Abstract
Purpose
To determine the efficacy of intravesical hyaluronic acid (HA) instillation in treating patients with refractory interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) and to identify any related factors that influence its therapeutic effect.
Methods
Thirty-three female IC/PBS patients who demonstrated poor or unsatisfactory responses to previous treatments between December 2010 and October 2012 were enrolled. Despite previous treatments, the enrolled patients had visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scores ≥4 and total scores (symptom and bother scores) ≥13 on the pelvic pain and urgency/frequency (PUF) questionnaire and ≥12 on the O'Leary-Sant interstitial cystitis symptoms index (ICSI)/problems index (ICPI). All patients received once weekly intravesical instillations of 40-mg HA diluted in 50-mL saline for 4 weeks. The efficacy of the HA instillation was evaluated by comparing the mean changes in the scores of the VAS and questionnaires from baseline to 4 weeks after treatment. Improvement was defined as a ≥2 decrease in the VAS. Moreover, we investigated the effects of the presence of Hunner's ulcer and previous treatment modalities on the therapeutic outcome of HA instillation.
Results
The mean age was 57.0±1.8 years (range, 28-75 years). The VAS score significantly decreased from baseline to 4 weeks after treatment (-2.5, P<0.001). The mean changes in the PUF, ICSI, and ICPI from baseline to 4 weeks after the treatment were -3.8 (P<0.001), -2.3 (P<0.001), and -2.7 (P<0.001), respectively. Twenty patients (61%) showed improvements. Previous treatment modalities did not affect the efficacy of HA instillation and the presence of Hunner's ulcer was unrelated to outcomes. No complications were observed.
Conclusions
These results show that intravesical HA instillation is an effective and safe treatment for patients with refractory IC/PBS. Previous treatment modalities and presence of Hunner's ulcer do not affect the efficacy of HA instillation.
Keywords: Hyaluronic acid, Intravesical administration, Interstitial cystitis
INTRODUCTION
Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) is characterized by urinary frequency, urgency, and pelvic pain in the absence of any other identifiable pathology, such as infection or bladder cancer [1, 2]. Therefore it is defined by the International Continence Society as "The complaint of suprapubic pain, related to bladder filling accompanied by other symptoms, such as increased day time and night time frequency, in the absence of proven urinary tract infection or other obvious pathology" of the lower urinary tract [3]. The prevalence of IC/PBS is approximately 450 per 100,000 women [4]. Severe cases account for about 10% of the total and most studies show a female to male dominance of 5:1 [5]. The prevalence of IC/PBS in South Korean women (261/ 100,000 or 0.26%) is lower than that of Europe and the United States and similar to that of Japan [6]. IC/PBS can result in sleep dysfunction, depression, anxiety and sexual problem, so it impairs quality of life [7].
Treatment modalities of IC/PBS are oral medicines, intravesical drug instillation, neuro-modulation, and surgical therapy such as hydrodistension and transurethral cauterization of Hunner's ulcer (TUC). Despite many treatment strategies, there are no standard treatment guidelines. Many drugs and procedures are empirically used, though only a few have been studied in randomized controlled trials [8]. Even though several treatments have been proposed for IC/PBS, IC/PBS cases often show recurrent and refractory characteristics. Thus, IC/PBS deserves to be challenged in the urological practice.
IC/PBS could be pathophysiologically related to disruption of the bladder mucosa surface layer and the consequent loss of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), a class of mucopolysaccharides with hydrorepellent properties, thereby exposing the urothelium to toxic urinary agents [9]. Intravesical instillation of hyaluronic acid (HA) may regenerate the damaged GAG layer of the bladder in patients with IC/PBS [10]. Several studies reported that HA instillation is an effective treatment for IC/PBS [11,12,13] and the efficacy of HA instillation was reported 30%-70% improvement rates [12,13,14]. However there are not many studies that reported long-term efficacy of HA instillation. In the 5 years follow-up study, 50% of patients (24/48) showed complete bladder symptom remission without any additional therapy [15]. In our current study, we assessed the efficacy of HA instillation for refractory IC/PBS patients and determined the effects of previous treatments and Hunner's ulcer on clinical outcomes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We enrolled 33 female IC/PBS patients who were refractory to previous treatments with a visual analogue scale (VAS) pain score ≥4 and total scores (symptom and bother score) ≥13 on the pelvic pain and urgency/frequency (PUF) questionnaire and ≥12 on the O'Leary-Sant interstitial cystitis symptoms index (ICSI)/problems index (ICPI). IC/PBS was diagnosed using East Asian Guidelines according to the characteristic symptoms of suprapubic pain, urinary frequency, and nocturia and cystoscopic findings [16]. We excluded patients who had bladder cancer, bladder stones, recurrent urinary tract infection, previous history of HA instillation, and bladder instillation of anticancer agents. We used our institution protocol of HA instillation: patients received intravesical instillations of HA once weekly for 4 weeks. The instillation was performed by 40-mg HA diluted in 50-mL saline for 30 minutes. Afterward, according to patient consultations, two more instillations were performed monthly in selected patients.
