Abstract
Background: Cryopreservation and in vitro maturation (IVM) of oocyte is becoming an important technique in infertility treatment and fertility preservation. Also it has been proposed to establish a genetic resource bank for endangered or commercially important animal species.
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate viability, maturation and fertilization rate of mouse immature oocytes after single and stepwise vitrification procedure.
Materials and Methods: Oocytes were obtained from 4 weeks old female mice 48h after intraperitoneal injection of 7.5 IU pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG). Collected oocytes before vitrification were exposed to cryoprotectant, which was composed of 30% (v/v) ethylene glycol, 18% (w/v) Ficoll-70, and 0.3 M sucrose, either by single step or in a step-wise way. After vitrification and storage in liquid nitrogen, the oocytes were warmed and washed two times in medium TCM199 and then subjected to IVM, fertilization and subsequent development to blastocysts.
Results: The oocytes survival rates after vitrifying-warming (88.96%), maturation rate (73.23%), the capacity of fertilization (57.80%) and embryonic development to blastocyst (16.41%) in the step-wise exposure were significantly higher (p<0.001) compared with corresponding rate in the single step procedure.
Conclusion: The results suggest that vitrification with step-wise procedure has positive effects on maturation and developmental capacity of mice germinal vesicle oocytes in compare with single step vitrification procedure.
Key Words: Vitrification, Germinal Vesicle stage Oocyte, IVM, Mouse
Introduction
Cryopreservation and subsequent in vitro maturation (IVM) of immature oocyte is becoming an important and integral part of infertility treatment and fertility preservation (1, 2). Freezing of oocyte could be applied to patients who have severe ovarian diseases such as endometriomas, genital cancer or specific situation such as chemotherapy or radiation (3, 4).
Also because of several advantages IVM, such as low costs, low risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) and simplification of treatment in some infertile couples ,it has been proposed as an alternative for conventional IVF treatment (5, 6). It is established that, slow cryopreservation of mature oocytes is traumatic, partly due to the presence of the temperature-sensitive microtubular spindle which is required for normal fertilization and embryo development (4, 7).
Vitrification is the process by which water is prevented from forming ice due to the viscosity of a highly concentrated cryoprotectant cooled at an extremely rapid rate. To reduce exposure to the toxic cocktail of cryoprotectants and prevent extreme dehydration, cells are exposed to the cryoprotectants for a very short period to avoid chilling injury and ice crystal formation. However, the spindle in mature oocyte is sensitive to low temperature and in the most of cases disrupts during cryopreservation and it is an important factor that causes low survival rate after freezing of mature oocyte Germinal vesicle (GV)-stage oocytes have not yet formed this spindle and it is an alternative to cryopreservation of oocytes.
At this stage, chromosomes are decondensed and enclosed within the nuclear membrane and protected from disorders (4-7). Cryopreserved GV-stage human oocytes have been shown to be capable of completing nuclear maturation and becoming fertilized (8, 9).
During cryopreservation several factors such as exposure time of cells to different cryoprotectant solutions, cryoprotectants concentrations and rate of ice crystal formation affect the survival and viability of oocytes and embryos (11, 12). Also, studies have shown that cumulus cells play an important role on oocyte maturation, since they provide and transfer several known and unknown factors that are essential for normal nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation of oocytes and subsequent embryonic development after fertilization (12, 13).
GV-stage oocytes which are stripped of cumulus cells have a reduced developmental capacity compared with that of cumulus-enclosed GV-stage oocytes (11, 14, 15). Recently, it is proposed that the cryopreservation of oocyte and embryos using vitrification is superior to slow freezing method (16, 17). Studies have shown that vitrification offers new interesting perspectives in the field of oocyte cryopreservation, demonstrating less traumatic than slow freezing (17, 18). Because vitrification is a method that needs relatively high concentration of cryoprotectants, a step-wise addition of cryoprotectants may reduce the toxic effects of cryoprotectants and is considered to minimize damage due to extreme cell-volume expansion.
The aim of present study was to compare the effect of stepwise and single step exposure to cryoprotectant on the developmental ability of vitrified mouse immature oocyte in an ethylene glycol-sucrose based vitrification media. The oocytes were evaluated by post warming survival, IVM, in vitro fertilization and developmental capacity to blastocyst stage.
Materials and methods
Chemical reagents
All chemicals were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, except for the ones specially described. This study was carried out as experimental research on mouse GV oocytes. GV oocytes were obtained from 3-4 week old ICR strain female mice (Japan SLC Inc., Shizuoka, Japan)) the animals were kept under controlled condition (12 hr light: 12 hr dark).
