exactly answered the time window of thrombolytic therapy (within 3 hours after stroke onset), 20.2% answered the time window of more than 3 hours (from 4 hours to 15 days), and 19.8% reported they did not know (Table 2). Univariate statistical analysis showed that awareness of time window was not associated with gender, age, ethnicity, educational level, household income, health insurance and knowledge of stroke warning signs, though awareness of time window was higher among those aged 75 years or older than other age groups, and it also increased with education level and knowledge of stroke warning signs. However, multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the adjusted odds of awareness of time window were 5 times higher among those who could identified all 5 stroke warning signs, compared with those who did not identified anyone of stroke warning signs (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 5.43; 95% Confidence Interval [CI], 1.46 to 20.16).
Table 2. Respondents’ awareness of treatment time window among those aware of thrombolytic therapy.
| Proportion (%) | 95% CI | P * | AOR (95% CI)† | |
| Total | 59.9 | 53.9–65.9 | ||
| Gender | 0.217 | |||
| Male | 64.9 | 55.2–74.5 | 1.61 (0.91–2.84) | |
| Female | 57.1 | 49.5–64.7 | 1.00 | |
| Age Group (years) | 0.754 | |||
| 18–36 | 57.4 | 43.3–71.6 | 0.95 (0.22–4.15) | |
| 37–55 | 62.2 | 51.1–73.2 | 1.05 (0.27–4.15) | |
| 56–74 | 58.2 | 49.4–66.9 | 0.69 (0.19–2.52) | |
| ≥75 | 71.4 | 47.8–95.1 | 1.00 | |
| Ethnicity | 0.587 | |||
| Han | 60.4 | 54.3–66.5 | 2.56 (0.48–13.69) | |
| Other | 42.9 | 6.2–79.5 | 1.00 | |
| Educational Level | 0.882 | |||
| Primary School or Below | 56.3 | 39.1–73.4 | 1.00 | |
| Middle School | 57.6 | 45.7–69.5 | 1.05 (0.42–2.65) | |
| High School | 60.0 | 48.5–71.5 | 0.84 (0.33–2.15) | |
| College or Above | 62.9 | 52.9–73.0 | 0.83 (0.31–2.23) | |
| Monthly Household Income (yuan‡) | 0.052 | |||
| <2000 | 48.1 | 34.8–61.5 | 0.43 (0.16–1.14) | |
| 2000–3999 | 57.6 | 48.7–66.5 | 0.64 (0.27–1.53) | |
| 4000–7999 | 73.1 | 61.0–85.1 | 1.47 (0.54–3.99) | |
| ≥8000 | 66.7 | 50.6–82.8 | 1.00 | |
| Health Insurance | 0.055 | |||
| Yes | 61.8 | 55.6–68.0 | 2.35 (0.89–6.24) | |
| No | 41.7 | 21.9–61.4 | 1.00 | |
| Number of Knowledge of Stroke Warning Signs | 0.248 | |||
| 0 | 35.7 | 10.6–60.8 | 1.00 | |
| 1 | 50.0 | 23.8–76.2 | 2.18 (0.43–11.12) | |
| 2 | 53.3 | 35.5–71.2 | 1.91 (0.48–7.68) | |
| 3 | 59.2 | 48.2–70.3 | 2.76 (0.79–9.63) | |
| 4 | 63.5 | 51.6–75.4 | 3.05 (0.85–10.92) | |
| 5 | 68.3 | 56.6–80.1 | 5.43 (1.46–20.16) |
* based on a chi-squared test.
based on multiple logistic regression analysis.
exchange rate: 100 dollars = 638 yuan.
The proportion awareness of thrombolytic related knowledge including thrombolytic therapy and time window increased with knowledge of stroke warning signs. However, even among those who could recognize all 5 warning signs, only 23.8% chose thrombolytic agent and knew the time window. In addition, among those who could identify all 5 warning signs and chose thrombolytic agent, 31.7% did not know the time window of 3 hours.
Sources of acquiring stroke related knowledge
In the study, the proportion of respondents who chose family/friends, television and newspaper as the main sources of information about stroke was 40.6%, 32.2% and 18.1% respectively. However, only 16.7% of respondents selected medical staff.
