Isolation and antibiotic susceptibility of Shigella species from stool samples among hospitalized children in Abadan, Iran

Abstract

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of Shigella species and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in hospitalized children with Shigellosis in Abadan, Iran.

Background: Shigellosis is caused by different species of Shigella and one of the most common causes of diarrhea in children. This disease is endemic in many developing countries including Iran.

Patients and methods: This prospective cross sectional study was conducted in a teaching hospital in Abadan, Iran during June 2011 to May 2013. Stool specimens were collected from pediatric age group. All isolates were confirmed as Shigella species by biochemical and serologic tests. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of these isolates was studied by disk diffusion Method.

Results: Among all 705 stool samples, 36 (5.1%) yielded Shigella. Of cases, 392 (55.6%) were girl and 313 (44.4%) were boy. The most common Shigella isolates were S. flexneri (n=19, 52.7%) followed by S. sonnei (n=11, 30.5%), S. boydii (n=4, 11.1%) and S. dysenteriae 2(5.5%). Of the Shigella isolates, 47.2% showed resistance to two or more antimicrobial agents. Resistance pattern against various antimicrobials were as follows: trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (80.5%), ampicillin (63.8%), tetracycline (58.3%), chloramphenicol (33.3%), nalidixic acid (27.7%), and cefixime (16.6%). There was no resistance against ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone.

Conclusion: The most common isolates were S. flexneri followed by S. Sonnei. There was no antibiotic resistance against ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. TMP-SMZ showed highest resistance pattern.

Introduction

Shigella spp. belongs to the family Enterobacteriacae. It is a small, unencapsulated, non-motile gram-negative rod. There are four species of Shigella, classified on the basis of biochemical and serological differences: S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii, and S. sonnei (1). Shigella sonnei is found mostly in industrialized countries; S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, and S. boydii are more prevalently found in developing countries. Of the estimated 164.7 million Shigella diarrheal episodes occurring globally every year, 99% of infections occur in developing countries and the majority of cases and deaths occur amongst children less than five years of age. Shigella transmission is by the fecal-oral route, including direct person-to-person contact and may be indirect through ingestion of contaminated food or water. It is most likely to occur in children and those who neglect to clean hands thoroughly, including under fingernails after defecation. In as much as Shigella spp. have obtained multiple antimicrobial resistances, the challenge for clinical management is distinguishing which drugs preserve their activity and clinical efficacy. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have suggested that sensitivity testing be accomplished to instruct selection of proper antimicrobial therapy for Shigellosis. Because antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Shigella may differ greatly in different geographical regions and over time, supervising resistance patterns is necessary to guide selection of appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment (2-4).

In the study by Esmaeili Dooki et al. in north of Iran, Shigella is the 2^nd most common cause of bloody and non-bloody diarrhea among bacterial gastroenteritis (5). In their study, all isolates of Shigella were resistant to cefixime (5). The study by Pourakbari et al., the rate of sensitivity to ceftriaxone was 95% (6). Therefore, antimicrobial resistance pattern of Shigella infections in infants and children is not adequately defined in this area. The aim of this study was to find frequency of shigellosis in children with diarrhea and antimicrobial resistance pattern among isolates.

Patients and Methods

This prospective cross sectional study was conducted in Taleghani Teaching Hospital, Abadan, Iran during June 2011 to May 2013. Seven hundred and five (n=705) stool samples were collected in clean open-mouth disposable containers from children who were clinically diagnosed as suffering from dysentery. All the samples were immediately sent to the laboratory for isolation and identification of Shigella organisms according to standard methods. Three different media and an enrichment medium were used for optimal isolation. The stool samples were primarily inoculated on MacConkey agar, xylose-lysine deoxycholate (XLD) agar, and Salmonella-Shigella (SS) agar. Enrichment was done in selenite F broth and incubated at 37°C for 6 hours. Subculture was done in the MacConkey agar, XLD agar and SS agar. Further incubation was done aerobically at 35-37°C for 18-24 hours. Subsequently, biochemical tests were used to confirm the bacteria including growth on TSI agar, SIM, Simmons citrate, and MR-VP reaction and etc. Identification and serotyping of Shigella were performed by doing slide agglutination test using Shigella polyvalent antiser (Denka Seiken Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan). Antimicrobial susceptibility of Shigella strains was determined by the disc diffusion method in accord with the guidelines of the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The antibiotics used were ampicillin (10μg), tetracycline (30μg), trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (1.25/23.75μg), nalidixic acid (30mg), ceftriaxone (30μg), chloramphenicol (30μg), ciprofloxacin (5μg), cefixime (5μg), and gentamicin (10μg) (Oxoid, UK). E. coli ATCC 25922 strain was used as quality control for susceptibility tests.

Results

In the current study, 705 stool samples were collected. During the study period Shigella species were isolated from stool specimens of 36/705 (5.1%) pediatric age group, admitted in pediatric ward. The predominant serogroup was S. flexneri 19 (52.7%) followed by S. sonnei 11(30.5%), S. boydii 4 (11.1%), and S. dysenteriae 2 (5.5%). Generally 392 (55.6%) of patients were female and 313 (44.4%) of them were male.

The predominant age group of patients who were positive for Shigella was between 1 year to 5 years and the least frequent affected age group was less than one year (Table 1).

Table 1.

