Abstract
Background
Development of simple instruments for determination of self-care levels in heart failure (HF) patients is a subject of ongoing research. One such instrument, gaining growing popularity worldwide, is the European Heart Failure Self-care Behavior Scale (EHFScBS). The aim of this study was to adapt and to test reliability of the Polish version of EHFScBS.
Method
A standard guideline was used for translation and cultural adaptation of the English version of EHFScBS into Polish. The study included 100 Polish HF patients aged between 24 and 91 years, among them 67 men and 33 women. Cronbach’s alpha was used for analysis of the internal consistency of EHFScBS.
Results
Mean total self-care score in the study group was 34.2±8.1 points. Good or satisfactory level of self-care were documented in four out of 12 analyzed EHFScBS domains. Cronbach’s alpha for the entire questionnaire was 0.64. The value of Cronbach’s alpha after deletion of specific items ranged from 0.55 to 0.65.
Conclusion
Polish HF patients present significant deficits of self-care, which are to a large extent associated with inefficacy of the public health care system. Apart from cultural characteristics, the socioeconomic context of the target population should be considered during language adaptation of EHFScBS, as well as during interpretation of data obtained with this instrument. A number of self-care–related behaviors may be optimized as a result of appropriate educational activities, also those offered by nursing personnel.
Keywords: self-care, European Heart Failure Self-care Behavior Scale, internal consistency, reliability
Introduction
Growing prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, especially heart failure (HF), as well as the resultant increase in therapeutic costs, necessitates optimization of management of patients affected with these conditions. HF is estimated to affect 1%–2% of the adult population in developed countries and constitutes one of the most frequent causes of hospitalization due to cardiovascular conditions. Frequent hospitalizations due to HF are associated with worse quality of life and poorer prognosis. As with any other chronic condition, HF raises negative emotions and causes problems in physical, mental, and social functioning. This frequently results in limitations in the daily living activities and enforces resignation from previously fulfilled duties. Implementation of a holistic care model, according to which a patient is actively involved in the therapeutic process, rather than only being a subject of medical services, is one postulated solution of the problem in question. However, development of patient health awareness is required to achieve this objective, along with related educational activities.1,2 Many studies have showed that systematic education of HF patients plays a significant role in the tertiary prevention of this condition, which is reflected by a decrease in decompensation and rehospitalization rates.1,3 Moreover, the effectiveness of the educational activities turned out to be higher if the latter were oriented on self-care promotion. In the case of HF patients, the term “self-care” refers to appropriate use of prescribed medications, lifestyle modification, including dietary habits and physical activity level, and the ability to recognize and respond to early signs of decompensation.4–7
Despite being seemingly easy, implementation of the abovementioned educational activities faces a number of obstacles. Although the issue of health educators should be solved by the involvement and appropriate preparation of cardiology nurses in this role, achieving persistent and objective educational effects is still problematic. This at least partially results from the characteristics of HF patients themselves, as this group comprises a number of older individuals, who live alone, and possess limited cognitive resources and memory. Consequently, apart from the process of education itself, monitoring of its short- and long-term outcomes and implementation of intervention in case of any greater deficits in self-care–related knowledge also remain vital issues.6,8,9
Consequently, the development of simple instruments for the determination of self-care levels in HF patients is a subject of research. One such instrument, gaining growing popularity worldwide, is the European Heart Failure Self-care Behavior Scale (EHFScBS).9 This questionnaire was developed on the basis of the theoretical construct of self-care by Orem.10 In its present version, EHFScBS includes 12 questions related to various aspects of self-care, among them daily control of weight, level of physical activity, use of low-sodium diet, amount of ingested fluids, self-monitoring, and appropriate reaction to potential symptoms of decompensation.9 The instrument has passed validation and psychometric verification in many populations and culture groups and was a subject of many translations and adaptations.11–16
Similar to other developed countries, HF constitutes the main cause of hospitalization and mortality among Polish patients, especially in the elderly. However, contrary to Western communities, it was only recently that the role of holistic care to HF patients was realized in Poland.17 This delay is inter alia reflected by the lack of Polish instruments for psychological and social diagnosis of patients with this condition, including their demand for educational activity. In order to fill this gap, we decided to develop a Polish adaptation of EHFScBS and to test its reliability in a group of HF patients. The aim of this paper is to present the results of the reliability testing.
