Table 1.
Published studies of the relationship between meat consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes.
| Risk for Diabetes in Meat-Eaters, Compared with Non-Meat-Eaters | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Observation Period | Population | Findings | Adjustments |
| Adventist Mortality Study Snowdon et al. (1985) [7] | 1960 | 24,673 white Seventh-day Adventists | Prevalence ratio and 95% CI for diabetes diagnosis: Men = 1.8 (1.3, 2.5); Women = 1.4 (1.2, 1.8) |
Age and body weight |
| Adventist Mortality Study Snowdon et al. (1985) [7] | 21-year follow-up | 24,673 white Seventh-day Adventists | Relative risk for diabetes on death certificate: Men = 2.2 (1.5, 3.4); Women = 1.4 (1.0, 1.9) |
Age |
| Adventist Health Study-1 Fraser (1999) [8] | 1976 | 34,192 Seventh-day Adventists in California | Odds ratio and 95% CI for diabetes diagnosis: Men = 1.97 (1.56, 2.47, p = 0.0001); Women = 1.93 (1.65, 2.25, p = 0.0001) |
Age |
| Adventist Mortality Study and Adventist Health Study-1 Vang et al. (2013) [9] | 17-year follow-up | 8401 Seventh-day Adventists | Odds ratio with 95% CI for diabetes diagnosis: 1.29 (1.08, 1.55) |
Age and gender |
| Adventist Health Study-2 Tonstad et al. (2009) [10] | 2002–2006 | 60,903 Seventh-day Adventists in North America | Odds ratio and 95% CI for diabetes diagnosis: 1.85 (1.67, 2.04) |
Age, sex, ethnicity, education, income, physical activity, television watching, sleep habits, alcohol use, and body mass index |
| Adventist Health Study-2 Tonstad et al. (2013) [11] | 2-year follow-up | 41,387 Seventh-day Adventists | Odds ratio with 95% CI for diabetes diagnosis: 1.62 (1.32, 1.99) |
Age, body mass index, gender, ethnicity, income, and education |
| Meta-Analysis of Risk of Developing Diabetes Related to Daily Meat Servings | ||||
| Pan et al. (2011) [12] | 4.6 to 28 years follow-up | 442,101 | Relative ratios and 95% CI for diabetes diagnosis: 100 g unprocessed red meat/day = 1.19 (1.04, 1.37); 50 g processed red meat/day = 1.51 (1.25, 1.83) |
Multivariate analyses adjusted for age, ethnicity, smoking, energy intake, alcohol intake, history of HTN and hypercholesterolemia, family history of diabetes, body weight, and physical activity. A diet score was created looking at trans fats, glycemic load, cereal fiber, and the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fat. |