Management of a Failed Metatarso-Phalangeal Joint Fusion Utilizing a Hemicup Prosthesis

Abstract

We report a case of a 65-year-old man with a painful nonunion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ). It is one of the main severe complications of this surgery. Its prevalence is described between 5% and 10% across different operative techniques. The implantation of hemicup-prosthesis has been successfully used for the hallux rigidus treatment with very promising results. In our case report, we introduce a treatment method of converting a pseudoarthrosis of the first MTPJ, made of two crossing screws into a hemicup-prosthesis as a salvage procedure. This is to our best knowledge the first report using this device for treatment of pseudoarthrosis of the first MTPJ.

Introduction

Painful nonunion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) is one of the main severe complications of this surgery. The prevalence of nonunion is described between 5% and 10% across different operative techniques (e.g. plates, crossed screws, plate and compression screw).^1-3 The implantation of hemicup-prosthesis has been successfully used for the hallux rigidus treatment with very promising results.^4-6 To our best knowledge, we present the first case report using a hemicup-prosthesis as a salvage procedure for treatment of pseudoarthrosis of the first MTPJ.

Case Report

We report a case about a 65-year-old male patient with pseudoarthrosis of the first MTPJ, who suffered from a nonunion 12 months after a fusion made of two crossing screws (Figure 1). Postoperative x-rays showed a correct position of the two crossing screws and a correct position of the dorsiflexion (Figure 2). The x-ray revealed a nonfusion during follow ups; we recommended the possibility of an extracorporeal shockwave therapy but the patient refused. The blood samples which we had taken before the revision surgery didn’t show any infection signs; additionally, there was no fever or any clinical sign of infection. The patient is a high demand patient, who does sport (hiking and cycling up to 20 km) and gardening quite often. Twelve months after the fusion he still had severe pain and was not satisfied at all with the result of the surgery. At this time the x-ray showed a persistent nonunion. We discussed the pros (definitive solution, a greater load-bearing capacity for our active high demand patient) and cons (a long follow-up treatment) of a revision fusion. On the other hand we informed him about the stability, function, the faster healing and mobilization of the prosthesis. Our patient refused a revision because of the previous failed MTPJ fusion; for this reason we decided to use this new device.

Figure 1.

Radiographs showing a non-union 12 months after the fusion with 2 crossing screws in appropriate alignment.

Figure 2.

Postoperative radiographs showing a correct prosthetic fitting.

The two screws and the connective tissue were removed. We took care that enough resection of the bone and a capsular release of the metatarsal head was made in order to achieve a dorsiflexion of more than 90 degrees intraoperative. Afterwards a hemicup Biopro prosthesis (Biopro, Farmingdale, NY, USA) 18.5 mm was implanted. Intraoperative the final check up showed a dorsiflexion of 80 degrees and a good stability of the joint.

Immediately, the patient received postoperative-physiotherapy treatments.⁴ During hospitalization he learned how to do exercises for mobilization of the great toe, which the patient continued at home. The patient was allowed to bear weight as tolerated with comfortable wide shoes. The suture was removed 10 days post-operatively. After 6 weeks the hemicup prosthesis was radiologically controlled. It showed a correct fitting of the prosthesis. In the clinical examination an active range of motion of 40/0/30 degrees was achieved by the patient.

Seventeen months postoperative the patient was evaluated using the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) hallux metatarso-interphalangeal scale⁵ and a visual pain rating scale from 1 to 10, where 0 s indicates the absence of pain and 10 indicates the worst pain imaginable. The patient rated the pain with 2 and reached 95/100 points of the AOFAS score at the last follow-up. Preoperatively, the AOFAS score was 52 points with a pain of 8 points. The range of motion was scored –5 points because of a range of motion of the first metatarso-phalangeal joint of 60 degrees (40/0/20 degrees). Our patient was very satisfied with the postoperative result of the procedure and would undergo the surgery again (Figure 3).

Figure 3.

Radiographs 17 months postoperative.

Discussion

The arthritis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint is the most common disease of patients with forefoot arthritis and has a prevalence of 2-10% in the adulthood. As main factors in the development of the hallux rigidus are trauma, repeated microtrauma, osteoarthritis, abnormal long first metatarsal and osteochondral fractures blamed. Patients with a degenerative arthrosis commonly suffer from pain in the first MTPJ, limited dorsiflexion and increasing stiffness in the first toe.

The hallux rigidus is commonly found in middle-aged patients. It can be radiographically divided into 3 grades: grade 1 (mild), grade 2 (middle) and grade 3 (severe). Commonly grade 1 and 2 are treated with cheilectomy and grade 3 with arthrodesis or Keller resection arthroplasty.⁷ The arthrodesis is the first choice for high demand patients. There are a variety of possibilities of the arthrodesis of the first MTPJ, but most commonly screws or a plating system are used.³ As main complications of the arthrodesis pseudoarthrosis, incorrect positioning of the dorsiflexion and arthrosis of the interphalangeal joint are considered. Fusion rates were described from 90-100% across different operative techniques.¹

Unfortunately, little data are available about the results of revision surgery in hallux rigidus patients. In case of failed fusion, the literature reveals several revision surgeries with innovative devices (e.g. plates, crossed screws, plate and compression screw) and interposition of an iliac bone graft.² Although not documented in literature, these techniques also show a high prevalence of complications, e.g. nonunion, shortening of the great toe and donor side morbidity after interposition of an iliac bone graft.

We already use BIOPRO First MPJ (Biopro) prosthesis for hallux rigidus treatment for many years. This hemicup prosthesis reveals good clinical and radiological long term results.^6,8,9 The results of these studies on primary implantation are comparable to our regarding range of motion and AOFAS score.

The prosthesis is used for resurfacing the phalangeal base. Non-porous coated and porous-coated implants in 5 sizes (17 mm, 18.5 mm, 20 mm, 21.5 mm, 23 mm) are available. A small plane must be removed with the oscillating saw. An excessive joint tension should be avoided, so it is important to remove enough of the bone. Furthermore the resection must be parallel to the concavity of the phalangeal articular surface.

Osteophytes should be removed to avoid an impingement and allow a normal movement of the joint. A sizer guide is used as next step in order to select the size of the implant. After finding the correct size of the implant, the implant is inserted. Finally, it is important to check if the patient has a normal range of motion.

Postoperatively, the patient should achieve early weight bearing and should get a prompt access to physiotherapy.

Teaching points

We conclude that the hemicup prosthesis is a new technique and option of the management of the pseudoarthosis of the first MTPJ after arthrodesis.

This early result of this salvage procedure is very promising. However, there must be longer follow ups and more patients would be beneficial to review the stability and long-term range of motion.