Materials and methods
Questionnaire
The EHFScBS questionnaire contains 12 statements regarding three theoretical aspects of self-care behaviors: complying with regimen (control of weight, fluid restriction, low-sodium diet, medication adherence, flu vaccinations), adapting activities (rest, physical activity), and seeking of help in the case of symptoms of potential decompensation (shortness of breath, increased fatigue, lower limb swelling, considerable weight gain in a short period of time). The respondent scores a number of statements on a 5-item Likert scale (from 1 – “I completely agree” to 5 – “I don’t agree at all”). The total score, being a sum of all the 12 answers, can range from 12 to 60 points, with lower values corresponding to better self-care of the given individuals. Moreover, the quality of self-care in specific domains represented by individual statements can be determined, with scores of 1–2 corresponding to high and scores of 3–5 to low self-care levels.
Polish adaptation of EHFScBS
A standard guideline18 was used for the translation and cultural adaptation of the English version of EHFScBS9 into Polish (Table 1). After obtaining permission from the authors of the original instrument, it was independently translated into Polish by two translators specialized in biomedical projects. Subsequently, both translations were assessed by a panel of ten competent referees for the form and content of the individual statements and for appropriateness and clarity of the questionnaire’s instructions. The panel consisted of five geriatric and cardiovascular nurses, two physicians (one gerontologist and one cardiologist), and three specialists in health psychology. All the panel members had over 10 years of experience with working with cardiac patients. Eventually, when the referees reached consensus on the final version of translation, it was subjected to a back-translation process and sent to the authors of the original instrument for their approval. Subsequently, the preliminary adaptation was subjected to a preliminary study in a group of 30 randomly chosen patients. Eventually, the final Polish version of EHFScBS was obtained and subjected to the hereby reported validation study (Table 1).
Table 1.
Original version of EHFScBS and its Polish adaptation
| Original version | Polish adaptation | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I completely agree | I don’t agree at all | Całkowicie się zgadzam | Całkowicie się nie zgadzam | ||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 1. I weigh myself every day. | 1. Ważę się codziennie. | ||||||||
| 2. If I get short of breath, I take it easy. | 2. Gdy mam zadyszkę staram się odpocząć. | ||||||||
| 3. If my shortness of breath increases, I contact my doctor or nurse. | 3. Gdy moja zadyszka nasila się kontaktuję się z moim lekarzem lub pielęgniarką. | ||||||||
| 4. If my feet/legs become more swollen than usual, I contact my doctor or nurse. | 4. Gdy obrzęk stóp/nóg jest większy niż zazwyczaj kontaktuję się z moim lekarzem lub pielęgniarką. | ||||||||
| 5. If I gain 2 kg in one week, I contact my doctor or nurse. | 5. Gdy w tydzień przytyję 2 kilo kontaktuję się z moim lekarzem lub pielęgniarką. | ||||||||
| 6. I limit the amount of fluids I drink (not more than 1½–2 L/day). | 6. Ograniczam ilość płynów, które wypijam (nie więcej niż 1,5–2 litry dziennie). | ||||||||
| 7. I take a rest during the day. | 7. Odpoczywam w ciągu dnia. | ||||||||
| 8. If I experience increased fatigue, I contact my doctor or nurse. | 8. Jeżeli odczuwam zwiększone zmęczenie kontaktuję się z moim lekarzem lub pielęgniarką. | ||||||||
| 9. I eat a low salt diet. | 9. Moja dieta jest niskosodowa. | ||||||||
| 10. I take my medication as prescribed. | 10. Przyjmuję leki zgodnie z zaleceniami. | ||||||||
| 11. I get a flu shot every year. | 11. Co roku szczepię się przeciw grypie. | ||||||||
| 12. I exercise regularly. | 12. Ćwiczę regularnie. | ||||||||
Notes: Adapted from Jaarsma T, Arestedt KF, Martensson J, Dracup K, Stromberg A. The European Heart Failure Self-care Behaviour scale revised into a nine-item scale (EHFScB-9): a reliable and valid international instrument. Eur J Heart Fail. 2009;11(1):99–105. Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2009 Jaarsma T, Arestedt KF, Martensson J, Dracup K, Stromberg A.24
Abbreviation: EHFScBS, European Heart Failure Self-care Behavior Scale.
