Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America logoLink to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
. 1995 May 9;92(10):4631–4635. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.10.4631

Mutational analysis of the conserved region 2 site of adenovirus E1A and its effect on binding to the retinoblastoma gene product: use of the "double-tagging" assay.

Z X Wang 1, F J Germino 1
PMCID: PMC41998  PMID: 7753854

Abstract

We have explored the feasibility of using a "double-tagging" assay for assessing which amino acids of a protein are responsible for its binding to another protein. We have chosen the adenovirus E1A-retinoblastoma gene product (pRB) proteins for a model system, and we focused on the high-affinity conserved region 2 of adenovirus E1A (CR2). We used site-specific mutagenesis to generate a mutant E1A gene with a lysine instead of an aspartic acid at position 121 within the CR2 site. We demonstrated that this mutant exhibited little binding to pRB by the double-tagging assay. We also have shown that this lack of binding is not due to any significant decrease in the level of expression of the beta-galactosidase-E1A fusion protein. We then created a "library" of phage expressing beta-galactosidase-E1A fusion proteins with a variety of different mutations within CR2. This library of E1A mutations was used in a double-tagging screening to identify mutant clones that bound to pRB. Three classes of phage were identified: the vast majority of clones were negative and exhibited no binding to pRB. Approximately 1 in 10,000 bound to pRB but not to E1A ("true positives"). A variable number of clones appeared to bind equally well to both pRB and E1A ("false positives"). The DNA sequence of 10 true positive clones yielded the following consensus sequence: DLTCXEX, where X = any amino acid. The recovery of positive clones with only one of several allowed amino acids at each position suggests that most, if not all, of the conserved residues play an important role in binding to pRB. On the other hand, the DNA sequence of the negative clones appeared random. These results are consistent with those obtained from other sources. These data suggest that a double-tagging assay can be employed for determining which amino acids of a protein are important for specifying its interaction with another protein if the complex forms within bacteria. This assay is rapid and up to 1 x 10(6) mutations can be screened at one time.

