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. 1986 Winter;8(2):77–85.

Urban and rural hospitals: How do they differ?

James M Hatten, Rose E Connerton
PMCID: PMC4191541  PMID: 10312014

Abstract

When the Health Care Financing Administration implemented the Medicare prospective payment system (PPS), the payment rates for inpatient hospital operating costs were derived on an urban and rural basis within each region. The rates were also adjusted for area wage levels and other factors affecting hospital costs. The effect of PPS on rural hospitals is of widespread interest. This article provides data on rural and urban hospital facilities, utilization, and charges, as of April 1985. Almost 48 percent of the 5,821 short stay hospitals included in the PPS recalibration file for Federal fiscal year 1984 are located in rural areas. Rural and urban areas are designated by the Executive Office of Management and Budget or, in some instances, by regulation.

Differences

Comparison of facilities and rates

Although about equal in number nationally, rural hospitals differ markedly from urban hospitals in other characteristics and utilization. Rural hospitals are much smaller—less than one-third the size of urban hospitals in average bed size (76 beds to 252 beds per hospital). Rural hospitals have about one-fourth the total number (or 2.6 million) of Medicare discharges. Rural hospitals have a utilization rate (as measured by Medicare discharges per hospital), about one-third that for urban hospitals, 945 versus 2,704. The average length of stay for rural hospitals is two days shorter per Medicare discharge (7.4 days and 9.5 days, respectively). Rural hospitals account for only 15 percent of the more than $52 billion in total inpatient charges for Medicare stays.

Charges per discharge

Total charges per discharge in rural hospitals are only slightly more than one-half (56 percent) of total charges in urban hospitals, ($3,007 versus $5,367). Ancillary charges per discharge in rural hospitals follow a similar pattern ($1,782 versus $3,072). As a percent of total charges, ancillary charges are slightly higher in rural hospitals than in urban hospitals, 59 percent and 57 percent, respectively.

Case-mix index

The average case-mix index (CMI) reflects the relative costliness of treating a mix of cases compared to a national mix of cases. For rural hospitals, the CMI is 1.0229, compared to an average of 1.1423 for urban hospitals.

State differences

Distribution of hospitals

The distribution of rural and urban hospitals by State varies widely. The District of Columbia, New Jersey, and Rhode Island are classified as completely urban and have no rural hospitals. Another 14 States have less than 50 percent of the total hospitals classified as rural hospitals. Arizona and Indiana have an equal number of each. The remaining 32 States have a higher proportion of rural hospitals than urban hospitals, with Idaho, Montana, and South Dakota having more than 90 percent of their hospitals classified as rural.

Discharges

More than 50 percent of all Medicare discharges from rural hospitals occur in just 14 of the 48 States that have rural hospitals. In three of these States— Idaho, Mississippi, and Vermont—rural hospital discharges exceed 75 percent of the total number of discharges. In contrast, fewer than 5 percent of the discharges in California, Connecticut, and Massachusetts are from rural hospitals. The range of variation in the number of Medicare discharges per hospital is large from 134 discharges per rural hospital in Alaska to 4,857 discharges per urban hospital in Delaware.

Average length of stay

Variation in the average length of stay (ALOS) is significant between States, and between rural and urban hospitals within States. New York has the longest ALOS, 13.7 days, comprised of 13.9 days for urban hospitals, and 12.2 days for rural hospitals. Short-stay hospitals in Idaho have the shortest ALOS, 6.3 days. The State of Oregon has the shortest ALOS for urban hospitals, 6.6 days, and Utah has the shortest ALOS for rural hospitals, 5.4 days.

Nationally, the difference in ALOS between urban and rural hospitals is 2.1 days. Of the 48 States that have rural hospitals, 40 States have absolute differences between urban and rural hospital ALOS lower than the absolute difference for the national urban and rural ALOS. The difference in ALOS between urban and rural hospitals in the State of Idaho is a mere one-half day; the differences in the States of Alaska and Hawaii approach 3 days.