Patients
The study, conducted at the Specialist Hospital in Wrocław between May 2013 and January 2014, included 100 patients with stable HF. The participants filled in the questionnaire during routine control visits. The only exclusion criteria were cognitive deficits, communication barriers (eg, deafness, blindness), or problems with manual dexterity. The sample size was selected based on literature data, according to which the minimum number of participants taking part in a validation study should be at least five times larger than the number of variables being analyzed;19 consequently, validation of EHFScBS should be based on examination of at least 60 patients (5×12 statements). All the participants gave their written informed consent for participation in the study, and its protocol was approved by the Local Bioethical Committee at Wrocław Medical University (decision no Nbr 459/2013).
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was conducted with Statistica 10 package (StatSoft, Inc., Tulsa, OK, USA). Normal distribution of continuous variables was verified with the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, and their statistical characteristics were expressed as the arithmetic means ± standard deviation (SD), medians, and interquartile ranges (IQR). Categorical variables were expressed as absolute frequencies (n). Cronbach’s alpha was used for analysis of internal consistency.
Results
The study included 67 men and 33 women aged between 24 and 91 years. The vast majority of the participants suffered from New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II or III HF. Detailed characteristics of the examined patients are presented in Table 2.
Table 2.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study participants
| Characteristics | Value (n=100) |
|---|---|
| Age (years) | 67.5 (60–76.5) |
| Sex | |
| Male | n=67 |
| Female | n=33 |
| Education (years) | 10 (8–12) |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 35 (30–45) |
| NYHA class | |
| I | n=1 |
| II | n=44 |
| III | n=54 |
| IV | n=1 |
| Time from HF diagnosis (years) | 2 (1–6) |
| Medication | |
| Diuretics | n=97 |
| Beta blockers | n=96 |
| ACEi/ARB | n=85 |
| Digoxin | n=36 |
Abbreviations: ACEi, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; HF, heart failure; NYHA, New York Heart Association.
The mean total self-care score in the study group was 34.2±8.1 points. Good or satisfactory level of self-care (mean values of 1 or 2 on the Likert-type scale) were documented in four out of 12 analyzed domains: rest (statements no 2 and 7), medication adherence (statement no 8), and low-sodium diet (statement no 9). The scores of the remaining statements pointed to low levels of self-care in their respective domains. The highest fractions of unsatisfactory answers referred to yearly flu vaccination (n=82), controlling weight on a daily basis (n=76), and informing a doctor or nurse on sudden weight gain (n=75). Detailed characteristics of the scores for individual statements included in the Polish adaptation of EHFScBS are presented in Table 3.
Table 3.