Discussion
This population-based study found that about 1/5 of respondents were aware of thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke, and nearly one half of them could correctly answer the treatment time window of 3 hours, thus, only 1/10 of the respondents were aware of thrombolytic therapy as well as time window. Compared with the results from surveys in other countries, our community residents’ awareness of thrombolytic therapy as a treatment for acute ischemic stroke was very poor. The survey of Morgenstern et al. [24] found that 48% Mexican Americans and 57% non-Hispanic whites were aware of thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke. Ferris et al. [25] conducted a survey of US women and found that 92% of whites, 84% of blacks and 79% of Hispanics were aware of thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke. Anderson et al. [23] reported that 32.3% respondents were aware of the existence of rt-PA treatment for acute stroke, of whom 52.7% knew it needed to be administered within 3 hours of symptoms onset. In 2005, one population-based survey in Cincinnati, Ohio area estimated that only 19% were aware of rt-PA [26]. In addition to the cultural settings and racial disparities, differences in question structure and format may be the most important reason for the different results of the surveys aforementioned. For example, the survey of US women used a yes/no question format [25], and the Cincinnati survey used an open-ended question that directly assessed awareness of rt-PA [26], whereas our study adopted a closed-ended question to evaluate the awareness of the early treatment measures for acute ischemic stroke. Interestingly, almost half of the respondents selected traditional Chinese medicine for activating circulation to remove blood stasis as the treatment measures for acute ischemic stroke, which suggested that traditional Chinese medicinal therapy has a profound influence on Chinese people.
In this survey, we found that the level of knowledge about thrombolytic therapy was associated with socio-demographic characteristics, including age, education level, household income, and health insurance. Awareness of thrombolytic therapy was higher among those youth aged 18–36 years old than other age groups. The proportion awareness increased with educational level and household income and was higher among the respondents with health insurance, but it was not associated with gender or ethnicity. However, one similar survey by Anderson et al. [23] showed that awareness of rt-PA was higher among middle aged adults, females, whites, and those with higher education and income. Otherwise, we found that respondents’ thrombolytic related knowledge increased with the knowledge of stroke warning signs, however, even among those who could recognize all 5 stroke warning signs, only about 1/3 chose thrombolytic agent, and about 1/5 not only chose thrombolytic therapy but also knew the time window. In addition, among those respondents who could recognize all 5 warning signs and chose thrombolytic agent for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, almost 1/3 did not know the time window. Our results and the similar results from other reports [23],[26] demonstrated that the level of public knowledge about thrombolytic therapy was low, even among those with adequate knowledge of stroke warning signs, which might be another important factor for failing to active EMS timely and delay for stroke treatment.
The results we found in this study indicated that public knowledge about thrombolytic therapy is relatively low and needs to be improved. Previous stroke public education campaigns mainly focus on improving public recognition of stroke symptoms, which have been showed to be effective in raising awareness of stroke warning signs and reduce delay in presenting to the emergency department [30]–[33], but have limited impact on behavior [34]. In fact, activation of EMS immediately after witnessing a stroke symptom requires not only adequate knowledge of stroke symptoms but also the belief that use of EMS will result in better outcomes [9]. Awareness of thrombolytic therapy may increase motivation of rapid activating EMS, because thrombolytic therapy is the only effective treatment for acute ischemic stroke. Therefore, future public education should emphasize increasing the public knowledge about acute stroke treatment especially thrombolytic therapy and its time window, in addition to awareness of stroke warning signs.
In the present study, about half of respondents chose mass media including television and newspaper as the information source about stroke. This result is similar to another Chinese study which showed that the main sources of information about stroke were television (74.4%), doctors (63.2%) and newspapers (61.8%) [35]. However, the proportion of respondents who chose medical staff in our study was lower (16.7% vs 63.2%). The results indicated that stroke health education should be strengthened by medical staff in Chongqing community, in addition to mass media.