Total charges per discharge

Total charges per discharge by State for all hospitals are nearly three times higher in the District of Columbia ($8,659) than in Mississippi ($3,050). Total charges per discharge are higher in urban hospitals than in rural hospitals in every State. The differences in two States, West Virginia and New Hampshire, are minimal, where charges in rural hospitals are 80 and 94 percent of charges in urban hospitals, respectively. At the other extreme, total charges per discharge in rural hospitals in Nevada reached only 40 percent of charges in urban hospitals. The lowest total charges per discharge for urban hospitals, $3,666, are found in the State of Arkansas. The highest average charges per discharge for urban hospitals are in the District of Columbia, $8,659. Minnesota has the lowest charges per discharge, $2,347, for rural hospitals, and California has the highest, $4,734.

Ancillary charges per discharge

Ancillary charges per discharge for all hospitals by State vary by a factor in excess of three. For example, ancillary charges per discharge in Nevada ($5,276) are three times higher than in Vermont ($1,695). For rural hospitals, Minnesota ($1,255) and California ($3,049) are at the extreme ends of the range of ancillary charges per discharge, as was the case for total charges per discharge. For urban hospital ancillary charges per discharge, the range is defined by the States of New Hampshire, $2,037 and Nevada, $5,713. By State, ancillary charges as a percent of total charges for rural hospitals are characterized by less variation, with Vermont beginning the range at 45 percent, and Louisiana limiting the range at 71 percent. The range for urban hospitals extends from 43 percent in New York to 72 percent in Nevada.

Figure 1. Percent distribution of rural and urban hospitals, beds, discharges, and total charges: Federal fiscal year 1984 Recalibration File.

Figure 1

Table 1. Number and percent distribution of urban and rural hospitals, by State: Federal fiscal year 19841.

State Total Urban hospitals Rural hospitals


Number Percent Number Percent
United States 5,821 3,041 52.2 2,780 47.8
Alabama 129 56 43.4 73 56.6
Alaska 22 3 13.6 19 86.4
Arizona 72 36 50.0 36 50.0
Arkansas 96 19 19.8 77 80.2
California 486 425 87.4 61 12.6
Colorado 80 33 41.3 47 58.8
Connecticut 35 33 94.3 2 5.7
Delaware 7 3 42.9 4 57.1
District of Columbia 11 11 100.0 0 0.0
Florida 217 177 81.6 40 18.4
Georgia 166 68 41.0 98 59.0
Hawaii 19 9 47.4 10 52.6
Idaho 45 2 4.4 43 95.6
Illinois 240 149 62.1 91 37.9
Indiana 118 59 50.0 59 50.0
Iowa 130 26 20.0 104 80.0
Kansas 145 21 14.5 124 85.5
Kentucky 106 30 28.3 76 71.7
Louisiana 144 69 47.9 75 52.1
Maine 45 19 42.2 26 57.8
Maryland 53 46 86.8 7 13.2
Massachusetts 110 104 94.5 6 5.5
Michigan 204 124 60.8 80 39.2
Minnesota 171 55 32.2 116 67.8
Mississippi 118 15 12.7 103 87.3
Missouri 151 73 48.3 78 51.7
Montana 63 4 6.3 59 93.7
Nebraska 99 13 13.1 86 86.9
Nevada 24 13 54.2 11 45.8
New Hampshire 27 13 48.1 14 51.9
New Jersey 94 94 100.0 0 0.0
New Mexico 49 11 22.4 38 77.6
New York 260 202 77.7 58 22.3
North Carolina 134 51 38.1 83 61.9
North Dakota 54 8 14.8 46 85.2
Ohio 194 126 64.9 68 35.1
Oklahoma 132 44 33.3 88 66.7
Oregon 75 34 45.3 41 54.7
Pennsylvania 228 181 79.4 47 20.6
Rhode Island 14 14 100.0 0 0.0
South Carolina 73 33 45.2 40 54.8
South Dakota 63 5 7.9 58 92.1
Tennessee 147 69 46.9 78 53.1
Texas 471 241 51.2 230 48.8
Utah 39 16 41.0 23 59.0
Vermont 16 2 12.5 14 87.5
Virginia 102 56 54.9 46 45.1
Washington 105 56 53.3 49 46.7
West Virginia 66 19 28.8 47 71.2
Wisconsin 145 68 46.9 77 53.1
Wyoming 27 3 11.1 24 88.9
1

