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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Pharmacogenomics J. 2014 Jul 1;14(6):509–522. doi: 10.1038/tpj.2014.21

Wnt Signaling Pathway Pharmacogenetics in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

David J Stewart 1, David W Chang 2, Yuanqing Ye 3, Margaret Spitz 4, Charles Lu 5, Xiang Shu 6, Jason A Wampfler 7, Randolph S Marks 8, Yolanda I Garces 9, Ping Yang 10, Xifeng Wu 11
PMCID: PMC4237616  NIHMSID: NIHMS586716  PMID: 24980784

Abstract

Wnt/β-catenin pathway alterations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are associated with poor prognosis and resistance. In 598 stage III-IV NSCLC patients receiving platinum-based chemotherapy at MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), we correlated survival with 441 host SNPs in 50 Wnt pathway genes. We then assessed the most significant SNPs in 240 Mayo Clinic patients receiving platinum-based chemotherapy for advanced NSCLC, 127 MDACC patients receiving platinum-based adjuvant chemotherapy and 340 early stage MDACC patients undergoing surgery alone (cohorts 2–4). In multivariate analysis, survival correlates with SNPs for AXIN2 (rs11868547 and rs4541111, of which rs11868547 was assessed in cohorts 2–4), Wnt-5B (rs12819505), CXXC4 (rs4413407) and WIF-1 (rs10878232). Median survival was 19.7, 15.6, and 10.7 months for patients with 1, 2, and 3–5 unfavorable genotypes, respectively (p= 3.8×10−9). Survival tree analysis classified patients into two groups (MST 11.3 vs 17.3 months, p=4.7×10−8). None of the SNPs achieved significance in cohorts 2–4; however, there was a trend in the same direction as cohort 1 for 3 of the SNPs. Using online databases, we found rs10878232 displayed expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) correlation with the expression of LEMD3, a neighboring gene previously associated with NSCLC survival. In conclusion, results from cohort 1 provide further evidence for an important role for Wnt in NSCLC. Investigation of Wnt inhibitors in advanced NSCLC would be reasonable. Lack of a SNP association with outcome in cohorts 2–4 could be due to low statistical power, impact of patient heterogeneity, or false positive observations in cohort 1.

Keywords: Wnt, pharmacogenetics, NSCLC

Introduction

Lung cancer is the world’s leading cause of cancer death,1 and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 80–85% of lung cancer cases. Cisplatin- or carboplatin-based combinations are generally used in metastatic NSCLC,2 and yield median survival times (MSTs) of 8–10 months.3 Platinum-based regimens are combined with radiotherapy for inoperable stage IIIA and IIIB NSCLC,4 with MSTs of 15–18 months,5 and adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy increases 5-year survival rates by approximately 5% in patients with resected NSCLC, with the major benefit being seen in stages II and III.6

The Wingless-type protein (Wnt) signaling pathway helps maintain cancer stem cells,7 and signals through the major (“canonical”) Wnt pathway via β-catenin and through various secondary (“non-canonical”) pathways.7,8 If Wnt is not present, β-catenin is phosphorylated by a complex consisting of Axis inhibition protein (AXIN), adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), and this phosphorylation results in its proteolytic degradation.8 If Wnt is present, it complexes with members of the Frizzled (FZD) family of receptors, lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP), Disheveled (Dvl) and AXIN,7,8 thereby inhibiting GSK-3β and preventing β-catenin destruction.7,8 β-catenin then migrates to the nucleus and complexes with members of T-cell factor (TCF)/Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor (LEF) family of transcription factors,8 and interacts with various transcriptional coactivators, such as cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)-binding protein (CBP) or its homolog p300.8 This ultimately leads to expression of cyclin D1,7,9 c-Myc,7 and other target genes.

There are also several Wnt inhibitors, including some members of the Wnt family itself (Wnt-5a and -5b),10 secreted frizzled-related proteins (sFRPs) 7, Wnt inhibitory factor-1 (WIF-1),7 Cerberus,7 Disabled-2 (Dab2),8 members of the Dickkopf (Dkk) family,7 and the Dvl antagonists Idax (coded by the CXXC4 gene11) and human homolog of Dapper (HDPR1).12

In NSCLC cell lines and/or xenografts, Wnt pathway activation, overexpression of various Wnt pathway components or aberrant methylation or down-regulation of expression of Wnt pathway inhibitors is associated with increased cell proliferation or xenograft growth and with increased cellular motility and invasion.13 Similarly, in resected NSCLC tumor samples, Wnt pathway activation, overexpression of various Wnt pathway components or aberrant methylation or down-regulation of expression of Wnt pathway inhibitors is associated with poor prognosis.13 Wnt signaling may also be associated with resistance to cisplatin, docetaxel and radiation.13

Cancers “inherit” genes from the host, and host genotype single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can thereby affect tumor behavior. Across a range of malignancies, various Wnt pathway component SNPs or SNP interactions have correlated with risk of cancer development,14–16 or with tumor grade,17 stage,17 metastases,14 or prognosis.14,18,19 Exploration of the impact of Wnt pathway SNPs in NSCLC has to date been very limited.20 Because the Wnt pathway appears to be very important in NSCLC, and because Wnt signaling is associated with resistance to platinums in cell lines, we hypothesized that Wnt signaling pathway SNPs would correlate with survival of platinum-treated patients with stage III–IV NSCLC.

