Survey of Surface Proteins from the Pathogenic Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Strain 7448 Using a Biotin Cell Surface Labeling Approach

Abstract

The characterization of the repertoire of proteins exposed on the cell surface by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae), the etiological agent of enzootic pneumonia in pigs, is critical to understand physiological processes associated with bacterial infection capacity, survival and pathogenesis. Previous in silico studies predicted that about a third of the genes in the M. hyopneumoniae genome code for surface proteins, but so far, just a few of them have experimental confirmation of their expression and surface localization. In this work, M. hyopneumoniae surface proteins were labeled in intact cells with biotin, and affinity-captured biotin-labeled proteins were identified by a gel-based liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry approach. A total of 20 gel slices were separately analyzed by mass spectrometry, resulting in 165 protein identifications corresponding to 59 different protein species. The identified surface exposed proteins better defined the set of M. hyopneumoniae proteins exposed to the host and added confidence to in silico predictions. Several proteins potentially related to pathogenesis, were identified, including known adhesins and also hypothetical proteins with adhesin-like topologies, consisting of a transmembrane helix and a large tail exposed at the cell surface. The results provided a better picture of the M. hyopneumoniae cell surface that will help in the understanding of processes important for bacterial pathogenesis. Considering the experimental demonstration of surface exposure, adhesion-like topology predictions and absence of orthologs in the closely related, non-pathogenic species Mycoplasma flocculare, several proteins could be proposed as potential targets for the development of drugs, vaccines and/or immunodiagnostic tests for enzootic pneumonia.

Introduction

Mycoplasmas belong to the class Mollicutes and are among the smallest free-living organisms capable of self-replication. Evolutionarily related to Gram-positive bacteria, mycoplasmas have undergone extensive genome reduction, which led to simplification or loss of some metabolic pathways and structural cell components. They are unable to synthesize peptidoglycans or their precursors, and therefore, present no cell wall. The mycoplasma cell membrane is formed from proteins, phospholipids and cholesterol; cholesterol is an essential nutrient to bacterial growth and is responsible for membrane rigidness and stability [1], [2].

M. hyopneumoniae is the etiological agent of enzootic pneumonia (EP), a chronic disease characterized by a dry and non-productive cough, most evident when pigs are roused, retarded growth, and inefficient food conversion [3]. In pigs, M. hyopneumoniae is found to be attached to the cilia of the tracheal epithelial cells, causing a reduction in ciliary action [4], [5], and predisposing the swine to infection by other pathogens, such as Pasteurella multocida [6] and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) [7].

M. hyopneumoniae adhesion to the swine tracheal epithelial cells is essential to disease establishment, and the characterization of adhesion-mediating molecules has been the focus of most studies on the bacterial mechanisms of virulence and pathogenesis. Bacterial adhesive capability is related to several proteins, such as the well-described P97 adhesin [8], [9], [10] and adhesin-like proteins, such as P216 [11], P159 [12], P102 [13], P146 [14] and P116 [15]. It has been suggested, however, that several other proteins that so far remain uncharacterized are involved in the M. hyopneumoniae cell adhesion process [12].

Membrane (integral or associated) proteins are directly exposed on the cell surface and play key roles in cell adhesion, and evasion and/or modulation of the host immune system, events which are important for environmental, bacterial and host cell interactions [16], [17]. The identification of membrane proteins represents a great challenge, especially due to their mainly hydrophobic nature and selective loss during purification, which especially occurs in the precipitation and solubilization steps.

Several methods have been applied to the experimental identification of mycoplasma membrane proteins, especially methods involving selective solubilization the use of detergents, such as Triton X100 [18], [19] and Triton X114 [20]. These methods yield enriched membrane protein fractions, including lipoproteins, but do not completely avoid contamination with cytosolic and ribosomal proteins [21]. Selective labeling using hydrophilic and membrane-impermeable reagents, such as Sulfo-NHS-Biotin, is an alternative way to reduce this contamination and allow the recovery of a more specific fraction of surface exposed proteins [22].

