Lesson
We describe the case of a 48-year-old woman whose atrial myxoma was mistaken for vasculitis. The case report highlights the reasons why these two disorders may become confused, the dangers of initiating the wrong treatment and a simple means of avoiding misdiagnosis.
Keywords: Atrial myxoma, vasculitis, endocarditis
Introduction
Atrial myxoma is the most common cardiac tumour, affecting two per 10,000 individuals.1 Although it is histologically benign and causes no symptoms in about a fifth of patients with the disorder, serious complications can arise through systemic arterial embolisation in 30–40% of cases and obstruction to blood flow through the mitral valve leading to dyspnoea and orthopnoea in over 50% of patients.2 Cases of sudden death have also been reported.3 Diagnosis is confirmed by imaging the heart, using echocardiography or magnetic resonance imaging, and surgical removal is required as soon as the diagnosis is made. The outlook following surgery is good, with a recurrence rate of 5%.4
Case history
A 48-year-old woman of African descent presented to her local London hospital after an episode of collapse. She experienced dizziness while sitting, became sweaty and lost consciousness, sustaining a head injury with bruising and swelling to her right forehead and eye. On admission to the hospital, she was fully conscious and complained of central chest pain. She had never collapsed before but had a history of sickle cell anaemia and beta thalassemia trait and had suffered an unexplained pulmonary embolism 20 years earlier.
Two months prior to the collapse, while taking no regular medications, she was diagnosed with vasculitis following a 10-week period of progressive weight loss and a spontaneous left superficial femoral artery thrombosis. The possibility of vasculitis was raised following a computed tomography (CT) scan of her pelvis and abdomen that showed inflammatory changes around the left femoral artery. A subsequent ultrasound scan showed a stenosis (>85% luminal narrowing) of the left superficial femoral artery, which together with the finding of a normocytic anaemia (haemoglobin 6.3 g/dL), high C-reactive protein (CRP) of 269 mg/L and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) of 100 mm/h were judged sufficient for a rheumatologist to diagnose large vessel vasculitis (Takayasu type). Immediate treatment with oral prednisolone (60 mg per day) and low-molecular-weight heparin (enoxaparin) was started. A magnetic resonance angiogram found no other peripheral arterial abnormalities, and an autoimmune screen (anti-nuclear antibody, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, extractable nuclear antigens cardiolipin antibody, complement C4) and immunoglobulin levels were normal. Complement C3 was mildly elevated (1.75 g/L).
After one week on prednisolone, her CRP level reduced to 7 mg/L and her ESR to 17 mm/h after eight weeks. But, her symptoms did not resolve. Weight loss, left leg weakness and pain, particularly around the popliteal fossa, persisted. She remained under rheumatology outpatient care on a dose-reducing regimen of prednisolone.
Investigations
On the day of her collapse, emergency investigations included an electrocardiogram, which showed T-wave inversion in limb leads II, III and aVF, a CT brain scan which was normal and a CT pulmonary angiogram which demonstrated no evidence of pulmonary embolism. A troponin measurement, taken 12 h after her admission, was elevated (>1200 ng/L), a provisional diagnosis of non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction was made and she was referred to a specialist cardiac referral centre for invasive coronary angiography. The recent diagnosis of vasculitis and her collapse prompted the cardiology team to arrange an echocardiogram to exclude aortic dissection and valvular disease, prior to angiography. This, unexpectedly, demonstrated a 2 × 3 cm echogenic mass in the left atrium, which prolapsed through the mitral valve causing a functional stenosis during diastole (Figure 1). Its lobulated appearance and connection, by a short stalk, to the interatrial septum was suggestive of an atrial myxoma. The mitral valve leaflets were thickened with a severe posteriorly directed jet of mitral regurgitation.
Figure 1.
Transthoracic echocardiogram demonstrating the atrial myxoma: (a) seen in left atrium at the beginning of diastole and (b) prolapsing through the mitral valve later during diastole. M: atrial myxoma; LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; RV: right ventricle; AMVL: anterior mitral valve leaflet; PMVL: posterior mitral valve leaflet; Ao: aorta.
Treatment
Emergency surgical excision of the myxoma was undertaken that evening, and it was noted by the surgeon that the tumour appeared to be infected (Figure 2) and the posterior mitral valve leaflet was thickened with soft nodules. Endocarditis affecting the myxoma and the mitral valve was suspected, but because the mitral valve was functionally competent, it was not replaced. The mass was sent for histological and microbiological analysis that confirmed the diagnosis of atrial myxoma together with superimposed infection by Streptococcus parasanguinis. A sample of one of the mitral valve nodules showed mild inflammatory cell infiltrate and endocarditis with the same organism. Given the prior diagnosis of vasculitis, a tissue biopsy of the ascending aorta was also taken during surgery, but this was histologically normal with no features of vasculitis.
Figure 2.
Surgically resected atrial myxoma.
Antibiotics (amoxicillin and gentamycin) were started, and the patient made a rapid recovery. One week after surgery, a repeat echocardiogram showed no evidence of the atrial mass and no mitral regurgitation. Given the negative biopsy for vasculitis, her prednisolone was reduced in dose and then discontinued completely over two weeks. She was discharged home after completing a four-week course of antibiotics and remained free from symptoms.
Discussion
This case report illustrates the overlap between atrial myxoma and Takayasu’s arteritis, two separate disorders that share clinical features but have quite different aetiologies and treatment requirements.