Methods

Patients for this study were from the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) and from the Mayo Clinic, recruited according to protocols approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the two institutions. All patients gave written informed consent. From each patient, blood was drawn into heparinized tubes, and clinical, demographic, therapy and follow-up data were recorded.

Cohort 1

We initially assessed 598 MDACC patients with inoperable stage III–IV NSCLC and no prior chemotherapy that were receiving platinum-based chemotherapy. Of these, 331 also received radiotherapy.

Cohorts 2–4

In secondary analyses to assess whether our initial observations could be extrapolated to other NSCLC populations, we assessed 240 consenting Mayo Clinic patients receiving first line platinum-based chemotherapy alone (100 patients) or combined with radiotherapy (140 patients) for inoperable stage III (106 patients) or IV (134 patients) NSCLC (cohort 2). We also assessed 127 MDACC patients with resected NSCLC who received adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy (cohort 3) and 340 MDACC patients undergoing surgical resection alone for NSCLC (cohort 4). The Mayo Clinic cohort was most similar to our initial cohort (metastatic NSCLC treated with platinum-based therapy). The adjuvant chemotherapy group was assessed based on the hypothesis that the impact of a specific SNP on chemotherapy efficacy or on prognosis might hold independent of tumor stage. The surgery alone group was assessed based on the hypothesis that if a SNP were a prognostic factor (linked to tumor aggressivenss) rather than a predictive factor (linked to chemotherapy sensitivity) then if might correlate with outcome even in patients who had not received any chemotherapy.

Polymorphism selection and genotyping

For cohort 1, we utilized Gene Oncology (http://www.geneontology.org) and performed a literature search of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) database to identify a list of Wnt pathway-related genes. A priority score was assigned to each gene based on its importance and relevance to cancer and to the Wnt signaling pathway. For each gene, we selected haplotype tagging SNPs (htSNPs) located within 10 kb upstream of the transcriptional start site and 10 kb downstream of the transcriptional stop site based on data from the International HapMap Project (http://www.hapmap.org). Using the LD select program (http://droog.gs.washing.edu/ldSelect.html) and the UCSC Golden Path Gene Sorter program (http://genome.ucsc.edu), we further divided identified SNPs into bins based on an r2 threshold of 0.8 and minor allele frequency (MAF) greater than 0.05 in Caucasians to select tagging SNPs. We also included potentially functional SNPs in the coding (synonymous SNPs, nonsynonymous SNPs) and regulatory regions (promoter, splicing site, 5-UTR, and 3-UTR). Selected SNPs were submitted to Illumina technical support for Infinium chemistry designability, beadtype analyses, and iSelect Infinium Beadchip synthesis. Due to limitation on the total number of SNPs that can be incorporated into the initial chip design, some genes of the Wnt pathway could not be included in this analysis (e.g. GSK3β, genes of noncanonical pathways, and downstream targets).

Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood lymphocytes and stored at −80° C. Using the standard 3-day protocol for Illumina’s Infinium iSelect HD Custom Genotyping BeadChip (Illumina, San Diego, CA) genotyping was successful in all 441 SNPs selected. BeadStudio software was used to autocall genotypes.

In cohorts 2–4, SNPs emerging as being most important in cohort 1 were then assessed using Taqman genotyping assay for Mayo Clinic patients and Illumina iSelect Infinium Beadchip for the MDACC adjuvant chemotherapy group and surgery alone group.

Statistical analysis

STATA software (version 10; STATA Corporation, College Station, TX) was used for statistical analyses. In cohort 1, Chi square test was used to assess differences between alive and dead patient groups for categorical variables in the host population. Cox’s proportional hazards model was used to estimate Hazard Ratios (HRs) for the multivariate survival analyses, with adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, smoking status, clinical stage, and performance status (PS). Kaplan-Meier curves were used to assess genotype effect on overall survival and log rank tests were used to assess survival differences across genotypes. The most common genotype served as the reference group. All statistical analyses were two sided. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. To correct for the effect of multiple comparisons, q values (false discovery rate adjusted P-values) were calculated by published methods21 implemented in the R package. SNPs with q<0.10 were then used to assess the combined effects of unfavorable genotypes. Survival tree analysis was performed to assess higher-order gene-gene interactions using the STREE program (http://masal.med.yale.edu/stree/), which utilizes recursive-partitioning to identify subgroups of individuals with similar risk.