Here, we describe a proteomic approach, based on intact cell surface labeling and labeled protein purification, coupled to gel-based liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GeLC-MS/MS), to identify M. hyopneumoniae surface exposed proteins. This strategy allowed to identify surface proteins possibly involved in pathogenesis, including some previously annotated as hypothetical proteins. Moreover, a comparative analysis was carried with the closely related non-pathogenic species Mycoplasma flocculare (M. flocculare), to verify which of the identified surface proteins are found only in the pathogenic counterpart. The potential of some of the identified M. hyopneumoniae surface exposed proteins as novel targets for the development of vaccines, diagnostic tests and therapeutic drugs is discussed.

Methods

Bacterial strain and culture conditions

The Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae pathogenic strain 7448 was isolated from an infected swine from Lindóia do Sul (Santa Catarina, Brazil), and cultured in Friis medium as previously described [23].

Biotin labeling and affinity recovery of labeled M. hyopneumoniae strain 7448 proteins

A cell pellet from 100 ml of fresh M. hyopneumoniae 7448 culture was collected by centrifugation at 3360 x g for 15 min. The pellet was washed three times with cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.2) and resuspended in the same buffer with the addition of 1 mg of sulfosuccinimidyl biotin (EZ-Link Sulfo-NHS-Biotin; Pierce, USA)/ml, in a final concentration of 2 mM of biotin reagent, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The labeling reaction was performed as previously described [22] for 30 min at 4°C, and the residual sulfo-NHS-biotin was quenched by adding glycine to a final concentration of 100 mM. To remove all unspecific and inactivated Sulfo-NHS-Biotin, the cell suspension was washed twice with 100 mM glycine (final concentration) in PBS. Cells were then lysed by five rounds of sonication (30 s, 20 kHz, 1 min interval between rounds) and labeled proteins were recovered by affinity chromatography in a Monomeric Avidin Resin (Pierce, USA), with gravity flow, using phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.0) + 1% Triton X-100 as an equilibration and wash buffer and the same buffer with the addition of biotin to a final concentration of 2 mM was used to block biotin non-reversible binding sites and to elute the bound biotinylated molecule. All steps were performed in the presence of protease inhibitors (Sigma-Aldrich, USA). Chromatography was monitored by measuring the absorbance at 280 nm. As a control, a cell pellet from 100 ml of another fresh M. hyopneumoniae 7448 culture was collected by centrifugation at 3360×g for 15 min, washed three times with cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.2) and lysed by sonication (as described above) prior to biotin labeling of total proteins. After this, labeled proteins were recovered and treated as described above for protein labeling of intact cells. Crude protein extracts were produced in the same way, excluding biotin labeling steps.

Protein samples were concentrated, and salts and detergents were removed by a chloroform/methanol precipitation step and freeze dried until use. All the above procedures of cell culture, and protein labeling and affinity purification were performed in triplicate.

Electrophoretic prefractionation followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry of M. hyopneumoniae biotin-labeled proteins

A gel-based liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GeLC-MS/MS) [24] approach, using protein prefractionation by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and in-gel digestion (IGD), followed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), was used for the identification of biotin-labeled proteins of M. hyopneumoniae strain 7448. The workflow for GeLC-MS/MS was performed as follows. Freeze-dried protein samples (obtained as described in section 2.2) were resuspended in PBS (pH 7.0) and protein concentration was determined using the Qubit Protein Assay Kit (Invitrogen, USA), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Samples corresponding to 15 µg of biotin-labeled proteins in PBS, after addition of urea to a final concentration of 8 M, were fractionated by SDS-PAGE on 4–10% Mini-PROTEAN tetra cell precast gels at 80 mV using Tris-SDS running buffer, and stained with Coomassie Brilliant-Blue G250 (Sigma-Aldrich, USA). For each protein sample resolved by SDS-PAGE the corresponding gel lane was divided into 20 slices of similar size (∼15 mm² in area), which were manually excised from the gel and individually processed as follows. They were initially submitted to three washes with 400 µl of 50% acetonitrile and 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate pH 8.0 for 15 min, followed by one washing step with 400 µl of acetonitrile. Gel slices were then incubated with 200 µl of 10 mM DTT in 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate at room temperature for 60 min for reduction, and proteins were subsequently alkylated by incubation with 50 mM iodoacetamide in 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate for 45 min in the dark at room temperature. Gel slices were dried in a CentriVap centrifuge (Labconco, USA). For IGD, gel slices were covered with a trypsin solution (Promega, USA) (20 µg in 1 mL of ammonium bicarbonate 50 mM) and samples were incubated overnight at 37°C. Extraction of the resulting peptides from gel slices was carried out by two successive 1 h incubations with 50 µl of 50% acetonitrile and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA).