Mice were stimulated by an intraperitoneal injection of 7.5 IU PMSG (Teikokuzouki, Tokyo, Japan). 48h later the animals were killed by cervical dislocation and the ovaries removed in Hepes-buffered human tubal fluid medium (HTF) supplemented with 5mg/ml BSA. The GV-stage oocytes of ovarian antral follicles were released by puncturing with a 28G micro-injection needle under a stereomicroscop. The GV cumulus oocyte complex (GV-COC) was randomly allocated to three groups including control, stepwise and single-step vitrification group.
Oocytes vitrification
Vitrification of oocytes was done according to the method described by Kasai et al (19). In the stepwise group, the COCs were exposed for 5 min to 200 ml droplets of solution A, which was composed of 10% (v/v) ethylene glycol, 4.5% (W/V) Ficoll-70, and 0.075 M sucrose, then for 2 min to 200 μl drop of solution B, which was composed of 20% (V/V) ethylene glycol, 9.0% (W/V) Ficoll-70, and 0.15 M sucrose, and finally for 1 min to 200 μl drop of solution C, which was composed of 30% (V/V) ethylene glycol, 18% (W/V) Ficoll-70, and 0.3 M sucrose in 4 well dishes. In the single step group, the COCs were exposed for 1 min to 200 μl drop of solution C.
The procedures were performed at room temperature of 22-24oC. After equilibrium, 10-15 GV oocytes were loaded into a 0.25 ml plastic straw (IVM, I Aigle, France). The straw was filled with 1 cm of vitrification solution, 0.5 cm of air, 2 cm of vitrification solution containing oocytes, 0.5 cm of air, and 3.5 cm of vitrification solution. The straw then was plunged into liquid nitrogen. After storage for 1-5 days, the straw was taken out of the liquid nitrogen, held in the air for 10 s, and then plunged into water of 37oC for 10 s.
The straw was removed from water and wiped dry. It was cut with scissors and the contents containing oocytes were expelled into 400-μl drop with a sequential series of 0.5, 0.25, and 0.125 M sucrose by keeping for 90 s in each solution, and washed for 6 min in TCM199 medium supplemented with 20% FBS.
Maturation of GV oocytes
The vitrified-thawed GV oocytes or fresh GV oocytes (control group) were cultured in IVM medium (α-MEM). 16-18 h after culture, the GV-COC oocytes with first polar body were defined as mature MII oocytes.
In vitro fertilization and development
Spermatozoa from male mice of 12 weeks old were released by cauda Epididymis puncture in to IVF medium TYH medium supplemented with 4 mg/ml BSA. The sperm were suspended in 200μl droplet of the IVF medium, Were covered with the mineral oil and were incubated at 37ºC for 1-2 h in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2. For capacitation mature oocyte (n=15-20) were placed in separate 200μl droplet of IVF Medium under mineral oil.
Sperm mixture (10-20μl) was add to each droplet to obtain a concentration of 1-2×106 motile sperm/ml. after co-incubation for 5 h at 37oC, the oocytes were removed and washed in fresh TYH medium and placed in a 5% CO2 incubator at 37ºC. At 6-8 h post-insemination, embryos with two distinct pronuclei and the second polar body was classified as PN stage observed under a phase-contrast inverted microscope. The pronuclei stage transferred to 100μl of KSOM (potassium Simplex optimized medium) under mineral oil. They were assessed for cleavage to the 2-cell stage 24 hours and for blastocyste stage 120 hours after fertilization.
Statistical analysis
Collected data were analyzed by Chi-Squar test. The difference in values of survival, maturation, fertilization and developmental rate, were considered significant when p<0.05.
Results
Survival and IVM of vitrified GV oocytes
The survival and maturation rates in the stepwise group were significantly higher than single step but maturation rate in control group was significantly higher than both of them (p<0.001) (Table I).
Table I.
Survival and IVM rates of vitrified mouse GV oocyte
| Group | No. of GV oocyte examination | Oocyte survival (%) | Final stage of oocytes maturation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No of GV (%) | No of GVBD (%) | Maturation MII (%) | |||
| Control | 252 | 252 (100)a | 0 | 24 (9.47) | 226 (89.41)a |
| Stepwise | 150 | 134 (88.96)b | 2 (1.34) | 34 (25.37) | 98 (73.23)b |
| Single step | 168 | 116 (70.6) | 9 (6.89) | 35 (30.67) | 72 (62.42) |
Values with different superscript within same column are significantly different (p<0.001).
In vitro fertilization and developmental of vitrified GV
The rates of fertilization and embryonic development to blastocyst stage in the control group were significantly higher than both of the vitrified groups. Among the vitrified groups the fertilization and developmental rates in the stepwise group were significantly higher than single step group(fig.1)and (tableII) (p<0.001).
