Abstract
Introduction
An integrated approach to the mental healthcare of older people is advocated across health, aged care and social care sectors. It is not clear, however, how the management of integrated servicing should occur, although interorganisational relations theory suggests a reflective network approach using evaluation feedback. This research will test a network management approach to help regional primary healthcare organisations improve mental health service integration.
Methods and analysis
This mixed methods case study in rural South Australia will test facilitated reflection within a network of health and social care services to determine if this leads to improved integration. Engagement of services will occur through a governance group and a series of three 1-day service stakeholder workshops. Facilitated reflection and evaluation feedback will use information from a review of health sector and local operational policies, a network survey about current service links, gaps and enablers and interviews with older people and their carers about their help seeking journeys. Quantitative and qualitative analysis will describe the policy enablers and explore the current and ideal links between services. The facilitated reflection will be developed to maximise engagement of senior management in the governance group and the service staff at the operational level in the workshops. Benefit will be assessed through indicators of improved service coordination, collective ownership of service problems, strengthened partnerships, agreed local protocols and the use of feedback for accountability.
Ethics, benefits and dissemination
Ethics approval will deal with the sensitivities of organisational network research where data anonymity is not preserved. The benefit will be the tested utility of a facilitated reflective process for a network of health and social care services to manage linked primary mental healthcare for older people in a rural region. Dissemination will make use of the sectoral networks of the governance group.
Keywords: HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION & MANAGEMENT, MENTAL HEALTH, PRIMARY CARE
Strengths and limitations of this study.
Testing of a theoretically based planning framework for an informal health service network across health and social care in the complex field of older people's mental health.
Engagement of health service stakeholder organisations as participants in the study design, conduct and use of findings.
Use and dissemination of findings optimised by the participation of service stakeholders.
Potential for limited transferability due to differing capacity and context in other health service networks.
Potential for harm in organisational case studies using participatory methods where there are risks to anonymity and confidentiality.
Introduction
Population ageing is common worldwide and in Australia the population aged 65 years and above is projected to increase rapidly in total numbers and in the proportion of the population.1 While the majority of older people have good mental health, a large number will experience mental health problems including diagnosed mental illness. It is reported that mental illness affects up to 50% of older people living in residential aged care, up to 48% in hospital settings and 20% in community dwellings.2 Furthermore, many individuals above 65 years will experience multiple chronic mental and physical health conditions, making healthcare delivery more complex.3 4
In Australia 36% of the population aged 65 and above live outside major cities, with reported poorer health outcomes and unmet needs for mental healthcare.2 5 People aged 65 years and above are less likely to access general practitioner mental health services and mental health professionals.6 7 Rural older people are particularly disadvantaged by a lack of available local mental health professionals; they often rely on visiting psychiatrists and can travel large distances to access specialist mental health services.2 8 The consequences of lack of adequate primary mental healthcare for older people includes frequent and longer acute hospitalisation, deterioration of physical and mental health, as well earlier admission to residential care.9 10
An older person with a mental health problem may require input from health, aged care and social care services, and so there is a need for a well networked range of local services, especially in rural locations. Owing to the complexity of health problems experienced by older people, there is widespread support internationally for the provision of a more integrated approach to care, with a growing evidence base for the effectiveness of this.11–15 Benefits of a more integrated approach to care include: better outcomes for the client and carer; improved access to and experience of services; and better use of existing resources.16
Governments and professional groups have prioritised mental health service delivery based in primary care with the need for integration and the provision of the ‘right service’ at the ‘right time’, which includes transition between various service sectors.6 17–20 To address the need for more integrated services through planning, networking and coordination, the Australian Government established a model of regional primary healthcare organisations, called Medicare Locals.i State Governments in Australia have also developed Local Health Networks to manage the delivery of public hospital as well as some out-of-hospital services. Together, Medicare Locals and Local Health Networks, along with a range of general practice, aged care and social care organisations, plan and provide care for older people with mental health problems.
Despite support for integrated care it is not often clear in policies what this means specifically or what is needed to effectively integrate services. In part this problem relates to the use of the term ‘integration’ without specifying its interpretation, which could cover a range of levels from the total integration of organisations or functions under one umbrella through to the formation of loose networks or alliances.21 In addition, the management of integrated health servicing across numerous organisations requires different management dynamics than for traditional bureaucratic and market-based forms of healthcare organisation, because organisational independence is retained but cooperation is required. A network approach, whereby a number of independent organisations cooperate to achieve mutual goals has been suggested; but to make change in a network a manager needs to engage in the ongoing negotiation of commitment to the network through facilitating the development of trust and reciprocity between partners.22 A recent review examining the effectiveness of links in primary mental healthcare identified a paucity of real world testing of practical management models of integrated health servicing.23 This means that there are not clear and well-understood processes through which a network of organisations can work together to meet the mental healthcare needs of older people.