Scores for individual items included in Polish adaptation of the EHFScBS questionnaire and the number of participants presenting with low levels of self-care (scores of 3–5 on the Likert scale) in domains characterized by the individual statements
| Item | Mean ± SD | Median (IQR) | Inadequate (n) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. I weigh myself every day. | 3.5±1.4 | 4 (3–5) | 76 |
| 2. If I get short of breath I take it easy. | 1.6±1.2 | 1 (1–1) | 17 |
| 3. If my shortness of breath increases I contact my doctor or nurse. | 2.9±1.6 | 3 (1–5) | 53 |
| 4. If my feet/legs become more swollen than usual I contact my doctor or nurse. | 2.9±1.7 | 3 (1–5) | 53 |
| 5. If I gain 2 kilo in one week I contact my doctor or nurse. | 3.8±1.5 | 5 (3–5) | 75 |
| 6. I limit the amount of fluids I drink (not more than 1½–2 L/day). | 2.8±1.6 | 3 (1–4) | 54 |
| 7. I take a rest during the day. | 1.9±1.4 | 1 (1–3) | 26 |
| 8. If I experience increased fatigue I contact my doctor or nurse. | 3.3±1.6 | 4 (2–5) | 64 |
| 9. I eat a low salt diet. | 2.5±1.5 | 2 (1–4) | 41 |
| 10. I take my medication as prescribed. | 1.6±1.3 | 1 (1–1) | 17 |
| 11. I get a flu shot every year. | 4.2±1.5 | 5 (4–5) | 82 |
| 12. I exercise regularly. | 3.3±1.6 | 3 (2–5) | 65 |
Notes: Adapted from Jaarsma T, Arestedt KF, Martensson J, Dracup K, Stromberg A. The European Heart Failure Self-care Behaviour scale revised into a nine-item scale (EHFScB-9): a reliable and valid international instrument. Eur J Heart Fail. 2009;11(1):99–105. Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2009 Jaarsma T, Arestedt KF, Martensson J, Dracup K, Stromberg A.24
Abbreviations: EHFScBS, European Heart Failure Self-care Behavior Scale; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation.
Cronbach’s alpha characterizing internal consistency of the entire questionnaire was 0.64. The values of Cronbach’s alpha after deletion of specific items ranged from 0.55 to 0.65. The highest values of item–total correlation were documented in the case of statements regarding contacting a doctor or nurse in the case of unexplained dyspnea or increased fatigue (statements no 3 and 8), and the lowest values for statements on having a rest during the day (statement no 7) or in the case of dyspnea (statement no 2). The detailed psychometric characteristics of the Polish adaptation of EHFScBS are presented in Table 4.
Table 4.
Psychometric characteristics of Polish adaptation of the EHFScBS questionnaire
| Item (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.64) | Corrected item–total correlation | Cronbach’s alpha if item deleted |
|---|---|---|
| 1. I weigh myself every day. | 0.27 | 0.62 |
| 2. If I get short of breath I take it easy. | 0.03 | 0.65 |
| 3. If my shortness of breath increases I contact my doctor or nurse. | 0.59 | 0.55 |
| 4. If my feet/legs become more swollen than usual I contact my doctor or nurse. | 0.43 | 0.58 |
| 5. If I gain 2 kilo in one week I contact my doctor or nurse. | 0.32 | 0.61 |
| 6. I limit the amount of fluids I drink (not more than 1½–2 L/day). | 0.27 | 0.62 |
| 7. I take a rest during the day. | 0.08 | 0.65 |
| 8. If I experience increased fatigue I contact my doctor or nurse. | 0.55 | 0.56 |
| 9. I eat a low salt diet. | 0.36 | 0.60 |
| 10. I take my medication as prescribed. | 0.07 | 0.65 |
| 11. I get a flu shot every year. | 0.11 | 0.64 |
| 12. I exercise regularly. | 0.23 | 0.63 |
Notes: Adapted from Jaarsma T, Arestedt KF, Martensson J, Dracup K, Stromberg A. The European Heart Failure Self-care Behaviour scale revised into a nine-item scale (EHFScB-9): a reliable and valid international instrument. Eur J Heart Fail. 2009;11(1):99–105. Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2009 Jaarsma T, Arestedt KF, Martensson J, Dracup K, Stromberg A.24
Abbreviation: EHFScBS, European Heart Failure Self-care Behavior Scale.
Discussion
The aim of this study was to adapt the EHFScBS to Polish conditions and to test the reliability of this instrument in a group of HF patients. The reliability testing was based on determining the routine psychometric characteristics of the scale, with Cronbach’s alpha coefficient being a measure of its internal consistency. The internal consistency rate of this Polish adaptation of EHFScBS was 0.64. Therefore, this value was lower than both the internal consistency rate of the original instrument (0.81),9 and the values documented in validation studies of other language versions and cultural adaptations, conducted in Italy (0.82),15 the USA (0.80),14 Germany (0.71),13 Japan (0.71),12 Brazil (0.70),20 and the UK (0.69).16 However, two issues should be considered during interpretation of this finding: diagnostic accuracy of an instrument with an internal consistency rate slightly above 60% and the reasons for which the psychometric characteristics of this Polish adaptation of EHFScBS were worse than those of other language versions and cultural adaptations.
