Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasmas as a novel candidate for preventive therapy of melanoma

Abstract

Due to the increased ultraviolet radiation, the incidence of melanoma is increasing worldwide more than that of any other cancer. In this study, the effects of irradiation of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasmas (NEAPPs) on benign melanocytic tumors from our original hairless model mice (HL-RET-mice), in which benign melanocytic tumors and melanomas spontaneously develop in the skin stepwise, were examined. Expression levels of melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) mRNA in melanomas were higher than those in benign melanocytic tumors in the mice. Repeated irradiation of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasmas (NEAPPs) for the benign tumors decreased the expression levels of MCAM and MMP-2 mRNA in the tumors from the mice. Previous studies showed that MCAM sites are upstream of MMP-2, that MCAM regulates transcription of MMP-2 in melanoma cells and that MMP-2 is associated with the conversion of a benign tumor to a malignant tumor. Therefore, our results suggest that the NEAPP irradiation-mediated decrease in the expression level of MMP-2 in benign melanocytic tumors is associated with decreased expression levels of MCAM. Moreover, NEAPP irradiation might be a potential candidate for therapy to prevent melanoma development through suppression of malignant conversion in benign melanocytic tumors.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12199-014-0399-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The incidence of melanoma, the most aggressive skin cancer, is increasing worldwide more than that of any other cancer [1]. However, effective therapies for preventing the development of melanoma are very limited. Thus, the establishment of effective therapies for melanoma is an important issue. We developed original hairless model mice carrying constitutively activated RET (HL-RET-mice), in which benign melanocytic tumors and melanomas spontaneously develop in the skin stepwise [1, 2]. The process of melanoma development in HL-RET-mice resembles the process of development of human large congenital melanocytic nevi, which are benign melanocytic tumors and might be a high risk factor for development of melanoma [1–3]. Previous studies showed that a mouse model might be a strong tool for the development of preventive therapies for melanoma [1, 2, 4].

Plasma consists of an ionized gas and is defined as the fourth state of matter. Recent medical research has focused on the application of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasmas (NEAPPs) for cancer therapy. Previous in vitro and in vivo studies showed anti-tumor effects of NEAPP irradiation on cancers [4–7]. However, there is limited information on preventive effects of NEAPP irradiation on the process of malignant conversion from a benign tumor to a malignant tumor in vivo.

Our recent in vivo study showed that mRNA expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in benign melanocytic tumors from HL-RET-mice were decreased by repeated NEAPP irradiation for 11 weeks after confirming that MMP-2 expression was increased in melanomas [4]. A previous study showed that melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM) sites are upstream of MMP-2 and that MCAM regulates transcription of MMP-2 via Id-1 in melanoma cells [8]. Previous studies also showed that Ap-2 alpha, Sp-1 and Pax-3 are upstream of MCAM and regulate transcription of MCAM [9, 10]. Therefore, in this study we focused on MCAM as a regulator of MMP-2 expression and Ap-2 alpha, Sp-1 and Pax-3 as regulators of MCAM expression (Supplemental Figure 1).

Our quantitative PCR analysis showed high mRNA expression levels of MCAM and MMP-2, but not Ap-2 alpha, Sp-1 and Pax-3 in melanomas compared to those in benign tumors (Fig. 1a–e), suggesting that MCAM and MMP-2, but not Ap-2 alpha, Sp-1 and Pax-3 are associated with the process of malignant conversion of benign melanocytic tumors. The repeated NEAPP irradiation for 11 weeks for benign melanocytic tumors decreased mRNA expression levels of MCAM and MMP-2, but not Ap-2 alpha, Sp-1 and Pax-3 (Fig. 1f–j). Moreover, a significant correlation (R = 0.72, p < 0.01) between mRNA expression levels of MCAM and MMP-2 in benign melanocytic tumors from HL-RET-mice was shown by Spearman’s rank-correlation coefficient analysis. A previous study showed that MMP-2 is associated with the conversion of a benign tumor to a malignant tumor [11]. Our recent in vivo study showed that repeated NEAPP irradiation for 11 weeks inhibited growth of benign melanocytic tumors through control of mRNA expression levels of cell cycle regulatory molecules in HL-RET-mice [12]. Taken together, our results suggest that the NEAPP irradiation-mediated decrease in the expression level of MMP-2 in benign melanocytic tumors is associated with decreased expression levels of MCAM but not Ap-2 alpha, Sp-1 and Pax-3. NEAPP irradiation is a potential candidate for therapy to prevent melanoma development through suppression of malignant conversion in benign melanocytic tumors. However, the mechanism of NEAPP-mediated decrease of MCAM expression remains unknown. NEAPP irradiation may modify the binding affinity of Ap-2 alpha, Sp-1 and Pax-3 to the promoter region of MCAM. Alternatively, NEAPP irradiation may modulate MCAM expression level via molecules other than Ap-2 alpha, Sp-1 and Pax-3. Further study is needed to clarify the above possibility in the future.

Fig. 1.

Expression levels Ap-2 alpha, Sp-1, Pax-3, MCAM and MMP-2 in tumors from HL-RET-mice. Relative mRNA expression levels (mean ± SD) of Ap-2 alpha (a, f), Sp-1 (b, g), Pax-3 (c, h), MCAM (d, i) and MMP-2 (e, j) in benign melanocytic tumors (n = 5) and melanomas (n = 5) (a–e) and in NEAPP-treated (n = 5) and untreated (n = 5) benign melanocytic tumors (f–j) in HL-RET-mice are presented. The mRNA expression levels were measured by quantitative PCR and adjusted by the mRNA expression level of hypoxanthine ribosyltransferase (Hprt) according to the method previously described [4]. The method of NEAPP irradiation for benign melanocytic tumors in HL-RET-mice for 11 weeks in this study was previously described [4]. Sequences of primers used in analysis of quantitative PCR are presented in Supplemental Table 1. Statistical significance was evaluated by Student’s t test (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01). The experiments using recombinant DNA were approved by the Recombination DNA Advisory Committee of Chubu University (approval no. 12-04) and Nagoya University (approval no. 12-59, 13-59, 13-76). The experiments using animals were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Chubu University (approval no. 2510052) and Nagoya University (approval no. 26317)

Electronic supplementary material

Supplemental Figure 1. A schematic pathway for regulation of MMP-2 expression level. Ap-2 alpha suppressively regulates and Sp-1 and Pax-3 progressively regulate MCAM expression level. MCAM progressively regulates MMP-2 expression level.