Methods and analysis
In the current Australian context of Medicare Locals and Local Health Networks, the aim of this study is to test a framework for planning and management of a network of services in the provision of primary mental healthcare for older people in a rural area. The research was funded in October 2013 through a nationally competitive grant from the Australian Primary Health Care Research Institute.24 Data collection started in the field in February 2014 with analysis to be completed in March 2015.
Framework for network planning using facilitated reflection
The network planning approach using facilitated reflection is based on inter-organisational relations theory. Hibbert et al25 make the point that because collaborative relationships are idiosyncratic, then the generalisable feature of network management is the development of ‘handles for reflective practice’ (p.405) in which partners formulate their actions in light of their own circumstances and competencies. From this starting point of reflective practice we drew from a previous narrative review of the first author on the linkage strategies and enablers in primary mental healthcare. Ten linkage strategies were identified11 as well as the factors that enable the development of these strategies.23 Table 1 describes the linkage strategies and figure 1 shows the enablers. The process that brings the enablers together is evaluation feedback (reflective practice), which in this proposed study will occur through facilitated reflection. We will compare this framework to what we find in this case study.
Table 1.
Linkage strategies in primary mental health care
| Category | Strategy | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Direct collaborative activities | Link working | Organisational tasks connecting 2+ services—may involve limited clinical intervention but not expert clinical advice or structured liaison |
| Co-location | Face to face—location of mental health worker in primary care—must provide treatment in primary care | |
| Consultation liaison | Person 1 provides advice about care to person 2 without transfer of care—can be via a link worker | |
| Care management | Coordination of care—including assessment, review, follow-up and care management plan; linking with other services or defined care pathway | |
| Agreed guidelines | Protocols | Agreed treatment algorithm—pharmacotherapy or psychological therapy |
| Stepped care | Treatment escalation or de-escalation procedure to other providers | |
| Communication systems | Enhanced communication | Formal process with feedback—meetings, shared medical record |
| Enhanced referral | Expedited access—explicit referral criteria/ process. | |
| Electronic communication system | Tele—video conference connecting 2+ services | |
| Service agreement | Service agreement | Memorandum of understanding—formal contract/ funding mechanism about how services work together |
Figure 1.
Linkage enablers in primary mental healthcare.
The facilitated reflection involves the collective use of feedback on data obtained from a network survey, service provider interviews and help seeking journeys described by clients or their carer. This reflection will be facilitated to enable problem solving in three 1-day workshops with service stakeholders. The rationale is that network management must make use of collective reflection more so than in a bureaucracy or a market-based arrangement because leadership and authority in a network are more distributed among services.22 25 26 Sheaff et al27 describe this reflective use of feedback as the ‘evidence basing’ incentive that managers can use to motivate participation in a network, to show members what is working and the outcomes that are being achieved.28 Hence, our assumption for testing is that the implementation of change in a network will be driven by the collective reflection on feedback about the network. The extent to which information feedback is used by the services will be influenced by their level of commitment to working together (conducive context) and that a conducive context will be created if there are linkage enablers.29–31 The research design to promote collective reflection is shown in figure 2 as the framework for network planning.
Figure 2.
Framework for network planning.
Research questions
The study asks the following five questions:
What organisational links currently exist in a rural region for the provision of mental healthcare for older people?
What are the gaps, barriers and enablers in linking services, as perceived by key service stakeholders, older people and their carers?
What is the role of policy in supporting the development of linked care for older people in a rural region?
What links could be established between services for the mental healthcare of older people?
How does the use of facilitated reflection enable an informal network to plan and manage linked primary mental healthcare for older people in a rural region?
Setting
The research is a case study located in the southern part of the Adelaide Hills, Fleurieu and Kangaroo Island rural region in South Australia. This region has a growing older population with a 52% increase in those aged 65 years and above from 2001 to 2011.32 The region is typical of many Australian rural locations that are within 100 km of metropolitan centres, but which still face difficulties in service access, coordination and follow-up because of differences in funding criteria and boundaries between services. While there is no purposive or managed network of services related to older people's mental health in the region, there are a number of regular interagency meetings and there is a ‘Positive Ageing Taskforce’ involving a range of service providers that is managed by the local government and funded by the national government. There is no binding commitment made by local services to the Taskforce and it has no formal decision-making function or specific resources. Hence, the network of services is best described as loose, informal and not explicitly defined. Specialist mental health services are delivered to older people living in the region by the local community-based mental health team with a consultation liaison service available at the large mental health hospital some 80 kms away in the capital city. Acute inpatient units providing psychiatric inpatient treatment for persons 65 years and above are also located in the capital city, but these are run by metropolitan networks of the South Australian Government health system.
At the request of the Positive Ageing Taskforce we recently undertook a study in this region exploring the views of health and social care providers about the barriers to mental healthcare for older people.33 We found a wide range of organisations provide care to older people and that while collaborative arrangements tended to be informal, these arrangements were well regarded. Barriers to more integrated services related to the difficulty in getting all relevant agencies to become involved in these collaborative arrangements, insufficient knowledge about available services, inadequate referral processes, competition for funding and also gatekeeping that restricts which clients a service will accept. The lack of attention to the client's physical and mental health issues by services was thought to be a problem.
Participants
A governance group will be established comprising three to five key senior staff with management responsibilities in rural mental health, regional primary healthcare planning and social care related to older persons’ mental health in the region. This will be a small decision-making group that will also include the project investigators. The group will meet throughout the project to establish research governance and inform network planning. Meetings will occur before and following each of three service stakeholder workshops and also at the conclusion of the project in order to review the effectiveness of the framework for network planning for broader application.
Up to 30 participants for service key informant interviews and stakeholder workshops will be recruited via purposive snowball sampling starting first from the governance group. We will identify organisations and key staff across mental health, primary care, aged care and social care services that provide mental health and related services to older people in the region.
Ten older people (aged 65 and older) and/or their carers who have sought mental healthcare in the region will be interviewed to explore their journeys to care. These participants will be purposively recruited with the assistance of the service providers in the key informant interviews and stakeholder workshops.
Findings from the project will be presented to the service stakeholders progressively throughout the project to facilitate improved service coordination. This will occur at management (governance group) and operations (stakeholder workshops) levels in order to maximise engagement and opportunities for change.
Data collection and analysis
The following table 2 shows the five research questions and the methods that will be used to collect and analyse the data:
Table 2.
Research questions and associated data collection and analysis methods
|
Question 1 What organisational links currently exist in a rural region for the provision of mental healthcare for older people? |
Organisational network analysis (interview survey) Up to 30 key informants from relevant health and human service organisations (identified through the governance group) will be interviewed using organisational network analysis to explore the regional service network structure. Organisational network analysis, also known as social network analysis, gathers information about which organisations are linked, in this case on the activities of information sharing, referrals and the management, planning and operation of services for the mental healthcare of older people.34 35 This provides quantitative information specific to the local network and to the unique and complex interactions between these organisations. See online supplementary appendix 1 for the survey and interview guide. Measures of organisational network analysis will be used to provide information about which organisations are linked, the number of links in the network, the types of interactions between organisations (eg, exchanging information, referrals and planning), and the level and strength of each relationship.34 35 Maps displaying the patterns of connections between organisations will be generated utilising the UCINET software.36 The visual and detailed nature of organisational network maps serves as a powerful heuristic device for discussion about the structure of the network, about which services are linked and on which activities. See online supplementary appendix 2 for a hypothetical map. |
|
Question 2 What are the gaps, barriers and enablers in linking services, as perceived by key service stakeholders, older people and their carers? |
Qualitative interviews: key informant service providers and care seeking journeys Qualitative interviews will explore the above 30 service key-informants’ perspectives on the linkage gaps, barriers and enablers between services. In addition 10 older people and their carers will be interviewed using the Pathways Interview Schedule.37 This is a semistructured instrument designed for the systematic gathering of information on their routes to and sources of care. Two groups will be purposively selected with the assistance of the service key informants: those who have successfully negotiated a care journey and those who have not. Framework analysis will be used to explore the present linkage strategies and management gaps, barriers and enablers between mental health, aged care, primary care and social care services, and how these affect people's help seeking experience and journey. Framework analysis is a qualitative method that is suited to applied research with specific questions, a limited timeframe, a predesigned sample, and a priori issues that are to be explored.38 The NVivo software package will be used to manage and assist analysis of the qualitative data.39 |
|
Question 3 What is the role of policy in supporting the development of linked care for older people in a rural region? |
Policy analysis Policy documents at the national, state and the local operational levels will be examined for their relevance to the development of integrated mental healthcare for older people in the region. The national and state level policies will be identified through online searches and advice from the governance group, while operational policies (eg, service plans, local guidelines and protocols etc.) will be identified though the service key informant interviews. The local operational policies from the various sectors (primary care, mental health, aged care, social care services) will be examined for congruence, direction and resource opportunities. |
|
Question 4 What links could be established between services for the mental healthcare of older people? |
Facilitated network reflection Data from the methods above will be fed back in the governance group and in the three service stakeholder workshops held over 12 months. The purpose of each workshop is to progressively work towards the final goal of securing commitment among a group of stakeholder services for a network problem solving approach to the delivery of mental healthcare to older people in the region.
