Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the impact of early steroid withdrawal on the incidence of rejection, tumor recurrence and complications after liver transplantation for advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma.
METHODS: Fifty-four patients underwent liver transplantation for advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma from April 2003 to June 2005. These cases were divided into a steroid-withdrawal group (group A, n = 28) and a steroid-maintenance group (group B, n = 26). In group A, steroid was withdrawn 3 mo after transplantation. In group B, steroid was continuously used postoperatively. The incidence of rejection, 6-mo and 1-year recurrence rate of carcinoma, 1-year survival rate, mean serum tacrolimus trough level, and liver and kidney function were compared between the two groups.
RESULTS: In the two groups, no statistical difference was observed in the incidence of rejection (14.3 vs 11.5%, P > 0.05), mean serum tacrolimus trough levels (6.9 ± 1.4 vs 7.1 ± 1.1 μg/L, P > 0.05), liver and kidney function after 6 mo [alanine aminotransferase (ALT): 533 ± 183 vs 617 ± 217 nka/L, P > 0.05; creatinine: 66 ± 18 vs 71 ± 19 μmol/L, P > 0.05], 6-mo recurrence rate of carcinoma (25.0 vs 42.3%, P > 0.05), and 1-year survival rate (64.2 vs 46.1%, P > 0.05). The 1-year tumor recurrence rate (39.2 vs 69.2%, P < 0.05), serum cholesterol level (3.9 ± 1.8 vs 5.9 ± 2.6 mmol/L, P < 0.01) and fasting blood sugar (5.1 ± 2.1 vs 8.9 ± 3.6 mmol/L, P < 0.01) were significantly different. These were lower in the steroid-withdrawal group than in the steroid-maintenance group.
CONCLUSION: Early steroid withdrawal was safe after liver transplantation in patients with advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma. When steroids were withdrawn 3 mo post-operation, the incidence of rejection did not increase, and there was no demand to maintain tacrolimus at a high level. In contrast, the tumor recurrence rate and the potential of adverse effects decreased significantly. This may have led to an increase in long-term survival rate.
Keywords: Hepatocellular carcinoma, Liver transplan-tation, Steroids, Tumor recurrence
INTRODUCTION
Liver transplantation is well recognized as a treatment for prolonging survival in patients with advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma[1]. Obviously, tumor recurrence is the main reason for the poor long-term survival after transplantation in these patients. It has been shown that long-term immunosuppression can facilitate the growth and spread of malignant cells[2]. There is evidence that steroids play an important role in tumor recurrence after liver transplantation for hepatoma[3], but whether steroids can be safely withdrawn remains controversial. In this study, we contrasted patients with early steroid withdrawal with those using continuous steroids, in order to establish the validity of the steroid-withdrawal regimen.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Patients
Fifty-four patients suffering from advanced-stage hepatoma (all exceeding the Milan criterion) underwent liver transplantation between April 2003 and June 2005. There were two immunosuppressive protocols: 28 patients (group A) were given an early steroid-withdrawal protocol and 26 patients (group B) were given a steroid-maintenance protocol. Factors such as age at transplantation, stage of carcinoma, Child-Pugh score, graft cold ischemic time, anhepatic phase, operation time, and mean level of liver function before operation were noted, and these parameters were well matched in both groups (Table 1).
Table 1.
Preoperative and intraoperative data for patients in the 2 groups
| Parameter | Group A (n = 28) | Group B (n = 26) | P value |
| Sex (F/M) | 1/27 | 0/26 | 0.3370 |
| Mean age at OLT | 45.7 ± 3.5 | 47.4 ± 6.3 | 0.2310 |
| TNM stage of carcinoma | 0.9914 | ||
| II | 1 (3.5%) | 1 (3.8%) | |
| III A | 8 (28.6%) | 7 (26.9%) | |
| III B | 5 (17.9%) | 4 (15.4%) | |
| IV A | 14 (50.0%) | 14 (53.8%) | |
| Child-Pugh class | 0.5259 | ||
| A | 20 (71.4%) | 21 (80.8%) | |
| B | 7 (25.0%) | 5 (19.2%) | |
| C | 1 (3.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Liver and kidney function | |||
| ALT (nka/L) | 935.1 ± 383.3 | 1010.2 ± 536.8 | 0.5545 |
| T-Bil (μmol/L) | 23.1 ± 11.2 | 20.1 ± 10.8 | 0.3314 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 67.8 ± 22.2 | 59.8 ± 24.3 | 0.2218 |
| Graft cold ischemic time (min) | 481.6 ± 97.0 | 462.1 ± 88.0 | 0.4464 |
| Anhepatic phase (min) | 51.5 ± 3.4 | 50.8 ± 3.1 | 0.4339 |
| Operation time (min) | 375.2 ± 98.1 | 391.5 ± 116.7 | 0.5799 |
OLT: Orthotopic liver transplantation.