Prospective payment system recalibration file.

Table 2. Number of beds and average bed size of urban and rural hospitals, by State: Federal fiscal year 19841.

State Total Urban Rural



Number of beds Average bed size Number of beds Average bed size Number of beds Average bed size
United States 976,787 168 766,610 252 210,177 76
Alabama 19,345 150 13,809 247 5,536 76
Alaska 1,255 57 601 200 654 34
Arizona 10,419 145 8,309 231 2,110 59
Arkansas 10,892 113 4,928 259 5,964 77
California 82,109 169 78,967 186 3,142 52
Colorado 10,978 137 8,794 266 2,184 46
Connecticut 10,677 305 10,374 314 303 152
Delaware 2,026 289 1,408 469 618 155
District of Columbia 4,438 403 4,438 403 0
Florida 50,557 233 47,037 266 3,520 88
Georgia 24,552 148 16,227 239 8,325 85
Hawaii 2,356 124 1,796 200 560 56
Idaho 2,884 64 521 261 2,363 55
Illinois 55,549 231 46,525 312 9,024 99
Indiana 24,465 207 18,254 309 6,211 105
Iowa 14,827 114 7,954 306 6,873 66
Kansas 12,663 87 5,901 281 6,762 55
Kentucky 15,589 147 8,549 285 7,040 93
Louisiana 19,824 138 14,754 214 5,070 68
Maine 4,681 104 2,769 146 1,912 74
Maryland 14,876 281 13,872 302 1,004 143
Massachusetts 25,241 229 24,572 236 669 112
Michigan 38,183 187 32,132 259 6,051 76
Minnesota 18,783 110 13,117 238 5,666 49
Mississippi 12,858 109 3,471 231 9,387 91
Missouri 28,247 187 20,857 286 7,390 95
Montana 3,696 59 979 245 2,717 46
Nebraska 8,937 90 3,858 297 5,079 59
Nevada 3,409 142 3,033 233 376 34
New Hampshire 3,206 119 1,971 152 1,235 88
New Jersey 29,135 310 29,135 310 0
New Mexico 4,319 88 2,200 200 2,119 56
New York 73,493 283 67,126 332 6,367 110
North Carolina 23,163 173 13,483 264 9,680 117
North Dakota 3,753 70 1,545 193 2,208 48
Ohio 49,014 253 40,563 322 8,451 124
Oklahoma 14,434 109 8,932 203 5,502 63
Oregon 8,998 120 6,261 184 2,737 67
Pennsylvania 52,686 231 45,898 254 6,788 144
Rhode Island 3,465 248 3,465 248 0
South Carolina 11,204 153 7,079 215 4,125 103
South Dakota 3,776 60 1,200 240 2,576 44
Tennessee 25,149 171 18,671 271 6,478 83
Texas 63,724 135 51,188 212 12,536 55
Utah 4,351 112 3,405 213 946 41
Vermont 2,059 129 643 322 1,416 101
Virginia 21,627 212 15,978 285 5,649 123
Washington 11,820 113 9,386 168 2,434 50
West Virginia 10,069 153 4,688 247 5,381 114
Wisconsin 21,292 147 15,419 227 5,873 76
Wyoming 1,734 64 568 189 1,166 49
1

Prospective payment system recalibration file.