Table 1 summarises the similarities between the general and specific clinical features of atrial myxoma and Takayasu’s arteritis.4–9 Our patient presented with weight loss and fatigue and was found to be anaemic with elevated inflammatory markers. These features are common to both disorders. Her superficial artery occlusion, on which the diagnosis of Takayasu’s arteritis depended, can in retrospect, be attributed to a thromboembolic complication of the myxoma or hypercoagulability due to high levels of myxoma-related interleukin-6 and interleukin-8.5,6
Table 1.
Comparison of clinical features between atrial myxoma and Takayasu’s arteritis.
| Atrial myxoma | Takayasu’s arteritis | |
|---|---|---|
| General features | • Arthralgia • Fever • Malaise • Weight loss • Dizziness • Chest pain | • Arthralgia • Fever • Malaise • Weight loss • Headache and dizziness • Chest and abdominal pain |
| Specific features | • Thrombembolic arterial occlusion, affecting large or small arteries • Arterial thrombosis due to hypercoagulability • Collapse (mitral valve obstruction) • Sudden death (8%) | • Inflammatory arterial occlusion, affecting aorta or its large arterial branches. • Arterial thrombosis due to hypercoagulability • Limb claudication • Visual disturbance • Sudden death (2–3%) |
| Blood tests | • ↑CRP • ↑ESR • ↓Hb • ↑IL-6 | • ↑CRP • ↑ESR • ↓Hb |
This is not the first time a patient with atrial myxoma has been diagnosed with vasculitis.10–13 Table 2 summarises four other reports which have been published over the past 40 years in which diagnostic confusion led to the wrong diagnosis. The consequences of misdiagnosis are serious, and in the case reported here, led to steroids being started. The high dose and long duration of steroid treatment may have predisposed this patient to endocarditis on the myxoma and surrounding mitral valve leaflet, which is an extremely uncommon complication of atrial myxoma.
Table 2.
Published case reports of atrial myxoma misdiagnosed as vasculitis.
| Author | Year | Age | Gender | Symptoms | Initial diagnosis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tan et al.10 | 2010 | 23 | Female | Headache, dizziness, lower limb weakness | Takayasu’s arteritis |
| Gravallese et al.11 | 1995 | 59 | Male | Fever, arthralgia, nausea | Polyarteritis nodosa |
| Taylor and Deutsch12 | 1992 | 63 | Female | Collapse, hemiplegia, facial palsy | Giant cell arteritis |
| Leonhardt and Kullenberg13 | 1977 | 19 | Male | Arthralgia, myalgia | Polyarteritis nodosa |
The key clinical implication arising from this case is that any patient with a suspected diagnosis of vasculitis should undergo an echocardiogram to rule out atrial myxoma. This simple, non-invasive and safe investigation would avoid misdiagnosis and the serious consequences of failing to identify and treat the true underlying disorder.
Declarations
Competing interests
None declared
Funding
None declared
Ethical approval
Written informed consent for publication was obtained from the patient.
Guarantor
DSW
Contributorship
All authors (KF, SE and DSW) were involved in the care of the patient. KF prepared the manuscript, DSW assisted with revisions and all authors approved the final version.
Acknowledgements
None
Provenance
Not commissioned; peer-reviewed by Federico Alberici
References
- 1.Larsson S, Lepore V and Kennergren C. Atrial myxomas: results of 25 years’ experience and review of the literature. Surgery 1989;105:695–698. [PubMed]
- 2.Burke A, Jeudy J, Jr, Virmani R. Cardiac tumours: an update. Heart 2008; 94: 117–123. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Modi K, Venkatesh P, Agnani S, Rowland T, Reddy P. Sudden death in a patient with left atrial myxoma: report of two cases and review of literature. BJMP 2010; 3: 318–321. [Google Scholar]
- 4.Pinede L, Duhaut P, Loire R. Clinical presentation of left atrial cardiac myxoma. A series of 112 consecutive cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 2001; 80: 159–172. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Isobe N, Kanda T, Sakamoto H, Morishita Y, Suzuki T, Kobayashi I. Myocardial infarction in myxoma patients with normal coronary arteries: case reports. Angiology 1996; 47: 819–823. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Esteban E, Blanesa A, Moreno M, Cánovasb S, Monterob J, Sotillo J. Right atrial myxoma in a patient with antiphospholipid antibodies. Rev Esp Cardiol 2002; 55: 999–1002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Moriwaki R, Noda M, Yajima M, Sharma B, Numano F. Clinical manifestations of Takayasu arteritis in India and Japan – new classification of angiographic findings. Angiology 1997; 48: 369–379. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Subramanyan R, Joy J, Balakrishnan K. Natural history of aortoarteritis (Takayasu’s disease). Circulation 1989; 80: 429–437. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Park MC, Lee SW, Park YB, Chung NS, Lee SK. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of Takayasu’s arteritis: analysis of 108 patients using standardized criteria for diagnosis, activity assessment, and angiographic classification. Scand J Rheumatol 2005; 34: 284–292. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Tan CY, Qin W, Lin H, Wang ZM, Xie QB, Liu Y. Atrial myxoma with metastasic misdiagnosed as Takayasu arteritis. Rheumatol Int 2010; 30: 1499–1502. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Gravallese EM, Waksmonski C, Winters GL, Simms RW. Fever, arthralgias, skin lesions and ischemic digits in a 59-year-old man. Arthritis Rheum 1995; 38: 1161–1168. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Taylor RH, Deutsch J. Myxoma mix-up: a case report. J Clin Neuroophthalmol 1992; 12: 207–209. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Leonhardt ET, Kullenberg KP. Bilateral atrial myxomas with multiple arterial aneurysms – a syndrome mimicking polyarteritis nodosa. Am J Med 1977; 62: 792–794. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]