There are some limitations in this study. First, the survey was conducted in only three communities in Yuzhong district, so it might not reflect the situation of communities not been selected. Nevertheless, we could generally assess the level of knowledge about thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke among Chongqing community residents through random sample. Secondly, the response rate was low despite prior notification and publicity in the communities, thus, there was a non-response bias in this cross-sectional survey. The characteristics of the persons who did not participate in the survey were not analyzed in this survey, so we didn’t know if the level of knowledge about thrombolytic therapy for stroke among responding residents differ from those who refused to participate. We speculated several reasons may be related to the low response rate. Some community residents lack awareness of disease prevention and did not believe they would get any benefit from survey, so they might have no enthusiasm of participating in such survey. Some residents might worry about their privacy leakage if participating in such survey. We should further strengthen publicity work before survey, including explaining the purpose and significance of the survey especially the benefit from participating in the survey, and ensuring that all answers of questionnaire were anonymous and participating in this survey would not cause any bad influence. Moreover adding some incentive measures might help to reduce the refusal. Third, compared with the open-ended questionnaire, the closed-ended questionnaire used in our survey might result in higher level of knowledge about thrombolytic therapy, while open-ended question for time window might reduce the recovery rate and efficient of questionnaire, however, the general respondents’ thrombolytic-related knowledge can be reflected by using closed-ended questionnaire.
In summary, this survey showed that level of knowledge about thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke was very low among the community residents in Chongqing. In order to more effectively reduce pre-hospital delay for stroke patients and increase the thrombolytic therapy rate, it is urgent for future health education to improve the public knowledge about thrombolytic therapy in addition to stroke warning signs.
Acknowledgments
We thank Fen Deng, PhD; Qiaoqiao Miao, MS; Xingxiu Zhang, Ms; Ling Hao, Ms; Jinhe Lou, PhD; Huijuan Guo, Ms; Nan Li, Ms Na Yang, Ms; Pan Gao, Ms; Zeyuan Diao, Ms; and the staff of community health center in Yuzhong community for this survey research.
Data Availability
The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding Statement
The authors report no current funding sources for this study.
References
- 1. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group (1995) Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 333: 1581–1587. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2. Liu M, Wu B, Wang WZ, Lee LM, Zhang SH, et al. (2007) Stroke in China: epidemiology, prevention, and management strategies. Lancet Neur 6: 456–464. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3. Wang YL, Wu D, Zhou Y, Zhao XQ, Wang CX, et al. (2009) Thrombolysis in the Emergency Department in China: Results from an Emergency Department Registry in 7 Urban Hospitals. Chinese Journal of Stroke 4: 23–28. [Google Scholar]
- 4. Deng YZ, Reeves MJ, Jacobs BS, Birbeck GL, Kothari RU, et al. (2006) IV tissue plasminogen activator use in acute stroke experience from a statewide registry. Neurology 66: 306–312. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5. Rudd AG, Hoffman A, Grant R, Campbell JT, Lowe D (2011) Stroke thrombolysis in England, Wales and Northern Ireland: how much do we do and how much do we need? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 82: 14–19. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6. Prioritizing Interventions to Improve Rates of Thrombolysis for Ischemic Stroke (2005) Neurology. 64: 654–659. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Warning Signs. American Heart Association and American Stroke Association Web Site. Available: http://www.strokeassociation.org/STROKEORG/WarningSigns/Warning-Signs UCM_308528_SubHomePage.jsp. Accessed 2011 December 12.
- 8. Jurkowski JM, Maniccia DM, Dennison BA, Samuels SJ, Spicer DA (2008) Awareness of necessity to call 9-1-1 for stroke symptoms, Upstate New York. Prev Chronic Dis 5: A41. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9. Fussman C, Rafferty AP, Lyon-Callo S, Morgenstern LB, Reeves MJ (2010) Lack of association between stroke symptom knowledge and intent to call 911: a population-based survey. Stroke 41: 1501–1507. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10. Sug Yoon S, Heller RF, Levi C, Wiggers J, Fitzgerald PE (2001) Knowledge of stroke risk factors, warning symptoms, and treatment among an Australian urban population. Stroke 32: 1926–1930. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11. Morgenstern LB, Staub L, Chan W, Wein TH, Bartholomew LK, et al. (2002) Improving delivery of acute stroke therapy: the TLL Temple Foundation Stroke Project. Stroke 33: 160–166. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12. Billings-Gagliardi S, Mazor KM (2005) Development and validation of the stroke action test. Stroke 36: 1035–1039. