Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America logoLink to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
. 1995 Apr 25;92(9):3687–3691. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.9.3687

Immortalization of distinct human mammary epithelial cell types by human papilloma virus 16 E6 or E7.

D E Wazer 1, X L Liu 1, Q Chu 1, Q Gao 1, V Band 1
PMCID: PMC42026  PMID: 7537374

Abstract

Multiple mammary epithelial cell (MEC) types are observed both in mammary ducts in vivo and in primary cultures in vitro; however, the oncogenic potential of different cell types remains unknown. Here, we used human papilloma virus 16 E6 and E7 oncogenes, which target p53 and Rb tumor suppressor proteins, respectively, to immortalize MECs present in early or late passages of human mammary tissue-derived cultures or in milk. One MEC subtype was exclusively immortalized by E6; such cells predominated in late-passage cultures but were rare at early passages and apparently absent in milk. Surprisingly, a second cell type, present only in early-passage tissue-derived cultures, was fully immortalized by E7 alone. A third cell type, observed in tissue-derived cultures and in milk, showed a substantial extension of life span with E7 but eventually senesced. Finally, both E6 and E7 were required to fully immortalize milk-derived MECs and a large proportion of MECs in early-passage tissue-derived cultures, suggesting the presence of another discrete subpopulation. Identification of MECs with distinct susceptibilities to p53- and Rb-targeting human papillomavirus oncogenes raises the possibility that these cells may serve as precursors for different forms of breast cancer.

Full text

PDF
3687

Images in this article

3688Fig. 1
on p.3688
3689Fig. 3
on p.3689
3689Fig. 4
on p.3689
3690Fig. 5
on p.3690