Immunosuppressive regime
All the patients took tacrolimus, with a target serum trough level of 6-8 μg/L until 12 mo, and 4-6 μg/L thereafter. Mycophenolate mofetil was prescribed for 1 year at a dose of 0.5-1.0 g/d. Methylprednisolone was given at 500 mg/d intravenously for 3 d, during and after transplantation. Patients in group A received a rapid steroid reduction with the intention of withdrawing steroid by 3 mo. Patients in group B received a slow taper of steroid to prednisone 10 mg/d at 3 mo, and were maintained on this dose thereafter.
Postoperative treatment
ALT, creatinine, total cholesterol and fasting blood sugar were noted regularly after operation. Biopsies were used to establish the diagnosis of rejection on a histological basis when biochemical analysis suggested rejection. The following adjuvant chemotherapy regimen was adopted: E-ADM 40-60 mg/m2 on d 1 and C-DDP 20-40 mg/m2 on d 2-5, with 28 d as a cycle and 6 cycles in all. Tumor recurrence was confirmed by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed on preoperative and intraoperative data in the two groups, such as sex, age, stage of carcinoma, Child-Pugh score, liver and kidney function, Graft cold ischemic time, anhepatic phase and operation time. The rejection rate, tumor recurrence rate, patient survival rate and mean levels of biochemical parameters were compared between the two groups. Statistical analyses were conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences computer program (SPSS for Windows 11.5; SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). The Student's t test and χ2 test were used to determine statistical significance between the groups. P < 0.05 was considered significant.
RESULTS
There were no significant differences between the two groups for rejection rate and 6-mo tumor recurrence rate. One-year tumor recurrence rate (39.2 vs 69.2%, P < 0.05) was significantly higher in the steroid-maintenance group. One-year survival rate was higher in group A than in group B, but the difference was not statistically significant (64.2 vs 46.1%, Table 2).
Table 2.
Rejection, tumor recurrence, and survival rate
| Group n | Rejection rate |
Tumor recurrence rate |
1-yr survival rate (%) | |
| 6-mo | 1 yr | |||
| A 28 | 14.3 | 25.0 | 39.2a | 64.2 |
| B 26 | 11.5 | 42.3 | 69.2 | 46.1 |
P < 0.05 vs Group B.
At 6 mo, the mean serum tacrolimus trough level was (6.9 ± 1.4) μg/L in group A and (7.1 ± 1.1) μg/L in group B, although the difference was not significant. There was no difference in liver and kidney function (ALT and creatinine) between the two groups. However, at 6 mo post operation, the mean levels of total serum cholesterol and fasting blood sugar were significantly lower in group A (Table 3).
Table 3.
Biochemical indicator after operation (mean ± SD)
| Group n | FK506 trough levels (μg/L) |
ALT (nka/L) |
Creatinine (μmol/L) |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) |
Blood-fasting sugar (mmol/L) |
||
| 3-mo | 6-mo | 3-mo | 6-mo | 6-mo | 6-mo | ||
| A (n = 28) | 6.9 ± 1.4 | 567 ± 233 | 533 ± 183 | 69 ± 18 | 66 ± 18 | 3.9 ± 1.8b | 5.1 ± 2.1b |
| B (n = 26) | 7.1 ± 1.1 | 500 ± 350 | 617 ± 217 | 75 ± 15 | 71 ± 19 | 5.9 ± 2.6 | 8.9 ± 3.6 |
P < 0.01 vs Group B.
DISCUSSION
Corticosteroids, with their multifaceted immunosuppressive properties, have long been considered as a linchpin in the prevention and treatment of transplant rejection. In addition to inhibiting the release and function of cytokines, such as interleukin-2, steroids can also regulate T- and B-lymphocyte apoptosis[4]. However, there are well-known adverse effects that result in significant morbidity, including hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and infectious complications. The adverse effects of long-term steroid use, even at a low dose, have stimulated interest in the feasibility of steroid-free maintenance im-munosuppressive regimens.
This randomized clinical study was focused on a particular group of recipients who suffered from advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma before liver transplantation. In this group of patients, the high tumor-recurrence rate may cause the long-term survival rate to decrease sharply. Indisputably, the use of steroids has exacerbated this problem, either via a direct negative impact and/or by its adverse effects. One multicenter study has shown that when steroids were withdrawn 3-6 mo after liver transplantation, tumor recurrence was reduced to its lowest level[2]. A retrospective study of three centers in Italy has found that the risk of hepatoma recurrence in patients with permanent use of steroids was almost fourfold when compared with patients made steroid-free not later than 6 mo after liver transplantation[3]. Steroids may contribute to tumor recurrence. The potential mechanism of this may be that steroids can inhibit malignant-cell apoptosis and promote migration of these cells. Yazawa et al[5] have reported that glucocorticoids can inhibit human neutrophil-mediated tumor cell cytostasis. Ho et al[6] have found that, in patients with hepatoma, the survival rate is higher when hepatoma cells are negative for corticosteroid receptors, compared with those that are positive. In our study, the 1-year tumor recurrence rate in the steroid-withdrawal group was lower than that in the steroid-maintenance group. This demonstrates that early steroid withdrawal can reduce tumor recurrence. The 1-year survival rate was higher in the steroid-withdrawal group. However, because of the small sample size and short time of follow-up, the difference was not statistically significant.