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13. Morgenstern LB, Bartholomew LK, Grotta JC, Staub L, King M, et al. (2003) Sustained benefit of a community and professional intervention to increase acute stroke therapy. Arch Intern Med 163: 2198–2202. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14. Schroeder EB, Rosamond WD, Morris DL, Evenson KR, Hinn AR (2000) Determinants of use of emergency medical services in a population with stroke symptoms: the second Delay in Accessing Stroke Healthcare (DASH II) study. Stroke 31: 2591–2596. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15. Williams LS, Bruno A, Rouch D, Marriott DJ (1997) Stroke patients’ knowledge of stroke. Influence on time to presentation. Stroke 28: 912–915. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16. Ritter MA, Brach S, Rogalewski A, Dittrich R, Dziewas R, et al. (2007) Discrepancy between theoretical knowledge and real action in acute stroke: self-assessment as an important predictor of time to admission. Neurol Res 29: 476–479. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17. Barr J, McKinley S, O’Brien E, Herkes G (2006) Patient recognition of and response to symptoms of TIA or stroke. Neuroepidemiology 26: 168–175. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18. Ellis C, Egede LE (2009) Stroke recognition among individuals with stroke risk factors. Am J Med Sci 337: 5–10. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19. Reeves MJ, Rafferty AP, Aranha AA, Theisen V (2008) Changes in knowledge of stroke risk factors and warning signs among Michigan adults. Cerebrovasc Dis 25: 385–391. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20. Wojner AW, Morgenstern L, Alexandrov AV, Rodriguez D, Persse D, et al. (2003) Paramedic and emergency department care of stroke: baseline data from a citywide performance improvement study. Am J Crit Care 12: 411–417. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21. Moser DK, Kimble LP, Alberts MJ, Alonzo A, Croft JB, et al. (2007) Reducing delay in seeking treatment by patients with acute coronary syndrome and stroke: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular Nursing and Stroke Council. J Cardiovasc Nurs 22: 326–343. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22. Jin H, Zhu S, Wei JW, Wang J, Liu M, et al. (2012) Factors associated with prehospital delays in the presentation of acute stroke in urban China. Stroke 43: 362–370. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23. Anderson BE, Rafferty AP, Lyon-Callo S, Fussman C, Reeves MJ (2009) Knowledge of tissue plasminogen activator for acute stroke among Michigan adults. Stroke 40: 2564–2567. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24. Morgenstern LB, Steffen-Batey L, Smith MA, Moyé LA (2001) Barriers to acute stroke therapy and stroke prevention in Mexican Americans. Stroke 32: 1360–1364. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25. Ferris A, Robertson RM, Fabunmi R, Mosca L (2005) American Heart Association, American Stroke Association (2005) American Heart Association and American Stroke Association National survey of stroke risk awareness among women. Circulation 111: 1321–1326. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26. Kleindorfer D, Khoury J, Broderick JP, Rademacher E, Woo D, et al. (2009) Temporal trends in public awareness of stroke: warning signs, risk factors, and treatment. Stroke 40: 2502–2506. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27.Chen Z (2008) The third sampling survey report of cause of death in the nation. Beijing: Chinese Peking Union Medical College Press 14–16.
- 28. Yang J, Zheng M, Chen SQ, Ou S, Zhang J, et al. (2014) Knowledge of stroke symptoms and treatment among community residents in western urban China. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 23: 1216–1224. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29. Yang J, Zheng M, Chen SQ, Ou S, Zhang J, et al. (2013) A Survey of the Perceived Risk for Stroke among Community Residents in Urban China. Plos one 8: e73578. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 30. Chen S, Sun H, Zhao X, Fu P, Yan W, et al. (2013) Effects of comprehensive education protocol in decreasing pre-hospital stroke delay among Chinese urban community population. Neurol Res 35: 522–528. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 31. Alberts MJ, Perry A, Dawson DV, Bertels C (1992) Effects of public and professional education on reducing the delay in presentation and referral of stroke patients. Stroke 23: 352–356. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 32. Barsan WG, Brott TG, Broderick JP, Haley EC Jr, Levy DE, et al. (1994) Urgent therapy for acute stroke: effects of a stroke trial on untreated patients. Stroke 25: 2132–2137. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 33. Becker K, Fruin M, Gooding T, Tirschwell D, Love P, et al. (2001) Community-based education improves stroke knowledge. Cerebrovasc Dis 11: 34–43. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 34. Lecouturier J, Rodgers H, Murtagh MJ, White M, Ford GA, et al. (2010) Systematic review of mass media interventions designed to improve public recognition of stroke symptoms, emergency response and early treatment. BMC Public Health 10: 784–794. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 35. Sun H, Chen S, Jiang B, Zhao X, Wu S, et al. (2011) Public knowledge of stroke in Chinese urban residents: a community questionnaire study. Neurol Res33: 536–540. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.