Peptides resulting from IGD were separated in a Nanoease C18 (75 µm ID) capillary column by elution with a water/acetonitrile 0.1% formic acid gradient in a capillary liquid chromatography system (Waters, Milford, US). Liquid chromatography was coupled online with an electrospray ionization (ESI) quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) Ultima API mass spectrometer (Micromass, UK). Data were acquired in data-dependent mode (DDA), and multiple charged peptide ions (+2 and +3) were automatically mass selected and dissociated in MS/MS experiments. Typical LC and ESI conditions included a flow of 200 nL/min, a nanoflow capillary voltage of 3.5 kV, a block temperature of 100°C, and a cone voltage of 100 V. For each replicate, three independent LC-MS/MS measurements were performed. Mass spectrometry was performed in the Unidade de Química de Proteínas e Espectrometria de Massas (Uniprote-MS), Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS (Porto Alegre, Brazil).

Protein identification based on peptide MS/MS data was performed using Mascot software (Matrix Science, UK). All tandem mass spectra were searched against a database generated via an in silico digest of all proteins encoded by the M. hyopneumoniae 7448 genome with the following search parameters: trypsin was used as the cutting enzyme, mass tolerance for the monoisotopic peptide window was set to ±0.2 Da, the MS/MS tolerance window was set to ±0.2 Da, one missed cleavage was allowed, and carbamidomethyl and oxidized methionine were chosen as variable modifications.

In silico analyses of protein identified by GeLC-MS/MS

Cluster of Orthologous in Genomes (COG) annotations were assigned based on sequence similarity searches of CDS entries from M. hyopneumoniae strain 7448 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome, NC_007332) against the COG annotated proteins database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/COG) [25]. Lipoprotein (LP) in silico prediction was performed using LIPOPREDICT (http://www.lipopredict.cdac.in/) and LIPO CBU (http://services.cbu.uib.no/tools/lipo). Ortholog analysis was performed as previously described [26].

Results

GeLC-MS/MS analysis of M. hyopneumoniae cell surface labeled proteins

Biotin-labeled M. hyopneumoniae strain 7448 proteins were resolved by SDS-PAGE, and proteins from gel slices (Figure S1, lane 2 and 3) were subjected to nanoHPLC-nanoESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS identification. MS/MS analyses were performed in replicates (technical replicates) for each of the three biological samples, with virtually the same results. The GeLC-MS/MS identification of labeled intact cell (LIC) samples, resulted in a total of 165 protein identifications (Table S1), corresponding to 59 different protein species (Table S2), which represent approximately 10% of the total proteins encoded by the genome of M. hyopneumoniae strain 7448. In control samples from labeled lysed cells (LLC), 96 different proteins species were identified, including several typical intracellular proteins, such as ribosomal proteins, not identified in samples from intact cells (Table S3).