Table 3. Number and percent of Medicare discharges from urban and rural hospitals, by State: Federal fiscal year 19841.

State Total discharges Urban hospital discharges Rural hospital discharges


Number Percent Number Percent
United States 10,849,957 8,224,020 75.8 2,625,937 24.2
Alabama 218,616 153,048 70.0 65,568 30.0
Alaska 4,852 2,314 47.7 2,538 52.3
Arizona 122,380 102,643 83.9 19,737 16.1
Arkansas 157,476 66,347 42.1 91,129 57.9
California 912,430 870,446 95.4 41,984 4.6
Colorado 97,127 76,589 78.9 20,538 21.1
Connecticut 128,720 124,407 96.6 4,313 3.4
Delaware 23,427 14,571 62.2 8,856 37.8
District of Columbia 30,676 30,676 100.0 0 0.0
Florida 699,923 638,748 91.3 61,175 8.7
Georgia 271,506 163,479 60.2 108,027 39.8
Hawaii 23,862 18,226 76.4 5,636 23.6
Idaho 36,231 7,421 20.5 28,810 79.5
Illinois 540,106 423,031 78.3 117,075 21.7
Indiana 264,559 189,918 71.8 74,641 28.2
Iowa 154,012 77,202 50.1 76,810 49.9
Kansas 133,083 56,997 42.8 76,086 57.2
Kentucky 186,866 91,592 49.0 95,274 51.0
Louisiana 204,995 142,002 69.3 62,993 30.7
Maine 60,673 33,307 54.9 27,366 45.1
Maryland 160,007 144,788 90.5 15,219 9.5
Massachusetts 300,210 288,156 96.0 12,054 4.0
Michigan 401,317 323,615 80.6 77,702 19.4
Minnesota 194,341 124,490 64.1 69,851 35.9
Mississippi 159,399 39,099 24.5 120,300 75.5
Missouri 305,499 213,143 69.8 92,356 30.2
Montana 38,140 12,172 31.9 25,968 68.1
Nebraska 96,539 43,728 45.3 52,811 54.7
Nevada 33,752 29,864 88.5 3,888 11.5
New Hampshire 37,744 22,312 59.1 15,432 40.9
New Jersey 321,934 321,934 100.0 0 0.0
New Mexico 44,195 21,970 49.7 22,225 50.3
New York 764,866 677,797 88.6 87,069 11.4
North Carolina 246,532 139,861 56.7 106,671 43.3
North Dakota 47,676 21,394 44.9 26,282 55.1
Ohio 453,186 374,353 82.6 78,833 17.4
Oklahoma 166,403 94,170 56.6 72,233 43.4
Oregon 120,989 83,754 69.2 37,235 30.8
Pennsylvania 678,550 582,355 85.8 96,195 14.2
Rhode Island 46,475 46,475 100.0 0 0.0
South Carolina 124,892 79,602 63.7 45,290 36.3
South Dakota 44,173 15,405 34.9 28,768 65.1
Tennessee 299,096 208,245 69.6 90,851 30.4
Texas 674,777 505,110 74.9 169,667 25.1
Utah 37,523 29,268 78.0 8,255 22.0
Vermont 21,614 5,342 24.7 16,272 75.3
Virginia 221,233 146,549 66.2 74,684 33.8
Washington 167,003 130,642 78.2 36,361 21.8
West Virginia 123,400 52,836 42.8 70,564 57.2
Wisconsin 231,656 157,898 68.2 73,758 31.8
Wyoming 15,316 4,729 30.9 10,587 69.1
1

Prospective payment system recalibration file.

Table 4. Medicare discharges per urban and rural hospital, average length of stay, and case-mix index, by State: Federal fiscal year 19841.