Early steroid-withdrawal regimens do not increase the rejection rate[7-11]. Padbury[12] has reported that, when steroids were withdrawn safely in 140/197 patients (71%), the acute and chronic rejection rate was 4.5 and 3.9%, respectively, and this was similar to the reported rates with steroid-containing regimens. In Jane's study[13], 499 liver transplant recipients accepted early steroid-withdrawal immunosuppression, and only 9.8% of patients had steroid reintroduction. Stegall's study has shown that early steroid withdrawal after liver transplantation does not increase the fatality rate and the rate of chronic graft dysfunction[14,15]. In our study, the incidence of acute rejection during the withdrawal phase did not increase, and each episode of rejection had only a modest effect and was steroid-responsive. No graft was lost to immunological causes. The tacrolimus trough levels were similar in the two groups. There was no demand to increase serum tacrolimus levels to prevent extra rejection. Thus, this early steroid-withdrawal protocol was safe in most patients.
The toxicity of steroids includes increased susceptibility to infection (particularly opportunistic organisms), hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis and aseptic necrosis, acne, Cushingoid facies, and growth retardation in children. The cumulative toxicity of immunosuppressive agents remains a major source of morbidity and mortality after liver transplantation, therefore, a protocol eliminating the steroid component has been a goal. Stegall's study has shown that steroid withdrawal after adult liver transplantation reduces diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, without causing graft loss[15]. In our study, total serum cholesterol and fasting blood sugar were significant lower in the early steroid-withdrawal group. This effect suggests that corticosteroids are a major causative agent in new-onset diabetes and hypercholesteremia in liver transplantation recipients. Considering the adverse effects of steroid treatment, steroid should be withdrawn earlier, except in patients who use prednisone preoperatively, such as primary biliary cirrhosis and sclerosing cholangitis[13].
This study indicates that steroid withdrawal at 3 mo after liver transplantation is safe and necessary. Early steroid withdrawal does not lead to a high incidence of rejection or a high level of immunosuppressive drugs. In addition, steroid withdrawal may lead to a decreased incidence of tumor recurrence, new-onset diabetes and hypercholesteremia. The decrease in tumor recurrence and adverse effects may lead to a higher survival rate for liver transplantation recipients with hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the 1-year survival rate in the steroid-withdrawal and steroid-maintenance groups was not significantly different. This result may have been due to the small sample size and short follow-up. Therefore, large long-term follow-up (several years), prospective, randomized and multicenter trials will be necessary to confirm the potential benefit of this regimen for the incidence of tumor recurrence, adverse events, and graft and patient survival.
COMMENTS
Background
Steroids have been the pillars of immunosuppression in organ transplantation for over 50 years. However, the fact that immunological graft loss is rare after liver transplantation, combined with the severe adverse effects of long-term prednisone therapy, supports steroid withdrawal in liver transplantation patients. Especially for patients suffering from advanced-stage hepatoma before liver transplantation, the long-term use of steroids may exacerbated the problem of reduced graft survival and patient survival. However, few clinical studies have focused on this group of recipients.
Research frontiers
Many clinical trails have proven the necessity of steroid withdrawal. The main findings of this study were that early withdraw of steroids was confirmed as a positive posttransplant action with a significant influence in reducing hepatoma recurrence.
Related publications
The present study was a randomized clinical trial of steroid withdrawal after liver transplantation in patients with advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma. We have cited several articles from other investigators that report research on steroid withdrawal after liver transplantation.
Innovations and breakthroughs
In prior studies of liver transplantation, little attention has been paid to the immunosuppression of hepatoma transplant recipients. This present clinical trail studied a steroid-withdrawal protocol for this group of recipients. We reached the conclusion that tumor recurrence can be reduced when steroids are withdrawn at 3 mo postoperatively. This protocol can be used as the guide for hepatoma transplant recipients.
Applications
In patients suffering from advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma, immuno-suppression with early steroid withdrawal can reduce tumor recurrence after liver transplantation. In addition, total serum cholesterol and fasting blood sugar decrease sharply in steroid-withdrawal patients. This means that the use of steroids is one of the major causes of new-onset diabetes and hypercholesteremia after liver transplantation. Therefore, this steroid-withdrawal protocol can also be used following liver transplantation for other indications.
Terminology
Advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma is the end stage of a primary malignant neoplasm of the liver. Liver transplantation is the treatment for this disease. However, because of the high incidence of tumor recurrence, the outcome is poor. Steroids are a group of hormones that affect carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. They also possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They have been used for immunosuppression for over 50 years.
Peer review
This is a brief but well-executed study which underscores what Starzl and others have been writing about for some time: the need to reduce immunosuppression in liver transplant recipients. In the authors' study, steroids were withdrawn successfully 3 mo after operation. This protocol caused a reduction in tumor recurrence and incidence of diabetes and hypercholesteremia after liver transplantation.
Footnotes
S- Editor Ma N L- Editor Kerr C E- Editor Li HY
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