Considering the repertoire of 59 surface exposed proteins detected by GeLC-MS/MS of labeled intact cell (LIC) samples, 34 were identified from two or more gel slices, including well-known adhesion related proteins, such as P76, P97, P102, P146 and P216, along with 19 (32%) hypothetical proteins. Thirty five of these proteins (58.3%) were previously predicted as surface protein [26]. We also performed an in silico prediction of M. hyopneumoniae 7448 lipoproteins (LPs) (Table S4), and, from the total of 25 predicted LPs (summing those predicted by LIPOPREDICT and LIPO CBU tools), 16 (64%) were detected in our survey of surface exposed proteins. Among the MS-detected surface proteins predicted in silico as such or as LPs, there are well-known adhesion related proteins, such as P76, P97, P102, P146 and P216, 46 K surface antigen precursor, ABC transporter xylose-binding lipoprotein, and prolipoprotein p65, along with 16 hypothetical proteins.

A total of 21 proteins out of the 59 identified as surface exposed by GeLC-MS/MS of labeled intact cell (LIC) samples (35%) were not predicted in silico as such [26] or as lipoproteins (our results) (Table S2). This group includes proteins traditionally involved in intracellular processes. An additional analysis of these proteins reveled that at least for some of them, like pyruvate dehydrogenase subunits, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), L-lactate dehydrogenase, elongation factor Tu (Ef-Tu), molecular chaperone DnaK, and NADH-dependent flavin oxidoreductase, there are previous evidences in the literature (see Discussion) suggesting their surface localization in mycoplasmas or other pathogenic bacteria.

Functional classification of M. hyopneumoniae surface proteins from LIC samples identified by GeLC-MS/MS

In an attempt to infer potential physiological/functional features, the functional classification of the 59 proteins experimentally identified as surface exposed was performed based on the COG [25] (Figure 1, Table S2). According to COG, more than half of the GeLC-MS/MS identified M. hyopneumoniae surface proteins (35 out of 59; 58%) from LIC samples were classified as having unknown function, a class which included adhesion-related (6 proteins) and hypothetical proteins (19 proteins). Energy production and conversion was the second well-represented class (9 out of 59; 15%), followed by nucleotide transport and metabolism (5 out of 59; 8%), carbohydrate transport and metabolism (3 out of 59; 5%), general function prediction (3 out of 59; 5%), posttranslational modification/protein turnover/chaperones (2 out of 59; 2%), inorganic ion transport and metabolism (1 out of 59; 1.6%), translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis (1 out of 59; 1.6%) and translation (1 out of 59; 1.6%).

Figure 1. Functional analysis of M. hyopneumoniae surface proteins identified by GeLC-MS/MS in LIC samples.

Percentages of proteins predicted in each functional category are indicated in the sectors of the circle. COG functional classes are as follows. Major class information storage and processes: (J) Translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis, (K) Transcription; Major class cellular processes: (O) Post-translational modification, protein turnover, and chaperones, (P) Inorganic ion transport and metabolism; Major class Metabolism: (C) Energy production and conversion, (G) Carbohydrate transport and metabolism, (F) Nucleotide transport and metabolism; Major class poorly characterized: (R) General function prediction only, (S) Function unknown.

Topology predictions of M. hyopneumoniae surface proteins from LIC samples identified by GeLC-MS/MS

In silico topology predictions were performed for the 59 proteins experimentally identified as surface exposed. These predictions (Table S2) showed that 19 of them had transmembrane domains (TM proteins), including the adhesion related proteins P76, P97, P102, P146 and P216, the transporter potassium uptake protein, and the cell division protein. Interestingly, other 10 of the 19 putative transmembrane proteins also presented adhesion-like predicted topologies, consisting of a transmembrane helix and a large tail exposed at the cell surface. These proteins are protein MHP7448_0372, 46 K surface antigen precursor, periplasmic sugar-binding protein, and 7 hypothetical proteins (MHP7448_0138, MHP7448_0352, MHP7448_0373, MHP7448_0467, MHP7448_0468, MHP7448_0629, and MHP7448_0661).

