Abstract
Purpose
This retrospective analysis evaluates the clinical efficacy and toxicity of second-line docetaxel-based chemotherapy after failure of fluorouracil-based first-line treatment for advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).
Methods
We retrospectively reviewed patients who had received second-line docetaxel-based chemotherapy for advanced ESCC in Zhejiang Cancer Hospital between January 2008 and December 2011. Survival curves were plotted using the Kaplan–Meier method. The Cox proportional hazard model was used for multivariate analysis.
Results
Eighty-five patients received docetaxel-based second-line chemotherapy after the failure of first-line fluorouracil-based treatment. Forty-four patients received docetaxel-platinum chemotherapy, and 41 received docetaxel single-agent treatment. The progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 3.5 and 5.5 months in all of the patients, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in PFS and OS between docetaxel-platinum and docetaxel single-agent chemotherapy groups (P-value 0.38 and 0.64, respectively). Response to first-line chemotherapy was a favorable prognostic factor for PFS in uni- and multivariate analyses (P-value 0.005 and 0.028, respectively).
Conclusion
Patients with docetaxel-based second-line treatment obtained a moderate PFS advantage in advanced ESCC. Response to first-line chemotherapy was a favorable prognostic factor for PFS of second-line chemotherapy in advanced ESCC.
Keywords: ESCC, efficacy, toxicity
Introduction
Esophageal carcinoma is one of the most common malignancies worldwide.1 The survival rate at 5 years is about 10% in Western countries, and worse in developing countries.2 Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has historically been the most common histology. Palliative chemotherapy is the only option for patients with advanced esophageal cancer. Several palliative chemotherapy regimens have been investigated and have shown efficacy as first-line treatment.3 A combination of continuous-infusion 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin is the most commonly used regimen, with approximately a 30% response rate in advanced esophageal carcinoma in current clinical practice.4 However, data on second-line therapy are scarce, and there has been no consensus on the optimal second-line chemotherapy until now.
Docetaxel exhibits broad-spectrum anticancer activity. Recently, docetaxel has been used as second-line chemotherapy in esophagogastric adenocarcinoma and demonstrated good efficacy.5 However, the study evaluation of docetaxel as second-line treatment of ESCC is limited; data on no more than 200 patients have been reported.6 We conducted an analysis in Chinese populations to evaluate efficacy and toxicity of docetaxel-based therapy as second-line chemotherapy of ESCC patients who did not respond to first-line fluorouracil-based treatment.
Materials and methods
Patients
A clinical review of patients at Zhejiang Cancer Hospital between January 2008 and December 2011 was conducted. Esophageal carcinoma staging was performed according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer tumor-node-metastasis staging system published in 2009. Inclusion criteria consisted of: 1) Pathologically or cytologically proven primary ESCC, 2) patients received fluorouracil-based as a first-line treatment, 3) disease recurrence was confirmed using a chest/abdomen computed tomography (CT) and bone scan as well as an ultrasound examination, 4) no local treatment like radiotherapy therapy was used during the period of second-line treatment, 5) patients had at least one measurable lesion and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of zero to two.
Responses and toxicity evaluation
Tumor responses were assessed with a CT scan at 6-week intervals until the lesions were evaluated as a progressive disease. Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1 was used to evaluate tumor response. The toxicity of treatment was evaluated in accordance with the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria (NCI-CTC) 3.0.
Follow-up
All the patients that were evaluated for the second-line chemotherapy had progression-free survival (PFS). No patients were lost to follow-up. The median follow-up period was 10.2 months (3.9–26 months). The last follow-up date was December 31, 2013.
Statistical analysis
PFS encompassed the time from the second-line therapy to documented progression or death from any cause. Survival was recorded from the initiation of second-line treatment to the date of death or that of the last follow-up visit. The survival curves were calculated according to the Kaplan–Meier method. The Cox proportional model was used to evaluate various prognostic factors. Analyses were conducted using the computer software SPSS version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Results
Patient characteristics
Overall, 1,255 patients were diagnosed with primary ESCC between January 2008 and December 2011. Of these patients, 667 had a recurrence after surgery or advanced disease. First-line therapy was administered to 569 patients, 401 of which received fluorouracil-based first-line treatment. Of these 401 patients, 241 patients received second-line or further treatment. Clinical efficacy and toxicity evaluations could be conducted on 222 patients. Among these 222 patients, 85 patients received docetaxel-based chemotherapy.
Among the 85 patients who received docetaxel-based treatment, PS 0–1 was present in 54 patients (63.5%) and PS 2 accounted for 36.5%. Sixty patients were at an advanced stage on presentation, and 25 were experiencing a disease recurrence. Forty-four patients received docetaxel-platinum treatment in second-line treatment, 41 with docetaxel single-agent treatment. The baseline characteristics of patients are listed in Table 1.
Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of the study population
| Number | |
|---|---|
| Sex | |
| Male | 79 |
| Female | 6 |
| Age | |
| Range | 31–78 |
| Median | 56 |
| <60 | 57 |
| ≥60 | 28 |
| ECOG PS | |
| 0–1 | 54 |
| 2 | 31 |
| Initial disease status | |
| Metastatic | 65 |
| Relapsed | 20 |
| Metastatic sites | |
| Lymph node | 25 |
| Lung | 20 |
| Liver | 20 |
| Bone | 12 |
| Others | 8 |
| Response to first-line treatment | |
| CR + PR | 40 |
| SD + PD | 45 |
| Chemotherapy regimen | |
| Docetaxel-platinum | 44 |
| Docetaxel | 41 |
Abbreviations: CR, complete response; ECOG PS, the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group scale of Performance Status; PD, progressive disease; PR, partial response; SD, stable disease.
Efficacy analyses
Among the 85 ESCC patients, 21 had partial response (PR) and 27 had stable disease (SD) in second-line treatment, accounting for overall response rate (ORR) and DCR of 24.7% and 56.5%, respectively. Median PFS during second-line treatment was 3.5 months (95% CI: 3.2–3.8). The median overall survival (OS) for all patients was 5.5 months (95% CI: 4.1–6.2). There were no significant difference in ORR, DCR, PFS, and OS between docetaxel-platinum chemotherapy and docetaxel single-agent treatment (P-values were 0.38 and 0.64, respectively) (Figures 1 and 2, and Table 2).
Figure 1.
PFS in docetaxel-platinum and docetaxel single-agent treatments group (3.6 vs 3.2 months, P=0.38).
Abbreviation: PFS, progression-free survival.
Figure 2.
OS in docetaxel-platinum and docetaxel single-agent treatments group (5.7 vs 5.2 months, P=0.64).
Abbreviation: OS, overall survival.
Table 2.
Efficacy of docetaxel-platinum and docetaxel single-agent group
| Docetaxel-platinum group (n=44) | Docetaxel group (n=41) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Complete response | 0 | 0 | – |
| Partial response | 13 | 8 | – |
| Stable disease | 14 | 13 | – |
| Progressive disease | 17 | 20 | – |
| Response rate | 29.5% | 19.5% | 0.28 |
| Disease control rate | 61.4% | 51.2% | 0.35 |
| Median progression-free survival | 3.6 months | 3.2 months | 0.38 |
| Median overall survival | 5.7 months | 5.2 months | 0.64 |
All 85 patients received fluorouracil-based first-line treatment. Forty patients had PR or complete response (CR) with first-line treatment, 45 patients with SD or progressive disease (PD). There was a significant difference in second-line PFS of patients who responded to first-line treatment (PR + CR) compared with nonresponding patients (SD + PD) (3.6 months vs 2.2 months, P=0.005) (Figure 3).
Figure 3.
PFS of second-line docetaxel-based treatment according to first-line efficacy (3.6 vs 2.2 months, P=0.005). Abbreviation: PFS, progression-free survival.
Factors affecting PFS and OS by uni- and multivariate analyses
Univariate analyses were performed by the Kaplan–Meier method to assess the predictive capability of each variable influencing PFS of second-line treatment. These data are summarized in Table 3. Sex, age, chemotherapy regimen (single-agent or combination treatment) were not found to be statistically associated with PFS in second-line treatment. Performance status score (PS) (P=0.001) and response to first-line treatment (P=0.02) were predictive of PFS (Table 3).
Table 3.
Univariate analysis of PFS and OS in second-line docetaxel-based treatment
| Median PFS (months) | 95% CI | P-value | Median OS (months) | 95% CI | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | 0.67 | 0.86 | ||||
| Male | 3.5 | 3.2–3.8 | 5.6 | 5.2–6.0 | ||
| Female | 2.2 | 0.4–4.0 | 4.3 | 3.9–4.7 | ||
| Age | 0.10 | 0.11 | ||||
| <60 | 3.5 | 3.2–3.8 | 5.6 | 5.0–6.2 | ||
| ≥60 | 3.1 | 2.0–4.2 | 5.2 | 4.8–5.8 | ||
| ECOG PS | 0.002 | 0.001 | ||||
| 0–1 | 3.6 | 3.3–3.9 | 6.0 | 5.5–6.5 | ||
| 2 | 3.2 | 3.0–3.4 | 4.8 | 4.0–5.6 | ||
| Initial disease status | 0.76 | 0.77 | ||||
| Metastatic | 3.5 | 3.0–3.8 | 5.6 | 5.0–6.0 | ||
| Relapsed | 3.2 | 3.0–3.5 | 5.4 | 5.2–5.8 | ||
| Response to first-line treatment | 0.005 | 0.02 | ||||
| CR + PR | 3.6 | 3.4–3.8 | 6.0 | 5.3–6.7 | ||
| SD + PD | 2.2 | 1.6–2.8 | 5.0 | 4.3–5.7 | ||
| Chemotherapy | 0.38 | 0.64 | ||||
| Docetaxel-platinum | 3.6 | 3.2–4.0 | 5.7 | 5.2–6.2 | ||
| Docetaxel | 3.2 | 2.7–3.7 | 5.2 | 4.7–5.7 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CR, complete response; ECOG PS, the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group scale of Performance Status; OS, overall survival; PD, progressive disease; PFS, progression-free survival; PR, partial response; SD, stable disease.