In cohorts 2–4, we assessed SNPs that were found to be important in cohort 1 and used multivariate Cox proportional hazards model to determine their association with outcome in each of cohorts 2–4 singly. Meta-analysis was conducted using HR and 95% CI derived from the Cox regression analysis in each of cohorts 2–4 to estimate the HR and 95% CI in cohorts 2–4 combined, and in the Mayo Clinic cohort (cohort 2) combined with the MDACC cohort that received adjuvant chemotherapy (cohort 3).

eQTL ANALYSIS

We checked for potential functional effects of identified SNPs on gene expression through the analysis of gene-SNP associations in expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) studies compiled by the Genevar (GENe Expression VARiation) database (http://www.sanger.ac.uk/resources/software/genevar/)22 using the HapMap3 dataset, the seeQTL database (http://www.bios.unc.edu/research/genomic_software/seeQTL/),23 and the University of Chicago eQTL (http://eqtl.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/gbrowse/eqtl/). All analyses were performed in the CEU population with MAF≥0.05.

Results

Characteristics of patients in cohort 1 are outlined in Table 1. Of the 441 SNPs assessed (Table 2), 57 were significantly associated with survival in multivariate analysis after adjusting for patients’ age, ethnicity, pack-year smoking history, clinical stage, and performance status (p<0.05, Table 3), including SNPs in AXIN2 (9 SNPs), LRP 5 (7 SNPs), Wnt-5A (4 SNPs), AXIN1, LRP6, WIF1, Wnt-2, Wnt-4, Wnt-3 and Wnt-5B (3 SNPs each), CXXC4, Wnt-3A, Wnt-7A, Wnt-9A and TLE2 (2 SNPs each), and DVL3, FRZB, FZD4, Wnt-6, Wnt-9B and Wnt-11 (1 SNP each). None of the 5 SNPs assessed from the gene for β-catenin (CTNNB1) correlated with patient survival.

Table 1.

Characteristics of 598 patients assessed in cohort 1

Variable No. Patients (%)
Median survival, months 12.9
Median age (range), years 61 (28–81)
Pack year, mean (SD) 45 (27.8)
Survival status at last follow-up
 Alive 142 (23.7)
 Dead 456 (76.3)
Sex
 Male 323 (54.0)
 Female 275 (46.0)
Clinical stage
 Stage IIIA 82 (13.7)
 Stage IIIB
  No malignant effusion 142 (23.7)
  Malignant effusion* 39 (6.5)
 Stage IV 335 (56.0)
Smoking status
 Never 112 (18.7)
 Former 243 (40.6)
 Current & Recently Quit (<1 year) 243 (40.6)
ECOG Performance status
 0 143 (23.9)
 1 334 (55.9)
 2–4 74 (12.4)
 Unspecified 47 (7.9)
Differentiation
 Well 27 (4.5)
 Moderate 61 (10.2)
 Poor and undifferentiated 299 (50.0)
 Unspecified 211 (35.3)
Weight loss
 Weight gain or stable 295 (49.3)
 0–5% 80 (13.4)
 5–10% 88 (14.7)
 >10% 63 (10.5)
 Unknown 72 (12.0)
Race
 White 470 (78.6)
 Black 95 (15.9)
 Others 33 (5.5)
First line chemo agents (331 also received radiotherapy)
 Platinum (cisplatin or carboplatin) only 11 (1.8)
 Platinum + pemetrexed 21 (3.5)
 Platinum + etoposide +/− targretin 88 (14.7)
 Platinum + gemcitabine +/− other agent 25 (4.2)
 Platinum + taxane 283 (47.3)
 Platinum + taxane + other agents 138 (23.1)
 Platinum + other agents 32 (5.4)
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*

Now considered stage IV per recent revisions to staging systems49

SD- standard deviation

Table 2.