Considering the experimental demonstration of surface exposure, adhesin-like topology predictions and absence of orthologue in the closely related, non-pathogenic species M. flocculare, 12 of the proteins identified by GeLC-MS/MS in LIC samples could be selected as potential targets for the development of drugs, vaccines and/or immunodiagnostic tests (Table 1). These include proteins previously related to pathogenicity in bacteria (NADH-dependent flavin oxidoreductase, and 46 K surface antigen precursor), and several previously uncharacterized M. hyopneumoniae hypothetical proteins.

Table 1. Adhesin topology prediction and additional criteria for the selection of the identified surface exposed proteins as potential targets for the development of drugs, vaccines and/or immunodiagnostic tests.

Locus Tag1	Proteinproduct2	Protein name	Adhesin-liketopology3	Absence inM. flocculare 4	Studies suggested a surfacelocalization5
MHP7448_0088	YP_287488.1	Hypothetical protein MHP7448_0088		•
MHP7448_0138	YP_287535.1	Hypothetical protein MHP7448_0138	•
MHP7448_0234	YP_287631.1	Periplasmic sugar-binding protein	•	•	[46]
MHP7448_0309	YP_287705.1	NADH-dependent flavin oxidoreductase		•	[48], [49], [50]
MHP7448_0324	YP_287719.1	Hypothetical protein MHP7448_0324		•
MHP7448_0333	YP_287728.1	Hypothetical protein MHP7448_0333		•
MHP7448_0352	YP_287746.1	Hypothetical protein MHP7448_0352	•		[29]
MHP7448_0372	YP_287766.1	Protein MHP7448_0372	•
MHP7448_0373	YP_287767.1	Hypothetical protein MHP7448_0373	•		[30]
MHP7448_0513	YP_287902.1	46 K surface antigen precursor	•
MHP7448_0629	YP_288014.1	Hypothetical protein MHP7448_0629	•
MHP7448_0661	YP_288046.1	Hypothetical protein MHP7448_0661	•

¹Locus tag as defined for M. hyopneumoniae strain 7448 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome, NC_007332).

²Protein product according to NCBI database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov).

³Topology prediction similar to well known adhesins (Table S2).

⁴No ortholog found closely related, non-pathogenic species M. flocculare.

⁵Published literature.

Discussion

Cell surface proteins are directly exposed to the environment and can mediate important pathogen-host interactions, such as adhesion, cell signaling and immune modulation, all of which are relevant for pathogenesis. For M. hyopneumoniae, it is predicted that about a third of the genes in its genome code for surface proteins [26], but so far, just a few of them have experimental confirmation of their expression and surface localization. Here, we employed a biotin cell surface labeling approach followed by avidin affinity recovery of labeled proteins coupled to identification by GeLC-MS/MS to survey the exposed surface proteins from M. hyopneumoniae. Experimental demonstration of surface exposure, adhesion-like topology predictions and absence of orthologs in the closely related, non-pathogenic M. flocculare allowed to propose several proteins as candidates for the development of drugs, vaccines and/or immunodiagnostic tests for enzootic pneumonia.

Biotinylation has already been described as useful for the specific labeling of exposed tails of surface proteins [21], [22]. The GeLC-MS/MS workflow was chosen for the qualitative identification of biotin-labeled M. hyopneumoniae surface proteins due to some advantages for hydrophobic protein analysis, including complete solubilization by SDS and removal of detergent and salts [24]. The biotinylation-GeLC-MS/MS combined approach successfully enriched samples and identified M. hyopneumoniae surface proteins, with no ribosomal protein recovery and with the identification of few classical cytoplasm proteins (Table S2). Besides, a large proportion of adhesion related proteins and LPs was selectively recovered and identified from LIC samples, in contrast with labeled lysed cell (LLC) control samples (cells lysed prior to labeling), from which proteins involved in a broad range of cellular functions, localized in both cytoplasm and membrane were identified (Table S3).

