Abstract
In 2013, we administered a 15-item survey to determine the extent of text message usage among Latino adults in Kansas; for a subset of the survey participants, we also conducted a 6-week pilot trial to determine the effect of text messaging on exercise behaviors. Among the 82 survey participants, 78% had unlimited text messaging. At baseline, all trial participants were at the stage of contemplation; at 6 weeks, one (9%) trial participant remained at the contemplation stage and the other 10 (91%) participants progressed to the action/maintenance/termination stage. Use of text messaging to motivate exercise is feasible and potentially efficacious among Latinos.
Objective
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) affects 13.7% of Latino adults (1). An estimated 52% of Latinos are at risk for PAD (2), increasing their risk for amputations (3). Interventions are needed to increase physical activity among Latino adults and reduce the risk for PAD. In the United States, 83% of Latino adults use text messaging compared with 68% of non-Hispanic whites (4). Text messaging has been used to motivate physical activity in other groups (5), but less is known about its impact on Latinos. We sought to determine text messaging’s capacity and its effect on increasing physical activity among Latino adults.
Methods
We conducted a 2-part study in 2013 that was approved by the Human Subjects Committee at the University of Kansas School of Medicine — Wichita. For recruitment, research assistants traveled to community centers, local businesses, and clinics in Kansas.
For part 1, research assistants administered a 15-item survey in-person or by telephone, in English or Spanish, to determine the rate of cellular telephone and text message usage among Latino adults. The survey was developed by the authors and translated into Spanish by a local consultant. Part 2 was a 6-week trial. Inclusion criterion was being aged 50 years or older with one or more atherosclerotic risk factors (eg, diabetes, smoking, and hypertension). Potential participants were excluded if they had contraindications or were highly motivated to exercise. For this pilot trial, half of survey participants were queried about their interest in physical activity. Reasons for a lack of interest were not obtained. Thirteen were interested and, because of a high motivation to exercise, 2 were ineligible. For the trial, participants completed the Exercise Behaviors Questionnaire (6), which measures minutes per week of exercise, and the Patient-centered Assessment and Counseling for Exercise (PACE) survey (7), which ascertains stage of readiness to engage in physical activity (ie, PACE score). Based on PACE scores, participants were categorized as follows: 1, precontemplation; 2–4, contemplation; 5–8, action/maintenance/termination (ie, highly motivated). The PACE protocol includes scripts designed to encourage exercise and tailored to a PACE score. On the basis of baseline scores, we sent participants English or Spanish text messages with statements pulled directly from the PACE script. Messages were delivered once per day, 5 days per week, for 6 weeks, using the software MessageSpace (8).
Differences between pre- and postexercise behavior scores were calculated for each participant. McNemar tests were used to assess the association between baseline and 6-week PACE scores.
Results
We recruited 83 participants, and 82 were given the 15-item survey. Mean age of survey participants was 49.2 (standard deviation [SD], 12.0) years, and 70% reported Mexico as their country of origin (Table 1). Among the survey participants, 96% owned a cellular telephone, 89% had texting capacity on their cellphones, and 89% received or sent text messages daily. Furthermore, 81% received at least 1 text message daily, 48% received 5 or more text messages daily, and 78% had unlimited text messaging.
Table 1. Use of Cellphones and Text Messaging Among Latino Adults at Risk for Vascular Disease, Kansas 2013.
| Question | Survey Participants (N = 82) | Trial Participants (N = 11) |
|---|---|---|
| Do you have a cellphone | ||
| Yes | 79 | 11 |
| No | 3 | 0 |
| Do you share your cellphone | ||
| Yes (with someone else living in my home) | 14 | 2 |
| Yes (with a neighbor/friend) | 2 | 0 |
| No | 64 | 8 |
| Unknown | 2 | 1 |
| For a participant who shares his/her cellphone, number of hours of access to phone each day | ||
| <1 | 7 | 0 |
| 1–4 | 4 | 0 |
| 5–8 | 2 | 0 |
| >8 | 2 | 2 |
| Missing response | 1 | 0 |
| Internet on the cellphone | ||
| Yes | 55 | 6 |
| No | 22 | 3 |
| Unknown | 5 | 2 |
| Capacity to send text messages | ||
| Yes | 73 | 10 |
| No | 8 | 1 |
| Unknown | 1 | 0 |
| Capacity to receive text messages | ||
| Yes | 73 | 10 |
| No | 7 | 1 |
| Unknown | 2 | 0 |
| Willing to receive health tips via text messages | ||
| Yes | 65 | 8 |
| No | 3 | 1 |
| Not sure | 9 | 2 |
| Missing response | 5 | 0 |
| Type of text message plan | ||
| Unlimited | 64 | 10 |
| Pay per text | 9 | 0 |
| Not sure | 5 | 0 |
| Missing response | 4 | 1 |
| Average number of text messages you send and receive each day | ||
| <1 | 8 | 0 |
| 1–4 | 27 | 4 |
| 5 or more | 39 | 5 |
| Unknown | 8 | 2 |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 24 | 1 |
| Female | 56 | 10 |
| Unknown | 2 | 0 |
| Country of origin | ||
| Mexico | 57 | 8 |
| Honduras | 1 | 0 |
| Peru | 4 | 1 |
| El Salvador | 1 | 0 |
| Cuba | 2 | 0 |
| Columbia | 3 | 1 |
| Paraguay | 2 | 0 |
| Panama | 2 | 0 |
| United States | 4 | 0 |
| Guatemala | 1 | 0 |
| Ecuador | 3 | 1 |
| Unknown | 2 | 0 |
| Number of years that you have lived in the United States | ||
| <1 | 3 | 0 |
| 1–5 | 2 | 0 |
| 5–10 | 14 | 3 |
| >10 | 61 | 8 |
| Unknown | 2 | 0 |
| Primary language spoken at home | ||
| English | 19 | 1 |
| Spanish | 61 | 10 |
| Unknown | 2 | 0 |
| Preferred language for receiving text messages | ||
| English | 31 | 3 |
| Spanish | 44 | 7 |
| Unknown | 7 | 1 |
| Age, mean (SD) | 49.2 (12.0) range, 18–72 | 51.5 (4.1) range, 44–58 |
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation.