Wnt pathway SNPs that were assessed in cohort 1

SNP P value Hazard Ratio (95% CI) Gene Chromo-some Position Q value
rs1882619 2.69E-01 0.85( 0.64–1.13) APC 5 112106681 0.307820239
rs2439595 2.21E-01 1.23( 0.88–1.72) APC 5 112146237 0.290363518
rs2431507 2.32E-01 0.86( 0.67–1.10) APC 5 112174080 0.296677764
rs2707761 6.88E-01 0.96( 0.77–1.19) APC 5 112177826 0.424838822
rs13167522 8.11E-01 1.03( 0.78–1.36) APC 5 112195207 0.447606546
rs42427 2.35E-01 1.18( 0.90–1.55) APC 5 112204224 0.298902339
rs459552 7.19E-02 1.49( 0.96–2.31) APC 5 112204655 0.222980247
rs2229995 8.78E-01 0.95( 0.52–1.75) APC 5 112206694 0.468410227
rs41116 8.13E-01 0.97( 0.78–1.21) APC 5 112208820 0.447606546
rs382427 7.86E-01 1.03( 0.82–1.30) APC 5 112215335 0.443413702
rs4807928 9.96E-02 1.18( 0.97–1.43) APC2 19 1399180 0.247221759
rs12005 3.11E-01 0.87( 0.67–1.14) APC2 19 1408875 0.315893774
rs11668593 6.94E-01 1.04( 0.84–1.29) APC2 19 1411473 0.424838822
rs265274 2.13E-01 1.20( 0.90–1.61) APC2 19 1423007 0.284945038
rs2456163 9.50E-02 1.29( 0.96–1.75) APC2 19 1427432 0.246983910
rs2238371 1.09E-01 0.66( 0.40–1.10) AXIN1 16 268917 0.247221759
rs373271 7.52E-01 0.95( 0.72–1.27) AXIN1 16 269672 0.437337077
rs421195 5.30E-01 0.92( 0.71–1.19) AXIN1 16 273147 0.379736909
rs419949 2.74E-01 1.12( 0.91–1.37) AXIN1 16 274891 0.308381238
rs2685127 4.14E-01 1.10( 0.88–1.37) AXIN1 16 275374 0.354708008
rs400037 2.15E-01 0.78( 0.52–1.16) AXIN1 16 276397 0.284945038
rs1048786 5.99E-02 1.25( 0.99–1.59) AXIN1 16 276917 0.205417788
rs394128 2.99E-01 0.82( 0.56–1.19) AXIN1 16 277872 0.315893774
rs214247 2.12E-01 1.14( 0.93–1.42) AXIN1 16 289222 0.284945038
rs214246 4.03E-02 0.77( 0.61–0.99) AXIN1 16 289294 0.186192568
rs1204042 1.48E-01 0.73( 0.47–1.12) AXIN1 16 292737 0.270394908
rs1981492 1.06E-01 1.19( 0.96–1.47) AXIN1 16 296690 0.247221759
rs11644916 6.02E-01 1.05( 0.87–1.28) AXIN1 16 299568 0.401557037
rs2301522 1.32E-01 0.77( 0.55–1.08) AXIN1 16 299954 0.263342145
rs17136060 8.74E-02 1.22( 0.97–1.52) AXIN1 16 302460 0.244482539
rs7359414 3.73E-02 0.78( 0.61–0.99) AXIN1 16 302639 0.186192568
rs3916990 2.89E-01 1.11( 0.91–1.36) AXIN1 16 312598 0.314961177
rs9921222 9.50E-01 1.00( 0.87–1.14) AXIN1 16 315783 0.481138076
rs12719801 7.19E-01 1.04( 0.85–1.27) AXIN1 16 321142 0.426451944
rs370681 7.03E-01 1.04( 0.84–1.30) AXIN1 16 332462 0.426046532
rs395901 5.33E-02 0.77( 0.59–1.00) AXIN1 16 333343 0.196213611
rs2885415 3.12E-01 1.11( 0.91–1.35) AXIN1 16 335397 0.315893774
rs758033 2.00E-01 1.14( 0.93–1.39) AXIN1 16 337045 0.284431004
rs12599449 6.14E-02 1.26( 0.99–1.60) AXIN1 16 337270 0.205417788
rs11645554 7.90E-02 0.71( 0.49–1.04) AXIN1 16 340246 0.235767882
rs17136255 1.99E-01 1.15( 0.93–1.43) AXIN1 16 340476 0.284431004
rs11860497 7.27E-02 1.21( 0.98–1.49) AXIN1 16 345417 0.222980247
rs9888749 3.11E-02 0.76( 0.60–0.98) AXIN1 16 348373 0.185653186
rs4340364 5.00E-01 1.08( 0.86–1.37) AXIN2 17 60946245 0.377760052