|
|
Question 5 How does the ‘framework for network planning’ enable an informal network to plan and manage linked primary mental healthcare for older people in a rural region? |
Case study Data will be collected throughout the study to evaluate the utility of the ‘framework for network planning’ for an informal network to develop more integrated mental healthcare for older people in this rural region. These data will include records of the governance group and service stakeholder workshops. In addition, further service key informant interviews will be conducted at the end of the project to explicitly explore whether they have found the framework useful or not using the following prompts:
|
Ethics, benefit and dissemination
The ethical risk to key informants from health and human service organisations is likely to be minimal; however, a risk to organisations relates to the display of their links with other organisations identified on network maps. Ethical guidelines for the use of network analysis within organisations have been developed covering fully informed consent and negotiated governance of research processes.40 While the data will be de-identified in public documents there is a potential for embarrassment during the workshops about the mapped position of organisations in the network as being prominent or not. To manage such risk, the governance group will provide advice and guidance throughout the project and manage sensitivities that may arise.
The research will benefit participating services through describing the existence and frequency of service links, which can then be used to improve links as needed. The main outcome will be a tested planning framework that can be used in an informal network to engage rural health and social care services in the improvement of service coordination for older persons’ mental healthcare. If effective, the model should achieve the following outcomes:
Better coordination of clinical and other supports to meet the mental health needs of older people.
Collective ownership of innovative older persons’ mental health service solutions.
Strengthened partnerships between mental health, primary care, aged care and community support services.
Improved and agreed referral pathways and local protocols between services.
Evaluation feedback and accountability processes.
The manner in which these outcomes can be achieved in other regions will differ according to local contexts; however, the transferable outcome will be the network framework for integrated planning. The research team will develop recommendations for the application of the framework that will be fed up at a national level through peak bodies such as the National Primary Health Care Partnership, the Mental Health Council of Australia and the National Mental Health Consumer and Carer Forum. The involvement of senior staff from the main service stakeholders (the Medicare Local, the Positive Ageing Taskforce and the Country Health SA Local Health Network) will facilitate the implementation of the findings locally and more broadly across respective jurisdictions in mental health, primary care, aged care and community services.
The findings of the research will be produced using the Australian Primary Health Care Research Institute 1:3:25 format to policy makers for research reports.
Footnotes
Contributors: JF, CO and EMC designed the study. DOK, JH, SL, JH, AG and RR provided methodological input to the study design. AN, PG and RM provided input to the feasibility of the study and stakeholder engagement and data collection processes. CO and SD undertook the literature review. All authors contributed to the writing of the paper and all have approved the final version.
Funding: The research reported in this paper is a project of the Australian Primary Health Care Research Institute, which is supported by a grant from the Commonwealth of Australia as represented by the Department of Health and Ageing. The information and opinions contained in it do not necessarily reflect the views or policy of the Australian Primary Health Care Research Institute or the Commonwealth of Australia (or the Department of Health and Ageing). Additional funding was also provided by a grant from the Nurses’ Memorial Centre of South Australia and the Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University of South Australia.
Competing interests: At the time of the study establishment AN, PG and RM were all employed in organisations that were a part of the service network that is the focus of this study.
Ethics approval: Human Research Ethics Committees of the South Australian Health Department (HREC/13/SAH/126) and Flinders University (notification 10/2014).
Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; internally peer reviewed.
Data sharing statement: The raw data are to be securely stored in a password protected server at the Flinders University of South Australia available to the research team only. In line with the participatory nature of the research design, analysed data in a de-identified form will be made available to participants. Hence these data along with the reporting to the funder will be available to other researchers on application to the corresponding author.
Since beginning this study a change in the national government has seen the cancellation of the Medicare Local Program. At the time of writing the government has made a commitment to regional primary health care organisations but has not determined their form or function.
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