State Total Urban Rural



Discharges per hospital ALOS in days CMI Discharges per hospital ALOS in days CMI Discharges per hospital ALOS in days CMI
United States 1,864 9.0 1.1134 2,704 9.5 1.1423 945 7.4 1.0229
Alabama 1,695 8.1 1.0812 2,733 8.4 1.1169 898 7.2 0.9979
Alaska 221 7.8 1.0572 771 9.3 1.1358 134 6.5 0.9856
Arizona 1,700 7.8 1.1613 2,851 8.1 1.1837 548 6.5 1.0449
Arkansas 1,640 7.2 1.0531 3,492 7.9 1.1276 1,183 6.7 0.9988
California 1,877 7.6 1.1649 2,048 7.7 1.1684 688 6.2 1.0931
Colorado 1,214 7.7 1.1245 2,321 8.1 1.1464 437 6.4 1.0426
Connecticut 3,678 9.7 1.1944 3,770 9.7 1.1966 2,157 8.8 1.1302
Delaware 3,347 10.4 1.1038 4,857 11.0 1.1285 2,214 9.5 1.0632
District of Columbia 2,789 12.2 1.1956 2,789 12.2 1.1956 0
Florida 3,225 8.3 1.1346 3,609 8.5 1.1437 1,529 7.0 1.0400
Georgia 1,636 7.5 1.0964 2,404 8.1 1.1509 1,102 6.6 1.0139
Hawaii 1,256 8.7 1.2053 2,025 9.4 1.2463 564 6.6 1.0730
Idaho 805 6.3 1.1131 3,711 6.7 1.3119 670 6.2 1.0619
Illinois 2,250 9.6 1.1003 2,839 10.1 1.1271 1,287 7.8 1.0033
Indiana 2,242 8.8 1.1014 3,219 9.2 1.1363 1,265 7.7 1.0124
Iowa 1,185 8.0 1.1185 2,969 9.0 1.1924 739 6.9 1.0442
Kansas 918 7.7 1.1021 2,714 8.3 1.1974 614 7.2 1.0307
Kentucky 1,763 8.4 1.0696 3,053 9.2 1.1256 1,254 7.7 1.0158
Louisiana 1,424 7.8 1.0727 2,058 8.2 1.1194 840 6.7 0.9676
Maine 1,348 8.4 1.1096 1,753 9.2 1.1560 1,053 7.4 1.0531
Maryland 3,019 10.3 1.0968 3,148 10.4 1.0971 2,174 9.3 1.0938
Massachusetts 2,729 11.5 1.0876 2,771 11.6 1.0890 2,009 9.3 1.0539
Michigan 1,967 9.2 1.1085 2,610 9.5 1.1249 971 7.6 1.0400
Minnesota 1,136 7.5 1.1600 2,263 8.1 1.2235 602 6.5 1.0468
Mississippi 1,351 7.7 1.0148 2,607 8.5 1.1003 1,168 7.4 0.9870
Missouri 2,023 8.7 1.1173 2,920 9.3 1.1611 1,184 7.4 1.0161
Montana 605 6.9 1.1147 3,043 8.1 1.2339 440 6.4 1.0588
Nebraska 975 7.8 1.0793 3,364 8.7 1.1630 614 7.0 1.0100
Nevada 1,406 7.8 1.1737 2,297 8.0 1.1917 353 5.6 1.0353
New Hampshire 1,398 8.5 1.0913 1,716 8.9 1.0855 1,102 7.9 1.0998
New Jersey 3,425 12.0 1.1278 3,425 12.0 1.1278 0
New Mexico 902 7.2 1.1105 1,997 7.7 1.1838 585 6.8 1.0381
New York 2,942 13.7 1.0892 3,355 13.9 1.0980 1,501 12.2 1.0206
North Carolina 1,840 8.7 1.1218 2,742 9.2 1.1638 1,285 7.9 1.0667
North Dakota 883 7.7 1.0750 2,674 8.8 1.2036 571 6.7 0.9704
Ohio 2,336 9.2 1.1299 2,971 9.5 1.1509 1,159 7.8 1.0302
Oklahoma 1,261 7.7 1.0971 2,140 8.2 1.1635 821 7.1 1.0105
Oregon 1,613 6.4 1.1658 2,463 6.6 1.2073 908 6.0 1.0725
Pennsylvania 2,976 9.9 1.1197 3,217 10.1 1.1302 2,047 8.6 1.0561
Rhode Island 3,320 10.2 1.1638 3,320 10.2 1.1638 0
South Carolina 1,711 8.7 1.1144 2,412 9.0 1.1526 1,132 8.1 1.0472
South Dakota 701 7.2 1.0611 3,081 8.3 1.1931 496 6.6 0.9905
Tennessee 2,035 8.6 1.0677 3,018 9.1 1.1134 1,165 7.4 0.9629
Texas 1,433 8.0 1.1002 2,096 8.4 1.1389 738 6.9 0.9848
Utah 962 6.5 1.2264 1,829 6.8 1.2793 359 5.4 1.0392
Vermont 1,351 8.8 1.1206 2,671 9.9 1.3323 1,162 8.5 1.0511
Virginia 2,169 9.2 1.0932 2,617 9.7 1.1339 1,624 8.3 1.0132
Washington 1,591 6.6 1.1828 2,333 7.0 1.2110 742 5.5 1.0817
West Virginia 1,870 8.1 1.0533 2,781 8.7 1.0984 1,501 7.6 1.0195
Wisconsin 1,598 8.3 1.1285 2,322 8.8 1.1576 958 7.0 1.0663
Wyoming 567 7.4 1.0373 1,576 9.2 1.1181 441 6.6 1.0012
1