The answer to the first question is not simple, as a cutoff value for Cronbach’s alpha, which would discriminate between instruments with sufficient and insufficient internal consistency rates, has not been defined in psychometric studies. According to some authors, the values of Cronbach’s alpha ≥0.90 should be considered as optimal, ≥0.80 as good, ≥0.70 as acceptable, ≥0.60 as questionable, ≥0.50 as poor, and <0.50 as unacceptable.21 Therefore, the Polish adaptation of EHFScBS should be considered as an instrument with limited value in this context. However, some researchers, especially from the field of social sciences, suggested that instruments with internal consistency rates of at least 0.6 should not be disqualified as long as the results are interpreted cautiously and within the whole sociodemographic context.22
The latter statement likely applies to our adaptation of EHFScBS, as detailed analysis of scores and psychometric characteristics of its individual statements identified potential reasons for discrepancies between the Polish instrument and other language versions and cultural adaptations. On the basis of results documented in our group of patients, the statements included in the questionnaire can be classified at three levels of self-care quality: 1) optimal – regarding adherence to doctor’s prescriptions and behaviors enforced by a natural history of the disease; 2) moderate or poor – regarding lifestyle of the respondents; and 3) very poor – associated with seeking immediate help from medical personnel. Most of the respondents declared having a rest during the day or whenever necessary, eg, in the case of shortness of breath, and adhering to the prescribed therapeutic regimen. While the two first behaviors were evidently forced by the health status of our patients, the third one seems to reflect a role of the physician in Polish culture, in which this profession is traditionally considered as one of the so-called professions of public trust. Unfortunately, as a result of the current collapse of the Polish health care system (limited availability of health care services and resultant long waiting times for medical visits and markedly shortened duration of the latter), most physicians can no longer play the role of health educators.
The hereby documented deficits of self-care with regards to activities that require immediate medical or nursing consultation due to the signs of potential decompensation also reflect the poor condition of the Polish health care system; the patients are unlikely to seek this type of support in view of many months of waiting for routinely scheduled control visits. The same refers to the yearly flu vaccination; this vaccination is not reimbursed in Poland and its cost constitutes a marked burden for household budgets, especially in the case of older persons. Moreover, one should remember the still prevalent media speculations on the limited efficacy and safety of the flu vaccination.23 The abovementioned data suggests that not only cultural characteristics but also the socioeconomic conditions of a given country should be considered during adaptation of EHFScBS and other similar instruments.
Analysis of the psychometric characteristics for the individual statements included in EHFScBS suggests that the relatively lower internal consistency rate of the Polish version is mostly associated with the limited availability of health care services in Poland. The abovementioned hypothesis is supported by the high values of the item–total coefficients of correlation for variables determined by the availability of health care, and the weaker item–total correlations for patient-dependent variables.
It should be noted, however, that apart from the abovementioned “system-driven” deficits of self-care, our study identified a number of deficits that are evidently associated with inappropriate lifestyle, ie, lack of physical activity, proper diet, and regular weight control. It is noteworthy that all these behaviors can be modified by educational interventions included within the framework of holistic care, alas well as those offered by nursing personnel, and can to a large extent counteract the deficits of self-care that result from inefficacy of the public health care system.
Conclusion
The study showed that Polish HF patients present significant deficits of self-care, which are to a large extent associated with inefficacy of the public health care system. Therefore, apart from cultural characteristics, the socioeconomic context of a target population should also be considered during language adaptation of EHFScBS and interpretation of data obtained with this instrument. Development of the unique self-care scale, which reflects Poland’s health care environment and cultural or socioeconomic characteristics, represents another option. However, from an international research perspective this seems not optimal since it limits the comparability across countries and cultures. Nevertheless, our findings suggest that a number of self-care–related behaviors may be optimized as a result of appropriate educational activities, as well as those of nursing personnel.
Footnotes
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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