rs8068404 8.90E-02 0.61( 0.34–1.08) AXIN2 17 60946802 0.245844226
rs12452196 8.52E-01 0.98( 0.78–1.23) AXIN2 17 60951241 0.458967631
rs11868547 6.10E-04 0.77( 0.66–0.89) AXIN2 17 60954065 0.095030240
rs7591 6.14E-03 1.23( 1.06–1.44) AXIN2 17 60955544 0.135500153
rs4074947 4.68E-02 1.23( 1.00–1.51) AXIN2 17 60957682 0.186667333
rs7224837 3.44E-02 1.28( 1.02–1.62) AXIN2 17 60958585 0.186192568
rs11655966 1.48E-02 1.21( 1.04–1.41) AXIN2 17 60960112 0.144627899
rs4541111 1.53E-03 0.79( 0.68–0.91) AXIN2 17 60965000 0.095030240
rs11079571 1.62E-02 1.29( 1.05–1.59) AXIN2 17 60979143 0.144627899
rs3923087 5.29E-02 1.24( 1.00–1.53) AXIN2 17 60979723 0.196213611
rs3923086 1.06E-01 1.13( 0.97–1.32) AXIN2 17 60979950 0.247221759
rs757558 3.67E-01 1.11( 0.88–1.40) AXIN2 17 60992054 0.331747799
rs740026 4.46E-01 0.94( 0.81–1.10) AXIN2 17 60992143 0.359705483
rs12943295 4.39E-01 1.09( 0.88–1.36) AXIN2 17 60994967 0.359395383
rs1548581 3.65E-02 1.29( 1.02–1.64) AXIN2 17 60995973 0.186192568
rs1544427 3.39E-01 1.11( 0.89–1.39) AXIN2 17 60996130 0.328827360
rs2158520 9.29E-01 1.02( 0.68–1.52) AXIN2 17 60996372 0.478174891
rs12942924 1.57E-02 1.18( 1.03–1.36) AXIN2 17 60996861 0.144627899
rs9675157 6.67E-01 0.94( 0.69–1.26) AXIN2 17 60997479 0.422148501
rs2007085 8.21E-01 1.03( 0.80–1.33) AXIN2 17 60997824 0.449815441
rs17207681 4.58E-01 0.90( 0.69–1.18) CTN1 5 138196426 0.359705483
rs11744283 5.42E-01 1.13( 0.76–1.70) CTN1 5 138237303 0.379736909
rs288030 3.79E-01 1.09( 0.90–1.33) CTN1 5 138244182 0.336074710
rs288029 6.80E-01 1.04( 0.86–1.27) CTN1 5 138245204 0.424838822
rs10515503 7.80E-01 0.96( 0.73–1.27) CTN1 5 138246077 0.443413702
rs288027 6.15E-01 1.06( 0.85–1.33) CTN1 5 138250229 0.407840284
rs17031 6.17E-01 1.09( 0.77–1.55) CTN1 5 138298441 0.407981867
rs9872276 2.10E-01 0.86( 0.68–1.09) CTNNB1 3 41206972 0.284945038
rs1722846 1.39E-01 0.90( 0.79–1.03) CTNNB1 3 41208893 0.265029247
rs11564445 7.73E-01 1.06( 0.73–1.52) CTNNB1 3 41242756 0.443413702
rs11564447 1.04E-01 1.33( 0.94–1.89) CTNNB1 3 41243358 0.247221759
rs4135385 9.28E-01 1.01( 0.82–1.24) CTNNB1 3 41254444 0.478174891
rs4413407 1.72E-03 1.28( 1.10–1.50) CXXC4 4 105612810 0.095030240
rs4698921 4.04E-02 1.16( 1.01–1.34) CXXC4 4 105633671 0.186192568
rs10891310 2.49E-01 1.13( 0.92–1.38) DIXDC1 11 111397269 0.301906315
rs7100461 9.92E-02 0.77( 0.56–1.05) DKK1 10 53735827 0.247221759
rs1896368 3.19E-01 1.08( 0.93–1.25) DKK1 10 53738910 0.317400735
rs1528877 4.64E-01 1.09( 0.87–1.37) DKK1 10 53741348 0.359830407
rs3763511 5.40E-01 0.92( 0.69–1.21) DKK4 8 42355015 0.379736909
rs222850 2.78E-01 1.18( 0.88–1.58) DVL2 17 7078674 0.310012797
rs11919795 1.75E-02 0.67( 0.48–0.93) DVL3 3 185373562 0.144627899
rs4666865 5.64E-01 1.09( 0.81–1.46) FRZB 2 183406336 0.388647584
rs7775 8.96E-01 1.02( 0.79–1.31) FRZB 2 183407829 0.474806202
rs288326 8.17E-01 1.03( 0.81–1.31) FRZB 2 183411581 0.448878241
rs12469777 1.44E-02 0.85( 0.74–0.97) FRZB 2 183440609 0.144627899
rs506197 4.59E-01 0.95( 0.83–1.09) FSHB 11 30212399 0.359705483