Full text

PDF
4631

Images in this article

4633Fig. 1
on p.4633
4633Fig. 2
on p.4633

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Barbeau D., Charbonneau R., Whalen S. G., Bayley S. T., Branton P. E. Functional interactions within adenovirus E1A protein complexes. Oncogene. 1994 Feb;9(2):359–373. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Barbeau D., Marcellus R. C., Bacchetti S., Bayley S. T., Branton P. E. Quantitative analysis of regions of adenovirus E1A products involved in interactions with cellular proteins. Biochem Cell Biol. 1992 Oct-Nov;70(10-11):1123–1134. doi: 10.1139/o92-158. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bernards R., Shackleford G. M., Schackleford G. M., Gerber M. R., Horowitz J. M., Friend S. H., Schartl M., Bogenmann E., Rapaport J. M., McGee T. Structure and expression of the murine retinoblastoma gene and characterization of its encoded protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Sep;86(17):6474–6478. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.17.6474. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Corbeil H. B., Branton P. E. Functional importance of complex formation between the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor family and adenovirus E1A proteins as determined by mutational analysis of E1A conserved region 2. J Virol. 1994 Oct;68(10):6697–6709. doi: 10.1128/jvi.68.10.6697-6709.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Cronan J. E., Jr Biotination of proteins in vivo. A post-translational modification to label, purify, and study proteins. J Biol Chem. 1990 Jun 25;265(18):10327–10333. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Dyson N., Guida P., McCall C., Harlow E. Adenovirus E1A makes two distinct contacts with the retinoblastoma protein. J Virol. 1992 Jul;66(7):4606–4611. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.7.4606-4611.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Eckner R., Ewen M. E., Newsome D., Gerdes M., DeCaprio J. A., Lawrence J. B., Livingston D. M. Molecular cloning and functional analysis of the adenovirus E1A-associated 300-kD protein (p300) reveals a protein with properties of a transcriptional adaptor. Genes Dev. 1994 Apr 15;8(8):869–884. doi: 10.1101/gad.8.8.869. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Egan C., Bayley S. T., Branton P. E. Binding of the Rb1 protein to E1A products is required for adenovirus transformation. Oncogene. 1989 Mar;4(3):383–388. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Egan C., Jelsma T. N., Howe J. A., Bayley S. T., Ferguson B., Branton P. E. Mapping of cellular protein-binding sites on the products of early-region 1A of human adenovirus type 5. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Sep;8(9):3955–3959. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.9.3955. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Ewen M. E., Xing Y. G., Lawrence J. B., Livingston D. M. Molecular cloning, chromosomal mapping, and expression of the cDNA for p107, a retinoblastoma gene product-related protein. Cell. 1991 Sep 20;66(6):1155–1164. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90038-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Fields S., Song O. A novel genetic system to detect protein-protein interactions. Nature. 1989 Jul 20;340(6230):245–246. doi: 10.1038/340245a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Germino F. J., Wang Z. X., Weissman S. M. Screening for in vivo protein-protein interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Feb 1;90(3):933–937. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.3.933. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Hannon G. J., Demetrick D., Beach D. Isolation of the Rb-related p130 through its interaction with CDK2 and cyclins. Genes Dev. 1993 Dec;7(12A):2378–2391. doi: 10.1101/gad.7.12a.2378. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Hu Q. J., Dyson N., Harlow E. The regions of the retinoblastoma protein needed for binding to adenovirus E1A or SV40 large T antigen are common sites for mutations. EMBO J. 1990 Apr;9(4):1147–1155. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb08221.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Huang S., Wang N. P., Tseng B. Y., Lee W. H., Lee E. H. Two distinct and frequently mutated regions of retinoblastoma protein are required for binding to SV40 T antigen. EMBO J. 1990 Jun;9(6):1815–1822. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb08306.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Kaelin W. G., Jr, Ewen M. E., Livingston D. M. Definition of the minimal simian virus 40 large T antigen- and adenovirus E1A-binding domain in the retinoblastoma gene product. Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Jul;10(7):3761–3769. doi: 10.1128/mcb.10.7.3761. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Li S. J., Cronan J. E., Jr The gene encoding the biotin carboxylase subunit of Escherichia coli acetyl-CoA carboxylase. J Biol Chem. 1992 Jan 15;267(2):855–863. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Li Y., Graham C., Lacy S., Duncan A. M., Whyte P. The adenovirus E1A-associated 130-kD protein is encoded by a member of the retinoblastoma gene family and physically interacts with cyclins A and E. Genes Dev. 1993 Dec;7(12A):2366–2377. doi: 10.1101/gad.7.12a.2366. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Lillie J. W., Green M., Green M. R. An adenovirus E1a protein region required for transformation and transcriptional repression. Cell. 1986 Sep 26;46(7):1043–1051. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90704-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Mayol X., Graña X., Baldi A., Sang N., Hu Q., Giordano A. Cloning of a new member of the retinoblastoma gene family (pRb2) which binds to the E1A transforming domain. Oncogene. 1993 Sep;8(9):2561–2566. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Moran E., Zerler B., Harrison T. M., Mathews M. B. Identification of separate domains in the adenovirus E1A gene for immortalization activity and the activation of virus early genes. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Oct;6(10):3470–3480. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.10.3470. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Schneider J. F., Fisher F., Goding C. R., Jones N. C. Mutational analysis of the adenovirus E1a gene: the role of transcriptional regulation in transformation. EMBO J. 1987 Jul;6(7):2053–2060. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02470.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Wang H. G., Yaciuk P., Ricciardi R. P., Green M., Yokoyama K., Moran E. The E1A products of oncogenic adenovirus serotype 12 include amino-terminally modified forms able to bind the retinoblastoma protein but not p300. J Virol. 1993 Aug;67(8):4804–4813. doi: 10.1128/jvi.67.8.4804-4813.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Whyte P., Buchkovich K. J., Horowitz J. M., Friend S. H., Raybuck M., Weinberg R. A., Harlow E. Association between an oncogene and an anti-oncogene: the adenovirus E1A proteins bind to the retinoblastoma gene product. Nature. 1988 Jul 14;334(6178):124–129. doi: 10.1038/334124a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Whyte P., Williamson N. M., Harlow E. Cellular targets for transformation by the adenovirus E1A proteins. Cell. 1989 Jan 13;56(1):67–75. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90984-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America are provided here courtesy of National Academy of Sciences

RESOURCES