Of the 82 participants in the survey, 41 were approached to determine their interest in the pilot trial. Thirteen participants were interested and 2 did not meet eligibility because they were highly motivated to exercise. All 11 participants completed the 6-week trial. Mean age of the trial participants was 51.5 (SD, 4.1) years, and 91% of the participants were female. Each of the 11 participants received 30 text messages. Confirming receipt of messages was a feature of MessageSpace. Three participants did not graduate from high school. One participant reported a yearly household income of less than $5,000, 3 reported an income of up to $30,000, and 3 reported an income of $30,000 to $50,000. Two of the participants reported a yearly household income of $50,000 to $100,000. Two participants did not report their income.
Three participants had one atherosclerotic risk factor and 4 had 3 atherosclerotic risk factors. All 11 participants were at the contemplation stage at baseline. At 6 weeks, one participant remained at the contemplation stage, and the other 10 had moved to the action/maintenance/termination stage. At baseline, the mean minutes per week of exercise was 55.91 (SD, 55.76), which increased to 201.82 (SD, 61.61) minutes per week at 6 weeks (P < .003) (Table 2).
Table 2. Six-Week Changes in Exercise Behavior and PACE Scores,a 2013 .
| Outcome Categories | Pre-Exercise | Post-Exercise (6 Weeks) | Difference Between Post and Pre | P Valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise behaviors score, mean (SD) | ||||
| Stretching/strengthening score, minutes/week | 19.09 (19.08) | 36.82 (59.76) | 17.73 (59.17) | .34 |
| Aerobic score, minutes/week | 55.91 (55.76) | 201.82 (61.61) | 145.91 (86.27) | <.001 |
| PACE stage | ||||
| Contemplation | 11 (100%) | 1 (9.1%) | NA | NA |
| Action/maintenance/termination | 0 | 10 (90.9%) | NA | NA |
Abbreviations; PACE, Patient-centered Assessment and Counseling for Exercise; SD, standard deviation; NA, not applicable.
The PACE score had 3 stages: precontemplation, contemplation, and action/maintenance/termination. McNemar test was used to assess the association between baseline and 6-week PACE stage. Due to the zero count in the cross tabulation of PACE stages, no value was produced.
P values from t test. The exercise behavior score calculation is based on the Stanford Education Research Center’s scoring method (http://patienteducation.stanford.edu/research/exercise.html). There are 2 types of scores, stretching/strengthening score and aerobic score, each in units of minutes per week.
Discussion
We found that the capacity for and usage of text messaging among our sample of Latino adults exceeds that of Latino adults nationwide. Furthermore, our pilot demonstrates the feasibility of a scripted counseling approach, delivered using text messaging, to increase physical activity among Latino adults. Scheduled leisure-time physical activity can control atherosclerotic risk factors. Unfortunately, rates of physical activity in the United States are lower for Latinos than for any other racial or ethnic group. According to data from the National Health Interview Survey, nearly 60% of Latinos do not meet federal guidelines for physical activity compared with 47% of non-Hispanic whites (9). Furthermore, Latinos without US citizenship are twice as likely to be inactive as Latinos with US citizenship (10). Evidence that text messaging can promote exercise among older adults from minority races is limited. Buchholz et al (11) conducted a systematic review of physical activity interventions that used text messaging. They reported findings from 10 studies that were largely composed of non-Hispanic whites. In a study of persons with diabetes mellitus, text messaging increased physical activity. In a recent pilot trial, text messaging was successfully used to motivate weight loss (12) among English- or Spanish-speaking participants. The findings from both the systematic review and the recent weight loss pilot trial are similar to ours. However, in contrast to most studies included in the systematic review, we included both English- and Spanish-speaking participants. We also ascertained the rates of cellular telephone and text message usage. Also, in contrast to participants in the weight loss trial, who ranged in age from 21 to 60 years, our participants were aged 50 years or older.
We found that usage of cellular telephones and texting is common among Latino adults. Additionally, text messaging is a viable option to motivate physical activity among Latinos with one or more atherosclerotic risk factors.
Acknowledgments
Special thanks to Maria Valverde for her role as a research assistant, which included obtaining informed consent from participants, conducting survey administration, and ensuring delivery of text messages. There was no grant funding to complete this pilot work.
Footnotes
The opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions.
Suggested citation for this article: Collins TC, Dong F, Ablah E, Parra-Medina D, Cupertino P, Rogers N, et al. Text Messaging to Motivate Exercise Among Latino Adults at Risk for Vascular Disease: A Pilot Study, 2013. Prev Chronic Dis 2014;11:140219. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd11.140219.
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