rs506306 4.59E-01 0.95( 0.83–1.09) FSHB 11 30212443 0.359705483
rs676349 4.59E-01 0.95( 0.83–1.09) FSHB 11 30212558 0.359705483
rs560078 5.44E-01 0.96( 0.83–1.10) FSHB 11 30213698 0.379736909
rs12577729 2.10E-01 1.14( 0.93–1.41) FSHB 11 30213953 0.284945038
rs626869 4.59E-01 0.95( 0.83–1.09) FSHB 11 30215346 0.359705483
rs12537425 7.40E-01 1.03( 0.88–1.20) FZD1 7 90726006 0.433519176
rs6977978 9.40E-01 1.01( 0.81–1.25) FZD1 7 90726349 0.478174891
rs3750145 6.09E-01 0.94( 0.75–1.18) FZD1 7 90734767 0.405077519
rs10252817 4.56E-01 0.92( 0.74–1.14) FZD1 7 90742874 0.359705483
rs17163759 1.56E-01 0.81( 0.61–1.08) FZD1 7 90744979 0.270394908
rs4792948 1.61E-01 0.84( 0.66–1.07) FZD2 17 39993014 0.271874053
rs4793121 7.20E-01 0.96( 0.75–1.22) FZD2 17 39993435 0.426451944
rs7501777 2.43E-01 0.88( 0.72–1.09) FZD2 17 39994203 0.301906315
rs1946583 5.10E-01 1.08( 0.87–1.34) FZD3 8 28406672 0.377760052
rs352222 5.12E-01 1.07( 0.87–1.32) FZD3 8 28477700 0.377760052
rs4732863 4.32E-01 0.91( 0.72–1.15) FZD3 8 28478407 0.359395383
rs713065 1.99E-02 0.79( 0.64–0.96) FZD4 11 86335168 0.146727575
rs10898563 1.96E-01 1.22( 0.90–1.67) FZD4 11 86336861 0.284431004
rs13020497 3.57E-01 0.84( 0.59–1.21) FZD7 2 202605764 0.328827360
rs12994568 3.57E-01 0.84( 0.59–1.21) FZD7 2 202605821 0.328827360
rs13034206 3.57E-01 0.84( 0.59–1.21) FZD7 2 202609480 0.328827360
rs13034579 3.57E-01 0.84( 0.59–1.21) FZD7 2 202609524 0.328827360
rs4673222 3.39E-01 0.88( 0.68–1.14) FZD7 2 202610155 0.328827360
rs12474408 3.57E-01 0.84( 0.59–1.21) FZD7 2 202612051 0.328827360
rs12478708 3.57E-01 0.84( 0.59–1.21) FZD7 2 202612343 0.328827360
rs7583130 2.26E-01 0.85( 0.66–1.10) FZD7 2 202613333 0.295085709
rs1178947 2.83E-01 0.90( 0.73–1.10) FZD9 7 72488114 0.312911216
rs1046890 9.10E-01 0.99( 0.81–1.21) FZD10 12 129215723 0.475872051
rs3741568 7.88E-01 1.03( 0.84–1.26) FZD10 12 129215915 0.443413702
rs1046895 8.96E-01 0.99( 0.80–1.22) FZD10 12 129215994 0.474806202
rs11060753 7.88E-01 1.03( 0.84–1.26) FZD10 12 129216375 0.443413702
rs1463865 3.43E-01 0.83( 0.57–1.22) FZD10 12 129217207 0.328827360
rs11725638 3.18E-01 0.84( 0.59–1.18) LEF1 4 109185967 0.317400735
rs4245927 3.71E-01 1.22( 0.79–1.86) LEF1 4 109189039 0.333220288
rs17439845 9.12E-01 1.01( 0.78–1.32) LEF1 4 109213028 0.475872051
rs1291490 7.12E-01 0.96( 0.76–1.21) LEF1 4 109213461 0.426046532
rs4956157 7.09E-02 1.40( 0.97–2.02) LEF1 4 109218815 0.222980247
rs6533348 5.71E-02 1.34( 0.99–1.81) LEF1 4 109236385 0.203076161
rs749414 4.98E-01 0.94( 0.80–1.12) LEF1 4 109247362 0.377760052
rs7698367 1.35E-01 0.85( 0.70–1.05) LEF1 4 109249931 0.263342145
rs10022956 1.25E-01 0.86( 0.70–1.04) LEF1 4 109253428 0.258797750
rs10516550 5.68E-01 0.92( 0.69–1.22) LEF1 4 109255277 0.388647584
rs17038617 2.49E-01 0.88( 0.70–1.10) LEF1 4 109266333 0.301906315
rs12503104 4.62E-01 1.08( 0.88–1.34) LEF1 4 109281959 0.359830407
rs922163 6.86E-01 0.94( 0.71–1.25) LEF1 4 109285815 0.424838822