Prospective payment system recalibration file.

NOTES: ALOS is average length of stay. CMI is case-mix index.

Table 5. Total charge per Medicare discharge, ancillary charge, and percent of ancillary charge to total for rural and urban hospitals, by State: Federal fiscal year 19841.

State Total Urban Rural



Total charge per discharge Ancillary charge per discharge Percent Total charge per discharge Ancillary charge per discharge Percent Total charge per discharge Ancillary charge per discharge Percent
United States $4,796 $2,760 57.5 $5,367 $3,072 57.2 $3,007 $1,782 59.3
Alabama 4,454 3,032 68.1 5,009 3,400 67.9 3,159 2,174 68.8
Alaska 5,320 2,506 47.1 6,848 3,180 46.4 3,926 1,891 48.2
Arizona 4,907 3,037 61.9 5,227 3,220 61.6 3,246 2,085 64.2
Arkansas 3,063 1,951 63.7 3,666 2,349 64.1 2,625 1,661 63.3
California 6,533 3,930 60.2 6,620 3,973 60.0 4,734 3,049 64.4
Colorado 4,449 2,615 58.8 4,808 2,854 59.4 3,111 1,726 55.5
Connecticut 4,939 2,713 54.9 4,985 2,745 55.1 3,633 1,778 48.9
Delaware 4,804 2,359 49.1 5,390 2,544 47.2 3,839 2,055 53.5
District of Columbia 8,659 4,368 50.4 8,659 4,368 50.4 0 0 0.0
Florida 5,327 3,638 68.3 5,468 3,734 68.3 3,854 2,635 68.4
Georgia 3,631 2,397 66.0 4,191 2,744 65.5 2,785 1,872 67.2
Hawaii 5,193 2,959 57.0 5,818 3,353 57.6 3,171 1,685 53.2
Idaho 3,169 1,828 57.7 3,837 2,263 59.0 2,996 1,716 57.3
Illinois 5,724 3,212 56.1 6,428 3,597 56.0 3,181 1,820 57.2
Indiana 3,712 2,054 55.3 4,156 2,323 55.9 2,583 1,371 53.1
Iowa 3,594 2,051 57.1 4,553 2,617 57.5 2,631 1,483 56.4
Kansas 3,607 2,126 58.9 4,853 3,053 62.9 2,673 1,431 53.5
Kentucky 3,610 1,975 54.7 4,315 2,292 53.1 2,933 1,671 57.0
Louisiana 4,146 2,810 67.8 4,690 3,138 66.9 2,922 2,069 70.8
Maine 4,321 2,405 55.7 4,895 2,744 56.0 3,621 1,993 55.0
Maryland 4,308 2,076 48.2 4,451 2,137 48.0 2,954 1,493 50.5
Massachusetts 5,474 2,842 51.9 5,544 2,877 51.9 3,788 1,995 52.7
Michigan 5,509 2,874 52.2 6,019 3,134 52.1 3,388 1,793 52.9
Minnesota 3,663 2,040 55.7 4,402 2,480 56.3 2,347 1,255 53.5
Mississippi 3,050 2,121 69.5 4,042 2,908 71.9 2,728 1,865 68.4
Missouri 4,674 2,868 61.4 5,378 3,313 61.6 3,052 1,842 60.3
Montana 3,477 1,968 56.6 4,681 2,720 58.1 2,912 1,615 55.4
Nebraska 3,493 2,216 63.4 4,824 3,229 66.9 2,390 1,377 57.6
Nevada 7,349 5,276 71.8 7,890 5,713 72.4 3,193 1,922 60.2
New Hampshire 3,848 1,967 51.1 3,940 2,037 51.7 3,714 1,865 50.2
New Jersey 4,570 2,141 46.8 4,570 2,141 46.8 0 0 0.0
New Mexico 4,298 2,717 63.2 5,134 3,295 64.2 3,471 2,146 61.8
New York 5,922 2,530 42.7 6,246 2,647 42.4 3,403 1,620 47.6
North Carolina 3,543 2,129 60.1 3,983 2,393 60.1 2,966 1,784 60.2
North Dakota 3,662 2,167 59.2 4,761 2,935 61.6 2,768 1,542 55.7
Ohio 4,742 2,460 51.9 5,068 2,618 51.7 3,197 1,711 53.5
Oklahoma 4,013 2,646 65.9 4,785 3,227 67.4 3,005 1,887 62.8
Oregon 3,942 2,183 55.4 4,242 2,347 55.3 3,265 1,814 55.6
Pennsylvania 6,153 3,388 55.1 6,526 3,601 55.2 3,896 2,102 53.9
Rhode Island 4,440 2,160 48.6 4,440 2,160 48.6 0 0 0.6
South Carolina 3,928 2,497 63.6 4,328 2,811 64.9 3,225 1,947 60.4
South Dakota 3,159 1,850 58.6 4,160 2,518 60.5 2,623 1,492 56.9
Tennessee 4,154 2,769 66.7 4,783 3,211 67.1 2,713 1,756 64.7
Texas 3,977 2,582 64.9 4,513 2,957 65.5 2,381 1,467 61.6
Utah 3,592 2,161 60.2 3,893 2,344 60.2 2,524 1,512 59.9
Vermont 3,631 1,695 46.7 4,981 2,524 50.7 3,188 1,423 44.6
Virginia 4,352 2,585 59.4 4,916 2,919 59.4 3,245 1,928 59.4
Washington 3,788 2,063 54.5 4,042 2,193 54.3 2,873 1,595 55.5
West Virginia 3,715 2,236 60.2 4,202 2,493 59.3 3,350 2,043 61.0
Wisconsin 3,791 2,261 59.6 4,287 2,528 59.0 2,727 1,688 61.9
Wyoming 3,351 2,026 60.5 4,072 2,370 58.2 3,029 1,872 61.8
1

Prospective payment system recalibration file.

Footnotes

Reprint requests: James M. Hatten, Room l-F-2 Oak Meadows Building, 6325 Security Boulevard, Baltimore, Maryland 21207.


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