We evaluated the efficacy by determining the mean changes in the VAS pain score from baseline to 4 weeks after the HA treatment as a primary end point [17]. The secondary end points were the changes in the PUF [18] and ICSI/ICPI as reported on the IC/PBS questionnaires. Improvement was considered to be a ≥2 decrease in VAS according to our protocol. We evaluated the correlation between the previous treatment modalities, presence of Hunner's ulcer, and the efficacy of HA instillation.
Statistical analysis of questionnaire data was performed using analysis of variance to assess dependent samples. The statistical significance of the changes from baseline was assessed using the paired t-test. All the statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS ver. 15.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
The mean age was 57.0±1.8 years (range, 28-75 years) and the demographic characteristics of the patients are shown in Table 1. Regarding previous treatments, 18 patients (54.5%) took pentosan polysulfate (PPS), 10 patients (30.3%) underwent hydrodistension, and 5 patients (15.1%) underwent TUC. At baseline, the mean VAS score was 5.1, the PUF-symptom score was 12.8, the PUF-bother score was 7.2, the ICSI score was 12.5, and the ICPI score was 11.4. Ten patients (30.3%) had Hunner's ulcer.
Table 1.
Patient characteristics (n=33)
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.
PUF, pelvic pain and urgency/frequency questionnaire; ICSI, O'Leary-Sant interstitial cystitis symptoms index; ICPI, O'Leary-Sant interstitial cystitis problem index.
After 4 weeks, the change in the VAS pain score was -2.5 (P<0.001). The PUF-total score (-3.8, P<0.001), ICSI (-2.3, P< 0.001), and ICPI (-2.7, P<0.001) also showed significant improvements (Fig. 1). Twenty patients (61.0%) showed improvements after 4 weeks of HA instillation (VAS from 7.0 to 4.0), eleven patients (33.3%) who had one or two additional HA instillations also showed improvements (VAS from 4.6 to 2.0). Specifically, HA instillation significantly improved voiding symptoms according to questions 1 and 3 in the ICPI (P<0.001 and P=0.026, respectively) and bladder pain and nocturia according to questions 2 and 4 in the ICPI (P=0.026 and P=0.008, respectively). However, outcomes of sexual function did not improve significantly according to question 4 in the PUF (P=0.771). Improvements were maintained for 11.1 weeks (range, 2-40 weeks) in these patients after the last HA instillation.
Fig. 1.
Mean changes in variables from baseline to 4 weeks after hyaluronic acid treatment. VAS, visual analogue scale; PUF, pelvic pain and urgency/frequency; ICSI, interstitial cystitis symptoms index; ICPI, interstitial cystitis problems index. *P<0.05.
According to the previous treatment modalities, there were no differences in efficacy in terms of VAS pain, frequency, PUF-total score, ICSI, or ICPI (Table 2). There were no significant differences in the mean changes in the VAS pain score, frequency, PUF-total score, ICSI, or ICPI between patients with or without Hunner's ulcer (Table 3). No complications developed after HA instillation.
Table 2.
Mean changes in variables from baseline to after 4 weeks of hyaluronic acid treatment according to previous treatment
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.
TUC, transurethral cauterization of Hunner's ulcer; VAS, visual analogue scale; PUF, pelvic pain and urgency/frequency; IC, interstitial cystitis; ICSI, O'Leary-Sant interstitial cystitis symptoms index; ICPI, O'Leary-Sant interstitial cystitis problem index.
Table 3.