rs64388 3.31E-02 1.25( 1.02–1.52) LRP5 11 67830957 0.186192568
rs312009 1.12E-01 1.18( 0.96–1.45) LRP5 11 67833814 0.247221759
rs682429 1.13E-01 1.18( 0.96–1.44) LRP5 11 67835895 0.247221759
rs11228202 9.82E-01 1.00( 0.79–1.28) LRP5 11 67840804 0.494069355
rs4988331 2.40E-01 0.84( 0.63–1.12) LRP5 11 67841909 0.301281403
rs4988300 9.77E-03 0.74( 0.58–0.93) LRP5 11 67845407 0.135500153
rs2508836 1.03E-02 0.81( 0.68–0.95) LRP5 11 67847841 0.135500153
rs3781600 9.41E-01 0.99( 0.76–1.28) LRP5 11 67849913 0.478174891
rs606989 5.71E-01 1.08( 0.82–1.42) LRP5 11 67858576 0.389104323
rs312778 6.07E-02 0.78( 0.59–1.01) LRP5 11 67864908 0.205417788
rs314756 1.97E-02 0.69( 0.51–0.94) LRP5 11 67868248 0.146727575
rs729635 3.14E-01 0.87( 0.67–1.14) LRP5 11 67868336 0.316902816
rs312786 3.81E-02 0.66( 0.45–0.98) LRP5 11 67876553 0.186192568
rs624947 7.84E-01 1.02( 0.88–1.19) LRP5 11 67897358 0.443413702
rs638051 3.03E-01 1.14( 0.89–1.46) LRP5 11 67897990 0.315893774
rs11826287 4.64E-01 1.08( 0.88–1.33) LRP5 11 67903237 0.359830407
rs671191 3.61E-01 1.14( 0.86–1.51) LRP5 11 67906557 0.328827360
rs4930573 3.19E-01 0.84( 0.59–1.19) LRP5 11 67920032 0.317400735
rs545382 2.06E-01 0.85( 0.67–1.09) LRP5 11 67927589 0.284431004
rs2277268 4.67E-01 0.90( 0.68–1.20) LRP5 11 67930698 0.360602406
rs640569 4.14E-01 0.86( 0.61–1.23) LRP5 11 67941396 0.354708008
rs608343 9.14E-01 1.01( 0.83–1.24) LRP5 11 67953406 0.475872051
rs3781586 4.47E-02 1.26( 1.01–1.57) LRP5 11 67955969 0.186200636
rs12417014 5.18E-01 0.92( 0.70–1.20) LRP5 11 67957583 0.379094638
rs2242340 5.10E-01 0.92( 0.71–1.19) LRP5 11 67970695 0.377760052
rs676318 4.18E-02 0.75( 0.57–0.99) LRP5 11 67973996 0.186192568
rs2302684 1.14E-01 0.84( 0.68–1.04) LRP6 12 12169735 0.247221759
rs1012672 1.09E-02 1.47( 1.09–1.97) LRP6 12 12176182 0.135500153
rs11054704 9.12E-01 0.99( 0.78–1.25) LRP6 12 12191036 0.475872051
rs2302685 5.05E-01 0.93( 0.75–1.15) LRP6 12 12193165 0.377760052
rs11054709 2.00E-01 0.84( 0.65–1.10) LRP6 12 12193689 0.284431004
rs7301012 3.00E-01 1.12( 0.90–1.39) LRP6 12 12198911 0.315893774
rs12310020 1.58E-01 0.83( 0.64–1.08) LRP6 12 12212448 0.270394908
rs12833575 7.44E-01 0.95( 0.68–1.32) LRP6 12 12216108 0.434472104
rs11054721 1.37E-01 1.19( 0.95–1.49) LRP6 12 12222594 0.263578639
rs10845493 4.39E-01 1.09( 0.87–1.37) LRP6 12 12223463 0.359395383
rs10492120 6.94E-01 1.04( 0.85–1.28) LRP6 12 12224619 0.424838822
rs10845498 7.58E-01 0.97( 0.78–1.20) LRP6 12 12285841 0.437484457
rs12823867 7.93E-01 1.03( 0.83–1.27) LRP6 12 12287397 0.443989861
rs10743980 5.74E-02 1.15( 1.00–1.32) LRP6 12 12304062 0.203076161
rs12309338 6.00E-01 0.93( 0.71–1.22) LRP6 12 12312326 0.401557037
rs7136900 5.61E-01 1.04( 0.90–1.21) LRP6 12 12314360 0.388164447
rs12816278 9.69E-01 1.00( 0.80–1.25) LRP6 12 12317344 0.488452597
rs7296283 2.57E-01 1.10( 0.93–1.31) LRP6 12 12319275 0.302073322
rs11054760 1.67E-02 1.53( 1.08–2.17) LRP6 12 12320749 0.144627899