A multivariate Cox regression model was constructed with the incorporation of sex, age, PS chemotherapy regimen, and response to first-line treatment to evaluate the PFS and OS from the start of second-line treatment. PS (P=0.024) and response to first-line treatment (P=0.028) remained independent prognostic factors for PFS. PS had a significant influence on OS in multivariate analysis (P=0.009) (Table 4).
Table 4.
Multivariate Cox regression analysis of PFS and OS in second-line treatments
| PFS
|
OS
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | P-value | HR | 95% CI | P-value | |
| Sex | 0.990 | 0.415–2.358 | 0.990 | 1.005 | 0.387–2.612 | 0.992 |
| Age | 0.732 | 0.455–1.177 | 0.198 | 0.645 | 0.396–1.049 | 0.077 |
| Response to first-line | 1.618 | 1.059–2.678 | 0.028 | 1.500 | 0.928–2.425 | 0.098 |
| Performance score | 1.824 | 1.083–3.072 | 0.024 | 1.957 | 1.179–3.246 | 0.009 |
| Second-line drug | 0.741 | 0.469 | 1.171 | 0.866 | 0.550–1.365 | 0.536 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; OS, overall survival; PFS, progression-free survival.
Toxicities of different regimen treatment
All patients who received at least one dose of chemotherapy were evaluated for toxicities. Toxicities of the docetaxel-based regimen were manageable, and no treatment-related deaths were observed. The frequency of grade 3/4 toxicities is summarized in Table 4. Dosage reduction occurred in eight patients (Table 5).
Table 5.
The main grade ¾ toxicity of docetaxel-platinum and docetaxel single-agent group
| Docetaxel-platinum group (n=44) | Docetaxel group (n=41) | |
|---|---|---|
| Nausea/vomiting | 6 (13.6%) | 2 (4.9%) |
| Alopecia | 8 (18.2%) | 7 (17.1%) |
| Diarrhea | 2 (4.5%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| Neurotoxicity | 3 (6.8%) | 3 (7.3%) |
| Constipation | 4 (9.1%) | 2 (4.9%) |
| Pyrexia | 6 (13.6%) | 4 (9.8%) |
| Thrombocytopenia | 6 (13.6%) | 3 (7.3%) |
| Neutropenia | 15 (34.1%) | 9 (22.0%) |
| Anemia | 5 (11.4%) | 3 (7.3%) |
| Dosage reduction | 6 (13.6%) | 2 (4.9%) |
Discussion
The present retrospective analysis involved 85 patients treated with docetaxel-based chemotherapy for advanced ESCC. The results indicated a PFS of 3.5 months for the second-line treatment with docetaxel-based chemotherapy. To our knowledge, this is the largest report focusing on the efficacy of docetaxel-based regimen for second-line treatment of ESCC.
Several studies have reported on chemotherapy for advanced esophageal cancer; however, most of these reports evaluated a first-line regimen, and only small number of studies focused on second-line chemotherapy.6 Approximately 40% of advanced esophageal cancer patients who experience progressive disease after first-line chemotherapy are able to receive second-line treatment based on previous studies.6 On the basis of data published so far, most of the studies were retrospective studies with a limited number of patients;7–11 no standard second-line therapy has emerged until now.
Docetaxel demonstrated good efficacy and is widely used in several solid tumors. More recently, these newer agents have been evaluated as a single agent or in combination in advanced settings for advanced ESCC as second-line chemotherapy.12–17 Among previous studies focusing on second-line chemotherapy, efficacy ranged from 0% to 50%, with a PFS ranging from 3.3 to 6.5 months. OS was 5.1 to 11.4 months.6 However, no study compared efficacy of single-agent and combination chemotherapy for second-line treatment. In our cohort, there were no statistically significant differences in PFS and OS between the two groups in second-line treatment of advanced ESCC, which indicated that single-agent treatment is enough for second-line chemotherapy of ESCC.
With no prospective trials and a limited number of retrospective studies, no study has been conducted to identify the prognostic factors in second-line chemotherapy of ESCC. The present study demonstrated that response to first-line chemotherapy along with PS were associated with a significantly better prognosis.
The major limitation in the current study is its retrospective nature. In addition, the small sample size of cases may not be sufficient to accurately interpret the study results. Further assessment in a randomized, prospective study is required to obtain definitive evidence.
Conclusion
The results of this study showed a moderate PFS advantage with docetaxel-based treatment in second-line chemotherapy of ESCC. There were no efficacy differences between docetaxel single-agent and combination regimens. Response to first-line chemotherapy was an important prognostic factor for PFS of second-line chemotherapy. Further prospective studies are warranted to elucidate any potential efficacy and toxicity of the docetaxel-based regimen.
Footnotes
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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