Mean change in variables from baseline to 4 weeks after hyaluronic acid treatment in IC/PBS patients with or without Hunner's ulcer
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.
IC/PBS, interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome; VAS, visual analogue scale; PUF, pelvic pain and urgency/frequency.
DISCUSSION
We here focused on refractory IC/PBS and proposed an additional HA instillation for the refractory IC/PBS in this study. We show that HA instillation improved VAS pain and IC/PBS questionnaire scores in refractory IC/PBS patients.
Several IC/PBS treatment modalities have been reported. The most commonly used three kinds of treatment were PPS, hydrodistension and TUC, and these treatment modalities showed some effects. However the efficacies of these treatment modalities were controversial because of the recurrence and the complications. The treatment response of PPS was about half and many of these patients needed additional treatments [19]. In one study, 72.4% of patients needed renewed instillation or maintenance therapy [20]. Hydrodistension has been used for a long time. The improvement by hydrodistension disappeared within 3 to 6 months [21]. Moreover, hydrodistension can have diverse adverse effects, such as hematuria, bladder pain, and bladder rupture [22]. TUC is an option for IC/PBS patients with Hunner's ulcer. But, it has a problem of high rate of recurrence. One group reported 45.8% of patients required repeated fulguration after a median follow-up of 44.8 months, indicating that this procedure does not cure the underlying disease and only improves the symptoms [23].
As mentioned above, in our IC/PBS patients the symptoms have recurred after these treatments [24]. For this reason, we need to focus on additional treatment modality for refractory IC/PBS which was defined as persistent, unacceptable symptoms despite PPS, hydrodistension, and TUC treatment [8].
HA is considered a good candidate for GAG substitution and used in the treatment of patients with recurrent cystitis, hemorrhagic cystitis and IC in urology field [25]. There were several reports of HA instillation for IC/PBS, one study reported a satisfactory response of IC/PBS patients to intravesical HA instillation for 4 weeks [26]. Another study showed acute remission and long-term HA efficacy in the treatment of IC/PBS and HA instillation was considered to improve functional bladder capacity, symptom scores, pain, and quality of life. The average initial VAS score for all patients was 8.15, which decreased to 2.71 immediately after HA therapy and stayed stable at 6 months after instillation therapy with an average score of 2.7. A further reduction to 2.14 was seen 5 years later. A VAS score reduction of >2 was observed in 85.4% patients (41/48) [15]. However there is no study of HA instillation in patients with refractory IC/PBS. We focused treatment of HA in refractory IC/PBS patients.
In our present study, the VAS score significantly decreased from baseline to 4 weeks after treatment (-2.5) and the PUF and ICSI/ICPI questionnaires showed significant improvements after 4 weeks of HA instillation. The rate of improvement was 61%, which was slightly lower than that of the previous reported study [15], probably because the patients in our study were refractory to conventional therapy. Eleven patients we analyzed had one or two additional HA instillations after the initial four HA instillations and showed continuous improvement (VAS from 4.6 to 2.0). Our instillation protocol was once weekly intravesical instillations of HA for 4 weeks and two more instillations were performed monthly according to patient consultation. This protocol was similar that of other groups. In the literature, several different protocols have been described for instillation. Many uncontrolled studies used 40-mg HA dissolved in 40 mL of normal saline solution weekly for 4 to 6 weeks and then monthly [8,13,26]. One Danish uncontrolled pilot study enrolled patients with IC/PBS who received weekly bladder instillations of HA for 1 month and monthly instillations for an additional 2 months [27].
Furthermore, there were no differences in the efficacy of HA instillation according to previous treatment modalities and there was no effect of Hunner's ulcer on HA instillation efficacy. Because Hunner's ulcer already removed by TUC, there was no difference in HA instillation efficacy between the presence and absence of Hunner's ulcer.
No adverse event for HA instillation were reported in our present study. There has been no report on the serious adverse events from HA instillation, but one study has mentioned mild bladder irritation [25]. The limitations of our current investigation include the short study duration and follow-up period, small population, and retrospective design.
In conclusion, instillation of HA is a feasible treatment option for refractory IC/PBS patients who have failed to respond to previous treatment. The previous treatment modalities and presence of Hunner's ulcer do not influence the outcomes of HA instillation.
Footnotes
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
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