The adherence of M. hyopneumoniae to tracheal host cells is a crucial step for colonization and establishment of disease in infected pigs [1], [3], [16]. Adhesins play key roles in the process of pathogen binding to a host cell, although cell adhesion is a multifactorial process that involves surface proteins from both bacterial and host cells [27]. Well-known M. hyopneumoniae adhesins, namely P97, P97-like, P216, P102, and P76 proteins, which have been associated with binding to porcine cilia, heparin, fibronectin and plasminogen [8], [9], [10], [11], [13], had their surface localization confirmed by GeLC-MS/MS identification in LIC samples (Table S2). Other well represented proteins in our proteomic survey were LPs, among which were ABC transporter xylose-binding lipoprotein, and P60-like lipoprotein. ABC transporter xylose-binding lipoprotein is similar to the outer membrane lipoprotein P48 of some Mycoplasma species [28], described as an immunomodulatory protein required for intracellular invasion. The P60-like lipoprotein ortholog of Mycoplasma hominis was previously described [29] as a surface protein associated with P80 protein, whose M. hyopneumoniae ortholog (MHP7448_352) was also identified in our survey.

The GeLC-MS/MS protein identification in LIC samples also revealed the presence of 19 different hypothetical proteins in the M. hyopneumoniae cell surface. This corresponds to 6.3% of the total of 298 M. hyopneumoniae 7448 CDS products annotated as hypothetical proteins [26]. The products of two of these CDSs (MHP7448_0373 and MHP7448_0662) have been recently associated with cell adhesion. The MHP7448_0373 hypothetical protein was described as a heparin binding protein in porcine cilia [30], and the MHP7448_0662 hypothetical protein, which is a paralog of P102 was described as an adhesion protein able to bind fibronectin extracellular compounds [31] overexpressed in pathogenic strains [32]. Furthermore, our topology analysis showed that five of the 19 identified hypothetical proteins have adhesin-like topologies (Table S2).

Some proteins traditionally related to cellular processes that occur mainly in the cytoplasm were also identified in the M. hyopneumoniae cell surface. At least some of them, namely pyruvate dehydrogenase, GAPDH, L-lactate dehydrogenase, Ef-Tu and DnaK, have also been described as bacterial surface components, with involvement in bacterium-host interaction and pathogenicity. Pyruvate dehydrogenase, an immunogenic M. hyopneumoniae protein [33], [34], was described as a surface protein involved in the bacterial binding to the host extracellular matrix in Mycoplasma pneumoniae [35]. GAPDH, usually located in the cytoplasm and known to play a central role as a glycolytic enzyme, has been identified on the surface of pathogenic bacteria and was related to pathogenic processes [36], such as adhesion and host matrix binding [37], immunomodulation and immune evasion [38]. L-lactate dehydrogenase, also known as P36, was described as immunogenic for pigs infected with M. hyopneumoniae [39]. The translational factor Ef-Tu was also identified as an immunogenic cell surface protein in mycoplasmas [18]. The molecular chaperone DnaK has been shown to be surface accessible in M. hyopneumoniae [40] and was suggested as a surface or secreted protein of several other pathogenic bacteria, as Bacillus anthracis [41] and Mycobacterium tuberculosis [42].

The identification of the same protein species from two or more gel slices was taken as further evidence of proteolytic post-translational processing. This was observed for 34 of the 59 different protein species identified by GeLC-MS/MS in LIC samples, including adhesins and hypothetical proteins (Table S1). Proteolytic post-translational processing of M. hyopneumoniae proteins has been previously shown [43], [44], and an alternative explanation based on protein degradation during sample processing was discarded in our survey due to the use of broad range protease inhibitors.

Nearly two thirds (39 out of 59) of the GeLC-MS/MS identified M. hyopneumoniae 7448 proteins in LIC samples was predicted in silico as surface proteins, considering the previous work by Siqueira et al. [26] and our complementary LP prediction. The extensive overlap between our proteomic approach and the in silico predictions is another indicator of the success of the selective surface biotin labeling, increasing the confidence of our results. Our proteomic results also contributed to better understanding of the M. hyopneumoniae 7448 repertoire of surface exposed proteins by also detecting, as discussed above, annotated (16) and hypothetical (5) proteins previously not predicted as bacterial surface components (Table S2). Considering sensitivity limitations of both labeling and MS detection [21], the identified proteins can be considered to be among the more abundant protein species on the M. hyopneumoniae 7448 cell surface.

