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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America logoLink to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
. 1995 Mar 28;92(7):2662–2666. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.7.2662

Adherence to the first-AUG rule when a second AUG codon follows closely upon the first.

M Kozak 1
PMCID: PMC42278  PMID: 7708701

Abstract

The rule that eukaryotic ribosomes initiate translation exclusively at the 5' proximal AUG codon is abrogated under rare conditions. One circumstance that has been suggested to allow dual initiation is close apposition of a second AUG codon. A possible mechanism might be that the scanning 40S ribosomal subunit flutters back and forth instead of stopping cleanly at the first AUG. This hypothesis seems to be ruled out by evidence presented herein that in certain mRNAs, the first of two close AUG codons is recognized uniquely. To achieve this, the 5' proximal AUG has to be provided with the full consensus sequence; even small departures allow a second nearby AUG codon to be reached by leaky scanning. This context-dependent leaky scanning unexpectedly fails when the second AUG codon is moved some distance from the first. A likely explanation, based on analyzing the accessibility of a far-downstream AUG codon under conditions of initiation versus elongation, is that 80S elongating ribosomes advancing from the 5' proximal start site can mask potential downstream start sites.

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Selected References

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