Abstract
Here we report on the draft genome sequence of Serratia marcescens strain MCB associated with Oscheius sp. MCB (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) isolated from South African soil. S. marcescens strain MCB has 5,304,212-bp genome size with 4,877 genes and a G+C content of 59.1%.
GENOME ANNOUNCEMENT
Serratia is a genus of bacteria that is Gram negative, motile, rod-shaped, and belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae family. Serratia species have been isolated from plants, vertebrates, and invertebrates with over 70 species found to be associated with insects (1, 2). Recently Serratia bacteria were found to be mutually associated with the newly discovered entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) genera, Oscheius carolinensis, O. chongmingensis, and O. rugaoensis (3–6). The mutual relationship of this third group of EPNs, Oscheius with Serratia species has many similarities with the association that steinernematids and heterorhabditis have with the symbiotic bacteria Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus, respectively. Serratia species associated with Oscheius EPN species also secretes various metabolites some of which have the ability to kill insect hosts and inhibit growth of competing bacterial and fungal species, as is the case with Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus (7). One metabolite with antibiotic activity secreted by Serratia marcescens is prodigiosin (8, 9). Here we present the description of the draft genome sequence and the annotation of S. marcescens strain MCB associated with Oscheius sp. MCB (GenBank accession no. KF684370) (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) which was isolated from South Africa.
S. marcescens strain MCB was isolated from Oscheius sp. MCB nematodes according to methods described by Kaya and Stock (10). Genomic DNA was isolated from solid bacterial colony cultures using the ZR fungal/bacterial DNA MiniPrep kit (Zymo Research, catalog #D3050). The DNA extracted from the bacterial colonies was quantified using the NanoDrop ND-1000 spectrophotometer (Bio-Rad) and then cleaned with ZR fungal\bacterial DNA clean and concentrator-5 (catalog #D4003S). Genomic DNA paired-end libraries were generated with a NextEra DNA sample kit (Illumina) and indexed using a NextEra DNA index kit (Illumina). Paired-end (2×300 bp) sequencing was performed on MiSeq (Illumina) using the MiSeq reagent kit v3 at the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) Biotechnology Platform. Quality adapter trimming was performed on CLC Genomics Workbench v7 (CLC bio).
A total of 2,169,542 paired-end reads at 197× coverage were obtained from this workflow. The genome was assembled using the de novo assembly tool in the CLC bio, which produced 104 contigs with an average length of 51,002 bp and an N50 of 157,248 bp. The genome of S. marcescens strain MCB has 5,304,212 bp, with G+C (59.1%) content, which is similar to other Serratia species (2,11). Genome annotation was performed using the NCBI Prokaryotic Genome Automatic Annotation Pipeline (PGAAP). S. marcescens strain MCB genome has 4,877 genes, among the identified genes 4,756 are protein coding sequence genes (CDSs) and 21 are pseudogenes. The genome also has 14 rRNA genes with five operons (5S, 16S, and 23S) and 76 tRNAs genes. We found ten genes responsible for antibiotic synthesis and five virulence factors.
Nucleotide sequence accession numbers.
This whole-genome shotgun project has been deposited at DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank under the accession JPQY00000000. The version described in this paper is version JPQY01000000.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank the National Research Foundation (NRF), the Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (GDARD), and SAB-FoodBev SETA for providing us with financial support. Mahloro Hope Serepa received Innovation Doctoral Scholarship from the NRF (grant SFH1208157967, National Research Foundation of South Africa).
We thank the ARC Biotechnology platform for Illumina sequencing and their assistance.
Footnotes
Citation Serepa MH, Gray VM. 2014. Draft whole-genome sequence of Serratia marcescens strain MCB, associated with Oscheius sp. MCB (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) isolated from South Africa. Genome Announc. 2(5):e00911-14. doi:10.1128/genomeA.00911-14.
REFERENCES
- 1. Grimont PA, Grimont F, Lysenko O. 1979. Species and biotype identification of Serratia strains associated with insects. Curr. Microbiol. 2:139–142. 10.1007/BF02605870 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- 2. Chung W, Chen L, Lo W, Kuo P, Tu J, Kuo C. 2013. Complete Genome Sequence of Serratia marcescens WW4. Genome Announc. 1(2):e00126-13. 10.1128/genomeA.00126-13 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3. Liu Q, Mracek Z, Zhang L, Puza V, Dong L. 2012. Re-description of Oscheius chongmingensis (Zhang et al., 2008) (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) and its entomopathogenicity. Nematology 14:139–149. 10.1163/138855411X580777 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- 4. Ye W, Torres-Barragan A, Cardoza Y. 2010. Oscheius carolinensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabditidae), a potential entomopathogenic nematode from vermicompost. Nematology 12:121–135. 10.1163/156854109X458464 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- 5. Torres-Barragan A, Suazo A, Buhler WG, Cardoza YJ. 2011. Studies on the entomophathogenicity and bacterial associates of the nematode Oscheius carolinensis. Biol. Contr. 59:123–129. 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2011.05.020 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- 6. Zhang KY, Liu XH, Tan J, Wang Y, Qiao L, Yedid G, Dai CS, Qiu RL, Yan XW, Tan HW, Su ZY, Lai R, Gao GF. 2012. Heterorhabditidoides rugaoensis n. sp. (Rhabditida: Rhabditidae), a novel Highly Pathogenic entomopathogenic Nematode Member of Rhabditidae. J. Nematol. 44:348–360 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7. Wang Y, Fang X, An F, Wang G, Zhang X. 2011. Improvement of antibiotic activity of Xenorhabdus bovienii by medium optimization using response surface methodology. Microb. Cell Fact. 10:98. 10.1186/1475-2859-10-98 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8. Wang Y, Yuan Y, Zhou L, Su Q, Fang X, Li T, Wang J, Chang D, Su L, Xu G, Guo Y, Yang R, Liu C. 2012. Draft genome sequence of Serratia marcescens Strain LCT-SM213. J. Bacteriol. 194:4477–4478. 10.1128/JB.00933-12 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9. Harris AK, Williamson NR, Slater H, Cox A, Abbasi S, Foulds I, Simonsen HT, Leeper FJ, Salmond GP. 2004. The Serratia gene cluster encoding biosynthesis of the red antibiotic, prodigiosin, shows species- and strain-dependent genome context variation. Microbiology 150:3547–3560. 10.1099/mic.0.27222-0 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10. Kaya HK, Stock SP. 1997. Entomopathogenic nematodes, p 259–262 In Knowles BH, Blatt MR, Tester M, Horsnell JM, Carroll J, Menestrina G, Ellar DJ. (ed), Manual of techniques in insect pathology. Academic Press, New York [Google Scholar]
- 11. Neupane S, Finlay RD, Alström S, Goodwin L, Kyrpides NC, Lucas S, Lapidus A, Bruce D, Pitluck S, Peters L, Ovchinnikova G, Chertkov O, Han J, Han C, Tapia R, Detter JC, Land M, Hauser L, Cheng JF, Ivanova N, Pagani I, Klenk HP, Woyke T, Högberg N. 2012. Complete genome sequence of Serratia plymuthica strain AS12. Stand. Genomic Sci. 6:165–173. 10.4056/sigs.2705996 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]