Figure 1.
Maturation and fertilization and development to 2-cell stage of GV oocytes after vitrification. A) Maturation to metaphase II 24h after culture in maturation medium. B) Fertilization oocyte (2PN) after 6-8h after insemination. C) Development to 2-cell stage 24h and development to blastocysts 120h after insemination
Table II.
Fertilization, cleavage rates and blastocyst formation rates of vitrified mouse GV oocytes
| Single step | 53 (45.68 ) | 44 (38.95 ) | 32 (28.45 ) | 22 (18.76 ) | 16 (13.47 ) | 6 (4.84 ) |
| Group | Fertilization (%) | 2 cell (%) | 4 cell (%) | 8 cell (%) | Morula (%) | Blastocyst (%) |
| Control | 204 (80.76)a | 192 (75.58)a | 177 (69.38)a | 157 (61.58)a | 139 (54.65)a | 117 (45.62)a |
| Stepwise | 77 (57.80 )b | 70 (53.19 )b | 50 (36.50 )b | 39 (27.35 )b | 32 (22.20 )b | 22 (16.41 )b |
Values with different superscript within same column are significantly different (p<0.001).
Discussion
The cryopreservation of human immature oocytes has distinct advantages compared to mature oocytes. Immature oocytes may circumvent the problem of spindle damage that frequently occurs in mature oocytes during cryopreservation, since the chromosomes remain within the nucleus. This unique position protects them from direct exposure to low temperatures and cryoprotectants (19).
In this study, we showed that cryopreservation by vitrification enabled mouse GV stage oocytes to survive, mature, fertilize and develop to blastocyst. However, successful cryopreservation of mouse GV oocytes has been reported in previous studies (20-24). But the fertilization and cleavage rates are still poor, probably due to high toxic effects of cryoprotectants, following vitrification and in vitro maturation of immature oocytes (25).
Since vitrification is a nonequilibrium cryopreservation method that needs a relatively high concentration of cryoprotectants, a step-wise addition of cryoprotectants may reduce the toxic effects of cryoprotectants and be considered to minimize damage due to extreme cell-volume expansion. In compare to previous study our results show higher maturation fertilization and blastocyst formation rate. For example Hochi et al in 1998 vitrified immature bovine oocytes in straws by using a mixture of 40% EG, ficoll and sucrose as a vitrification medium (24).
They reported 47.5% fertilization rate from the vitrified bovine oocytes. In another study, in which immature bovine oocytes were vitrified using a mixture 2.5M EG, ficoll and sucrose in (open pulled straws) OPS (26), a successful maturation rate of 60% was recorded. Cetin et al in 2006 vitrified immature bovine oocytes, 34.1% of oocytes reached the MII stage in EG group (27). In the present study the lower maturation rate of in the single step with EFS30 indicating that, during vitrification of mouse GV-COCs, the process of gradual equilibration seems to adjust permeability of plasma membrane, which may contribute to maintaining the oocyte and cumulus cells, and/or may decrease rapid changes in osmotic pressure.
On the other hand, similar to our results, Abe et al in 2005 showed that survival, fertilization, maturation and developmental rates of bovine GV-COCs in stepwise vitrification were significantly higher than those vitrified in single-step (21). Also Anon et al in 2003 and 2005 reported higher survival, maturation and developmental rate to blastocysts using ultrarapid vitrivication accompanied with step-wise equilibration in mouse GV oocytes than single step vitrified group (28, 29).
The findings of the present study show that the modification of Kasai vitrification method in a stepwise manner exposure of mice GV oocytes to cryoprotectants during equilibration phase of vitrification, can result in better maturation, fertilization and developmental rates. Recently, Kuwayama introduced a Highly efficient vitrification method for cryopreservation of human oocytes and embryos using cryotop (30). However the method of Kuwayam is useful for human embryo and oocyte but is not easily applicable in studies on mouse, because using of inexpensive equipment is very important in the studies on mouse and cryotop is very expensive.
One of the major advantages of our method in comparison with Kuwayama is applying conventional cryopreservation straws instead of cryotop. Therefore in terms of economic; our method is more cost effective and applicable in the basic research. Our method allows researchers to vitrify mouse immature oocyte in a simpler and cheaper manner.
In conclusion, the current results demonstrated that vitrification of murine GV oocytes accompanied with step-wise equilibration using conventional straws showed improved results for viability and production of blastocysts, suggesting that this method may be a easy, useful and low cost strategy for the cryopreservation of immature oocytes.
Acknowledgements
This project was financially supported by research deputy of Yasuj University of Medical Sciences and Health Services. We would like to thank for their helps. Also, we would like to thank Dr. Koji Koyoma, Professor and Chairman of Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan.
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