The pathogenic M. hyopneumoniae and the non-pathogenic M. flocculare cohabit the swine respiratory tract and both species adhere to the cilia of tracheal epithelial cells, but just M. hyopneumoniae causes tissue damage [45]. Considering the extensive genetic similarity between M. hyopneumoniae and M. flocculare [26], we also surveyed the M. flocculare genome for orthologs of the M. hyopneumoniae 7448 proteins identified in LIC samples. Although M. hyopneumoniae 7448 and M. flocculare share nearly 90% of their predicted repertoire of surface proteins [26], 5 out of the 59 (8%) proteins identified in LIC samples are not found in M. flocculare. The M. hyopneumoniae proteins not shared with M. flocculare are three hypothetical proteins (MHP7448_0088, MHP7448_0324 and MHP7448_0333); a periplasmic sugar-binding protein that serves as primary receptor for diverse solutes in transport system, chemotaxis and signaling [46]; and a NAD-dependent flavin oxidoreductase. Interestingly, the involvement of oxidoreductase enzymes in pathogenicity has been described [47], [48], [49], and recent studies demonstrated that the Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis NADH- flavin oxidoreductase from is essential for invasion of epithelial cells [50].

Besides the absence in M. flocculare, another aspect that calls attention to the periplasmic sugar-binding protein and to some other surface proteins identified in M. hyopneumoniae LIC samples was their adhesin-like topology. These criteria, along with previous studies of possible involvement of ortholog proteins in pathogen-host interactions, allowed us to propose at least 12 proteins (Table 1) as novel and promising targets for future studies.

Conclusion

The continuous development of immunization strategies, diagnosis tests and new drugs and antibiotics for disease treatment is essential for the control and prevention of EP [51]. Besides, some aspects of M. hyopneumoniae pathogenicity still need further clarification, including cell adhesion and immunomodulation [2], [5], [13]. Bacterial cell surface proteins play key roles in several cellular events important for bacterial growth, colonization and host inception. The selective labeling of surface proteins and their identification by GeLC-MS/MS described here provided new insights about cell surface protein composition in M. hyopneumoniae and allowed to point out novel and promising targets for the development of vaccines, diagnostic tests and therapeutic drugs. Further insights on M. hyopneumoniae pathogenicity are expected when the approaches standardized here were coupled to quantitative proteomic strategies for the comparison of the surface protein content of pathogenic and non-pathogenic M. hyopneumoniae strains.

Supporting Information

Figure S1

Biotin labeling and affinity capture of M. hyopneumoniae proteins from labeled lysed cell (LLC) and labeled intact cell (LIC) samples. SDS-PAGE 10%, and stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue. Lane M – marker, Precision Plus prestained protein standards (Bio-Rad). Lane 1– crude protein extracts from M. hyopneumoniae 7448 (15 µg). Lane 2– avidin affinity capture of proteins from M. hyopneumoniae LLC samples (15 µg). Lane 3 - avidin affinity capture of proteins from M. hyopneumoniae LIC samples (15 µg). Bands 1 to 20 were subjected to Nano-LC/MS/MS analysis.

(TIF)

Table S1

Proteins identified by GeLC-MS/MS in labeled intact cell (LIC) samples.

(XLSX)

Table S2

Different protein species identified by GeLC-MS/MS in labeled intact cell (LIC) samples.

(XLSX)

Table S3

Different protein species identified by GeLC-MS/MS in control samples from labeled lysed cells (LLC).

(XLSX)

Table S4

Lipoprotein predictions.

(XLSX)

Data Availability

The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

Funding Statement

This work was funding from MCT/CNPq and FAPERGS. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.