Distribution of the age groups of children according to Shigella species

Age group (years)	S. flexneri n (%)	S. sonnei n (%)	n (%)	S. dysenteriae	Total n (%)
<1	2(10.5)	1(9)	0	0	3(8.3)
1-5	9(47.3)	6(54.5)	3(75)	2(100)	20(55.5)
6-11	5(26.3)	2(18.1)	1(25)	0	8(22.2)
12-15	3(15.7)	2(18.1)	0	0	5(13.8)
Total	19(52.7)	11(30.5)	4(11.1)	2(5.5)	36(100)

The antibiotic resistance patterns and also multidrug resistance rates of Shigella isolates was shown in Table 2. In the present study the resistant patterns of 9 different commonly applied antibiotics were as follows: trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (80.5%), ampicillin (63.8%), tetracycline (58.3%), gentamycin (36.1%), chloramphenicol (33.3%), nalidixic acid (27.7%), and cefixime (16.6%). All the shigella strains were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. Of the Shigella isolates, 47.2% were resistant to two or more antibiotic. The most common multidrug resistance pattern was to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, ampicillin, and tetracycline.

Table 2.

Antibiotic resistance patterns of the Shigella isolates according to the Shigella species

Antibiotic	S. flexneri n= 19 (%)	S. sonnei n= 11(%)	n= 4 (%)	S. dysenteriae	Total n= 36(%)
Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (1.25/23.75 μg)	17(89.4)	9(81.8)	2(50)	1(50)	29(80.5)
Ampicillin(10µg)	14(73.6)	7(63.6)	2(50)	0	23(63.8)
Tetracycline(30µg)	15(78.9)	5(45.4)	0	1(50)	21(58.3)
Nalidixic-acid (30mg)	4(21)	6(54.4)	0	0	10(27.7)
Ceftriaxone (30µg)	0	0	0	0	0
Ciprofloxacin(5µg)	0	0	0	0	0
Chloramphenicol (30µg)	6(31.5)	3(27.2)	2(50)	1(50)	12(33.3)
Gentamicin (10µg)	5(26.3)	7(63.6)	1(25)	0	13(36.1)
Cefixime (5µg)	4(21)	1(9)	1(25)	0	6(16.6)
MDR	14(73.6)	3(27.2)	0	0	17(47.2)

MDR: multidrug resistance

Discussion

Among diarrhoeagenic agents, Shigella should be emphasized because of its prevalence and the severity of the associated disease, accounting for 140 million cases globally per year and 60,000 deaths annually of which 60% occur in children below 5 years of age. The geographical distribution, frequency of occurrence and the pathogenicity of the four Shigella spp. are different by country and also different among populations within a country (7-10). In endemic regions of the developing countries, shigellosis is predominantly a pediatric disease, with the urban poor being hardest hit. In our present study, the prevalence of shigellosis was 5.1%, which is similar to other studies from other parts of the world, for example; Ghana (11), Dibrugarh, India (12), Cameroon (13), Vellore, and South India (14) that documented rates of 5%, 5.03%, 4.5%, and 5.4%, respectively. Other parts of Iran report dissimilar findings (15,16). Some studies used similar cultural methods and media, and also sampled all age groups reports dissimilar findings, for instance north of Iran (14.05%) (17), and Tehran (1%) (18).

In this study, we found S. flexneri was the most common species, and then followed by S. sonnei, which is comparable with studies in Pakistan (19), Kuwait (20), and India (12). In the study from Thailand, S. sonnei was the most frequent type, which was isolated from the patients (21). The predominant strains in other regions of Iran differ from our study for example in Shiraz (33) and Tehran (18), the commonest serogroup reported was S. sonnei followed by S. flexeneri. In another study from Tehran, S. sonnei was the most common isolates of Shigella (22).

The most frequent age group in this study was age 1-5 years, which was similar to other studies (23, 24). The least frequent affected age group was less than one year. In contrast to our findings, some reports from the United States (36) and Iran (16), indicating a rise in the average age of Shigella infection to 24 and ≥12 years respectively. The guiding principle for the select of antibiotic in developing countries comprise the attainability of the drug, worth, and the patterns of resistance in the community (25). Survey of existing data demonstrates a worldwide increase in antimicrobial resistance. Several studies from different parts of the world offered raise in resistance between various strains of Shigella against commonly used antibiotic such as trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, ampicillin, and tetracycline (26-28). In the present study majority of our Shigella isolates were resistant to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (80.5%), ampicillin (63.8%), and tetracycline (58.3%), which is in agreement with observations from Iran, India, Chile, and Nepal (17,29-31). The emergence of resistant to this drugs that utilized as an empirical therapy for treatment of shigellosis may be due to excessive and inappropriate use of them in the study area. Similarly high rates of resistance to the trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, ampicillin, and tetracycline of 92.2%, 65.6%, and 65.6%, respectively, were reported in Iran (18). Multidrug-resistant patterns among bacterial pathogens are now common in developing countries (32). In the present study, 47.2% of Shigella, isolates was resistant to two or more antibiotic including trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, ampicillin, and tetracycline. This is similar to other observations in many parts of the world (11,33-35). Notably, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, ampicillin, and tetracycline had no appropriate role in the empirical treatment of shigellosis in this region.

In our study, Shigella was resistant against cefixime in 0-25% according to different isolates. However, in another study from North of Iran, all isolates were resistant to cefixime (5).

In our study no resistance was found against ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. This is similar to results of the studies from Iran (5,15,36) and Kuwait (20) in which all the isolated bacteria showed susceptibility to these antibiotics. However Jain SK et al. (37) and Moez Ardalan K et al. (16) also indicate ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin have been shown to be highly effective for treatment of shigellosis. On the other hand a recent report from Andaman Islands, India (38) described an increase of resistance among shigella isolates to ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin.

In conclusion, S. flexneri was the predominant species. Hence, we suggest reconsideration of the empiric use of these antimicrobial agents for the treatment of shigellosis. Clinicians should be informed of the vast multidrug resistance rates of Shigella spp., especially resistance to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole and ampicillin. There was no resistance against ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin.