Abstract
Background
The resazurin microtiter assay (classic REMA), a colorimetric liquid culture-based drug susceptibility assay for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), has been endorsed by the World Health Organization. The assay requires 8-16 days to obtain results, delaying management of drug resistant tuberculosis patients. A modified REMA which allows results in as little as 24 hours for bacterial strains, has been developed and validated using Staphylococcus aureus, but has not yet been evaluated for MTB. Therefore we assessed the performance of the modified REMA for rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH) susceptibility, using the classic REMA as the reference standard. We also compared simplicity (from the technicians’ point of view), time taken to obtain results (rank-sum testing), specificity and Kappa statistics of the two methods.
Results
The modified REMA, which is a one-step procedure, was found to be simpler to perform and results were obtained in a significantly shorter time (5 versus 9 days, p < 0.0001) compared to the classic REMA due to addition of indicator and strain at the same time. The specificity of the modified REMA was low {46.8% (35.5% - 58.4%) for RIF and 13.9% (7.2% - 23.5%) for INH}. Kappa statistics were 16.0% for RIF and 2.0% for INH. Low specificity and kappa statistics are due to indicator reduction by the strains before complete drug activity.
Conclusion
Although modified REMA is faster and simpler compared to classic REMA, it is not reliable for MTB drug susceptibility testing.
Background
The global emergence of drug resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) underscores the need for rapid detection of drug resistance. Standard agar proportion methods are accurate and low-cost, but take weeks to obtain a result. The GeneXpert MTB/RIF molecular assay [1], which has been endorsed by World Health Organization (WHO) [2], is sensitive, rapid and relatively easy to use. However, it remains costly in resource-limited settings [3,4].
Colorimetric methods of drug susceptibility testing produce results more quickly than standard culture methods [5] and are less costly than molecular methods [2]. For example, the resazurin microtiter assay (REMA), which relies on an oxidation-reduction reaction to induce a blue to pink color change in the presence of live bacteria [6-8], was endorsed by WHO for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) drug sensitivity testing (DST) [2]. Sarker et al. have proposed a modification of the classic REMA, to simplify procedures and enable more rapid susceptibility results [9]. The modified REMA shortens the protocol by addition of the isolate and redox indicators at the same time, and has been validated for Staphylococcus aureus. However, it has not been evaluated for detection of drug resistance with MTB. We evaluated the performance of the modified REMA for detecting isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF) susceptibility of MTB strains, using the classic REMA as the reference standard.
Methods and materials, results, and discussion
We tested archived MTB strains from the National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory in Kampala, and Epicentre Mbarara Research Centre in Mbarara, Uganda. MTB strains were grown in Middlebrook 7H9 broth (Difco Laboratories, MI, USA) 70 supplemented with 10% albumin– dextrose complex, 0.5% (v/v) glycerol and 0.1% (w/v) casitone and diluted 1:10 of 1.0 McFarland turbidity using Middlebrook 7H9-S broth [10].
We first defined the genetic identity and drug susceptibility for the strains using the MTBDR-Plus Version 2 (HAIN Lifescience, Nehren Germany). We then grew the strains with REMA reagents using both the classic REMA and modified REMA methods. For the classic REMA, we followed standard protocols, as described previously [7,11,12]. Briefly, we incubated the strain-drug mixtures at 37°C for seven days, then added 0.02% resazurin indicator and recorded any color changes (from blue to pink) after 48 hours. In contrast, for the modified REMA [9], we added the strain, drugs and indicator (0.02%) at the same time, incubated at 37°C, and assessed for color changes daily. We measured minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of INH and RIF (Sigma-Aldrich, Milwaukee, WI, USA) [10] by serially diluting the drugs. We defined the MIC for each strain as the lowest concentration of a drug that had no color change (Figure 1). Laboratory technicians recorded data on time taken from culture to DST results.
Figure 1.
A REMA plate showing color change.
We categorized strains as sensitive or resistant to RIF and INH by MIC thresholds of ≤0.5 and >0.5; and ≤0.25 and >0.25, respectively [10]. We calculated the sensitivity and specificity of INH and RIF DST by the modified REMA, comparing it to the classic REMA and Hain MTBDR-Plus assays as the reference standards. We also compared paired MIC results of the classic and modified REMA using kappa testing. Finally, we compared time from culture to DST results between the classic and modified REMA tests using non-parametric rank-sum testing. We used Stata version 12.0 (College Station, Texas, USA) for all statistical analyses.
The study was approved by the Institutional Review Committee of Mbarara University of Science and Technology (reference no. 14/09-12), and permission to conduct the study was granted by Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (ref. HS 1312).
All 81 strains tested were confirmed as MTB by the MDR-TB Hain assay. Of these, 78 were susceptible to both RIF and INH, one was mono resistant to RIF, one was mono resistant to INH, and one was resistant to both INH and RIF (MDR). Classic REMA results were in perfect agreement with the MTBDR Plus Hain assay results.