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Androphy E. J., Hubbert N. L., Schiller J. T., Lowy D. R. Identification of the HPV-16 E6 protein from transformed mouse cells and human cervical carcinoma cell lines. EMBO J. 1987 Apr;6(4):989–992. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb04849.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Androphy E. J., Hubbert N. L., Schiller J. T., Lowy D. R. Identification of the HPV-16 E6 protein from transformed mouse cells and human cervical carcinoma cell lines. EMBO J. 1987 Apr;6(4):989–992. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb04849.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Band V., Dalal S., Delmolino L., Androphy E. J. Enhanced degradation of p53 protein in HPV-6 and BPV-1 E6-immortalized human mammary epithelial cells. EMBO J. 1993 May;12(5):1847–1852. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05833.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Band V., Dalal S., Delmolino L., Androphy E. J. Enhanced degradation of p53 protein in HPV-6 and BPV-1 E6-immortalized human mammary epithelial cells. EMBO J. 1993 May;12(5):1847–1852. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05833.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Band V., De Caprio J. A., Delmolino L., Kulesa V., Sager R. Loss of p53 protein in human papillomavirus type 16 E6-immortalized human mammary epithelial cells. J Virol. 1991 Dec;65(12):6671–6676. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.12.6671-6676.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Band V., De Caprio J. A., Delmolino L., Kulesa V., Sager R. Loss of p53 protein in human papillomavirus type 16 E6-immortalized human mammary epithelial cells. J Virol. 1991 Dec;65(12):6671–6676. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.12.6671-6676.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Band V., Sager R. Distinctive traits of normal and tumor-derived human mammary epithelial cells expressed in a medium that supports long-term growth of both cell types. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Feb;86(4):1249–1253. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.4.1249. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Band V., Sager R. Distinctive traits of normal and tumor-derived human mammary epithelial cells expressed in a medium that supports long-term growth of both cell types. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Feb;86(4):1249–1253. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.4.1249. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Band V., Zajchowski D., Kulesa V., Sager R. Human papilloma virus DNAs immortalize normal human mammary epithelial cells and reduce their growth factor requirements. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Jan;87(1):463–467. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.1.463. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Band V., Zajchowski D., Kulesa V., Sager R. Human papilloma virus DNAs immortalize normal human mammary epithelial cells and reduce their growth factor requirements. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Jan;87(1):463–467. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.1.463. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Bartek J., Bartkova J., Kyprianou N., Lalani E. N., Staskova Z., Shearer M., Chang S., Taylor-Papadimitriou J. Efficient immortalization of luminal epithelial cells from human mammary gland by introduction of simian virus 40 large tumor antigen with a recombinant retrovirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 May 1;88(9):3520–3524. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.9.3520. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. DeCaprio J. A., Ludlow J. W., Lynch D., Furukawa Y., Griffin J., Piwnica-Worms H., Huang C. M., Livingston D. M. The product of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene has properties of a cell cycle regulatory element. Cell. 1989 Sep 22;58(6):1085–1095. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90507-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Demers G. W., Foster S. A., Halbert C. L., Galloway D. A. Growth arrest by induction of p53 in DNA damaged keratinocytes is bypassed by human papillomavirus 16 E7. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 May 10;91(10):4382–4386. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.10.4382. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Halbert C. L., Demers G. W., Galloway D. A. The E6 and E7 genes of human papillomavirus type 6 have weak immortalizing activity in human epithelial cells. J Virol. 1992 Apr;66(4):2125–2134. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.4.2125-2134.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Halbert C. L., Demers G. W., Galloway D. A. The E6 and E7 genes of human papillomavirus type 6 have weak immortalizing activity in human epithelial cells. J Virol. 1992 Apr;66(4):2125–2134. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.4.2125-2134.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Hickman E. S., Picksley S. M., Vousden K. H. Cells expressing HPV16 E7 continue cell cycle progression following DNA damage induced p53 activation. Oncogene. 1994 Aug;9(8):2177–2181. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Kaelin W. G., Jr, Pallas D. C., DeCaprio J. A., Kaye F. J., Livingston D. M. Identification of cellular proteins that can interact specifically with the T/E1A-binding region of the retinoblastoma gene product. Cell. 1991 Feb 8;64(3):521–532. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90236-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Liu X. L., Band H., Gao Q., Wazer D. E., Chu Q., Band V. Tumor cell-specific loss of p53 protein in a unique in vitro model of human breast tumor progression. Carcinogenesis. 1994 Sep;15(9):1969–1973. doi: 10.1093/carcin/15.9.1969. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Liu X. L., Band H., Gao Q., Wazer D. E., Chu Q., Band V. Tumor cell-specific loss of p53 protein in a unique in vitro model of human breast tumor progression. Carcinogenesis. 1994 Sep;15(9):1969–1973. doi: 10.1093/carcin/15.9.1969. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Moll R., Franke W. W., Schiller D. L., Geiger B., Krepler R. The catalog of human cytokeratins: patterns of expression in normal epithelia, tumors and cultured cells. Cell. 1982 Nov;31(1):11–24. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90400-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Moll R., Franke W. W., Schiller D. L., Geiger B., Krepler R. The catalog of human cytokeratins: patterns of expression in normal epithelia, tumors and cultured cells. Cell. 1982 Nov;31(1):11–24. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90400-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Moscow J. A., Fairchild C. R., Madden M. J., Ransom D. T., Wieand H. S., O'Brien E. E., Poplack D. G., Cossman J., Myers C. E., Cowan K. H. Expression of anionic glutathione-S-transferase and P-glycoprotein genes in human tissues and tumors. Cancer Res. 1989 Mar 15;49(6):1422–1428. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Münger K., Phelps W. C., Bubb V., Howley P. M., Schlegel R. The E6 and E7 genes of the human papillomavirus type 16 together are necessary and sufficient for transformation of primary human keratinocytes. J Virol. 1989 Oct;63(10):4417–4421. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.10.4417-4421.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Münger K., Phelps W. C., Bubb V., Howley P. M., Schlegel R. The E6 and E7 genes of the human papillomavirus type 16 together are necessary and sufficient for transformation of primary human keratinocytes. J Virol. 1989 Oct;63(10):4417–4421. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.10.4417-4421.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Münger K., Werness B. A., Dyson N., Phelps W. C., Harlow E., Howley P. M. Complex formation of human papillomavirus E7 proteins with the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene product. EMBO J. 1989 Dec 20;8(13):4099–4105. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb08594.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Oliner J. D., Pietenpol J. A., Thiagalingam S., Gyuris J., Kinzler K. W., Vogelstein B. Oncoprotein MDM2 conceals the activation domain of tumour suppressor p53. Nature. 1993 Apr 29;362(6423):857–860. doi: 10.1038/362857a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Oliner J. D., Pietenpol J. A., Thiagalingam S., Gyuris J., Kinzler K. W., Vogelstein B. Oncoprotein MDM2 conceals the activation domain of tumour suppressor p53. Nature. 1993 Apr 29;362(6423):857–860. doi: 10.1038/362857a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Scheffner M., Werness B. A., Huibregtse J. M., Levine A. J., Howley P. M. The E6 oncoprotein encoded by human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 promotes the degradation of p53. Cell. 1990 Dec 21;63(6):1129–1136. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90409-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Slebos R. J., Lee M. H., Plunkett B. S., Kessis T. D., Williams B. O., Jacks T., Hedrick L., Kastan M. B., Cho K. R. p53-dependent G1 arrest involves pRB-related proteins and is disrupted by the human papillomavirus 16 E7 oncoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Jun 7;91(12):5320–5324. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.12.5320. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Trask D. K., Band V., Zajchowski D. A., Yaswen P., Suh T., Sager R. Keratins as markers that distinguish normal and tumor-derived mammary epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Mar;87(6):2319–2323. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.6.2319. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Wazer D. E., Chu Q., Liu X. L., Gao Q., Safaii H., Band V. Loss of p53 protein during radiation transformation of primary human mammary epithelial cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1994 Apr;14(4):2468–2478. doi: 10.1128/mcb.14.4.2468. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Wazer D. E., Chu Q., Liu X. L., Gao Q., Safaii H., Band V. Loss of p53 protein during radiation transformation of primary human mammary epithelial cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1994 Apr;14(4):2468–2478. doi: 10.1128/mcb.14.4.2468. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. el-Deiry W. S., Harper J. W., O'Connor P. M., Velculescu V. E., Canman C. E., Jackman J., Pietenpol J. A., Burrell M., Hill D. E., Wang Y. WAF1/CIP1 is induced in p53-mediated G1 arrest and apoptosis. Cancer Res. 1994 Mar 1;54(5):1169–1174. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. el-Deiry W. S., Harper J. W., O'Connor P. M., Velculescu V. E., Canman C. E., Jackman J., Pietenpol J. A., Burrell M., Hill D. E., Wang Y. WAF1/CIP1 is induced in p53-mediated G1 arrest and apoptosis. Cancer Res. 1994 Mar 1;54(5):1169–1174. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America are provided here courtesy of National Academy of Sciences

RESOURCES