Compared to classic REMA, sensitivity and specificity of the modified REMA were 100% (2/2, 15.8-100) and 13.9% (11/79, 7.16-23.5) for INH, and 100% (2/2, 15.8- 100) and 46.8% (37/79, 35.5-58.4) for RIF (Table 1). Because the classic REMA and Hain assays were in perfect agreement, our estimates were similar with both reference standards. Comparative MIC results for the classic REMA and modified REMA for paired MTB strains were significantly different for both RIF (k = 0.16) (Table 2) and INH (k = 0.02) (Table 3). For the modified REMA assay, 30/81 (37%) and 64/81 (79%) strains grew in the maximum concentration of rifampicin and isoniazid, respectively. Laboratory technologists found the modified REMA subjectively easier to perform compared to the classic REMA, and modified REMA yielded faster results (median time to results was 5 versus 9 days; P < 0.0001).
Table 1.
Diagnostic accuracy of the classic and modified resazurin microtiter assay versus the MTBDR Plus Hain assay for detection of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis
| Sensitivity | Specificity | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| x/y (%) | 95% CI | x/y (%) | 95% CI | |
| RIF | ||||
| Classic REMA | 2/2 (100) | 15.8 - 100 | 79/79 (100) | 95.4 - 100 |
| Modified REMA | 2/2 (100) | 15.8 - 100 | 37/79 (46.8) | 35.5 - 58.4 |
| INH | ||||
| Classic REMA | 2/2 (100) | 15.8 - 100 | 79/79 (100) | 95.4 - 100 |
| Modified REMA | 2/2 (100) | 15.8 - 100 | 11/79 (13.9) | 7.2 - 23.5 |
RIF: rifampicin: INH- isoniazid; REMA: resazurin microtiter assay.
Table 2.
Paired comparison of minimum inhibitor concentrations of Rifampicin for the modified and classic resazurin microtiter assays for detection of drug susceptibility in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
| Rifampicin | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Modified REMA MIC | ||||||||
| MIC | 0.0625 | 0.125 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | ≥4 | |
| Classic REMA MIC | 0.0625 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 2 |
| 0.125 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
| 0.25 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 8 | |
| 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 19 | |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| ≥4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
κ = 0.16.
Table 3.
Paired comparison of minimum inhibitor concentrations of Isoniazid for the modified and classic resazurin microtiter assays for detection of drug susceptibility in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
| Isoniazid | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Modified REMA MIC | ||||||||
| MIC | 0.03125 | 0.0625 | 0.125 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 1 | ≥2 | |
| Classic REMA MIC | 0.03125 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 14 |
| 0.0625 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | |
| 0.125 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 29 | |
| 0.25 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | |
| 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
κ = 0.02.
REMA: Resazurin microtiter assay; MIC: minimum inhibitory concentration measured in mg/ml.
In summary we found that the modified REMA is a rapid and simple DST for MTB. Unfortunately, it has unacceptably poor specificity for detection of both RIF and INH resistance, limiting its applicability. The poor performance of the modified REMA can likely be explained by the requirement to add all reagents simultaneously and the slow growth patterns of MTB. Both INH and RIF primarily target actively dividing cells in the log growth phase. MTB is slow growing, therefore, addition of the indicator simultaneously with the drug might allow the enzymatic reaction of the indicator before the antimycobacterial agents have ample time to inhibit growth. Because the reduction of resazurin is an irreversible reaction [2,6] a susceptible strain may be falsely indicated as resistant. This same phenomenon would not be expected to occur with faster growing organisms with a shorter log phase, for example, S. aureus. Thus, while reducing time to results, the early mixing step likely contributes to low specificity. Alternative manipulations of the classic REMA assay should be pursued to help decrease time for DST results while enabling accurate results. In this study, we provide data to suggest that the resazurin indicator does not inhibit MTB growth, as has been previously speculated. Therefore, to exploit the short time required to complete the modified REMA assay, future work should evaluate its utility for rapid diagnosis of TB from sputum samples, without a focus on drug suceptibility.
Conclusion
Although modified REMA is faster and simpler than the classic REMA, it is not reliable for MTB DST testing due to poor specificity for detection of both INH and RIF resistance. It should not be recommended as a DST for MTB, although its utility as a rapid diagnostic test for MTB in sputum samples should be further evaluated.
Acknowledgements
Technical support was provided by; Kenneth Schultz, Mario Chan, Suzanne Fisher and Yolanda Müller who critically reviewed the manuscript, the National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory -Uganda, JCRC Mengo-Uganda and Epicentre Mbarara Research Centre TB laboratory especially Dan Nyehangane, Ivan Mugisha Taremwa, John Mary Ngattu, Juliet Mwanga-Amumpaire and Patrick Orikiriza.
Funding
This work was supported by Belgian Embassy Development Agency, Uganda and The Council for Frontiers of Knowledge (The CFK).
Footnotes
Authors’ contributions
VK participated in study conception and design, data acquisition, analysis and interpretation, manuscript drafting and revising and has given final approval of the version for publication. MJS participated in data analysis and interpretation, manuscript drafting and revising and has given final approval of the version for publication. YB participated in study conception and design, data acquisition, analysis and interpretation, manuscript drafting and revising and has given final approval of the version for publication.
Contributor Information
Victoria Katawera, Email: victoriaktwr32@gmail.com.
Mark Siedner, Email: MSIEDNER@mgh.harvard.edu.
Yap Boum II, Email: yap.boum@epicentre.msf.org.
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