rs10431302 4.21E-02 0.80( 0.65–0.99) LRP6 12 12320918 0.186192568
rs10491321 9.39E-01 1.01( 0.82–1.24) PPP2CA 5 133555489 0.478174891
rs4246019 6.39E-01 0.94( 0.74–1.20) PPP2CA 5 133593991 0.414986215
rs254057 5.79E-02 1.26( 0.99–1.60) PPP2CA 5 133599755 0.203076161
rs6993129 6.45E-01 0.95( 0.77–1.18) PPP2CB 8 30753679 0.415574805
rs7017734 6.45E-01 0.95( 0.77–1.18) PPP2CB 8 30754985 0.415574805
rs11780378 6.93E-01 1.06( 0.80–1.39) PPP2CB 8 30760201 0.424838822
rs4733509 8.33E-01 1.04( 0.74–1.46) PPP2CB 8 30761490 0.452520518
rs13268487 9.84E-01 1.00( 0.73–1.38) PPP2CB 8 30766081 0.494172410
rs1116003 9.46E-02 1.39( 0.94–2.04) PPP2CB 8 30774905 0.246983910
rs4733200 5.92E-01 1.08( 0.81–1.45) PPP2CB 8 30784198 0.397139194
rs4733518 5.92E-01 1.08( 0.81–1.45) PPP2CB 8 30793453 0.397139194
rs2248033 5.18E-02 0.82( 0.67–1.00) PYGO1 15 53619722 0.196213611
rs1624779 6.98E-02 0.83( 0.68–1.01) PYGO1 15 53620813 0.222980247
rs16976371 9.05E-01 1.02( 0.79–1.30) PYGO1 15 53624141 0.475872051
rs11071189 1.98E-01 1.16( 0.93–1.45) PYGO1 15 53624380 0.284431004
rs11858624 6.54E-01 0.93( 0.67–1.28) PYGO1 15 53625877 0.418665386
rs7183943 7.79E-02 0.84( 0.69–1.02) PYGO1 15 53662358 0.235608553
rs7181481 4.50E-01 1.10( 0.86–1.41) PYGO1 15 53674236 0.359705483
rs7181496 7.52E-01 0.97( 0.79–1.18) PYGO1 15 53674260 0.437337077
rs12898968 5.39E-01 0.93( 0.73–1.18) PYGO1 15 53674548 0.379736909
rs2917844 7.31E-01 0.96( 0.75–1.22) PYGO1 15 53675019 0.431489740
rs552292 6.84E-01 0.97( 0.84–1.12) PYGO1 15 53676324 0.424838822
rs6474328 2.94E-01 1.11( 0.91–1.36) SFRP1 8 41236656 0.315417003
rs3242 3.12E-01 1.08( 0.93–1.26) SFRP1 8 41238711 0.315893774
rs12914 3.10E-01 1.11( 0.91–1.36) SFRP1 8 41239309 0.315893774
rs1127379 2.93E-01 1.14( 0.89–1.46) SFRP1 8 41240437 0.315417003
rs12639885 6.31E-01 1.05( 0.86–1.29) SFRP2 4 154919824 0.413471411
rs10014299 6.37E-01 1.05( 0.85–1.29) SFRP2 4 154920308 0.414986215
rs2039826 7.59E-01 0.95( 0.70–1.30) SFRP5 10 99516658 0.437484457
rs7478323 7.57E-01 0.95( 0.70–1.30) SFRP5 10 99516933 0.437484457
rs4919139 5.02E-01 1.07( 0.87–1.32) SFRP5 10 99522850 0.377760052
rs168649 5.66E-01 1.07( 0.86–1.32) TCF7 5 133472819 0.388647584
rs244952 4.18E-01 0.89( 0.66–1.19) TCF7 5 133474171 0.354708008
rs2436323 4.18E-01 0.89( 0.66–1.19) TCF7 5 133474960 0.354708008
rs151822 6.55E-01 1.05( 0.85–1.29) TCF7 5 133483860 0.418665386
rs152402 1.92E-01 1.15( 0.93–1.43) TCF7 5 133506240 0.284431004
rs30489 8.72E-01 0.98( 0.75–1.28) TCF7 5 133509366 0.466081299
rs4958216 1.13E-01 1.19( 0.96–1.48) TCF7 5 133514162 0.247221759
rs390258 4.64E-03 1.64( 1.16–2.30) TLE2 19 2947339 0.128006452
rs423232 2.21E-02 0.74( 0.57–0.96) TLE2 19 2947483 0.152312051
rs4806893 1.04E-01 0.81( 0.63–1.04) TLE2 19 2947889 0.247221759
rs14089 7.35E-01 0.96( 0.75–1.22) TLE2 19 2948790 0.432545906
rs1688128 7.36E-01 1.04( 0.83–1.30) TLE2 19 2981168 0.432545906
rs3743309 1.72E-01 1.19( 0.93–1.51) TLE3 15 68127565 0.277576313
rs2807304 4.23E-01 0.94( 0.79–1.10) TLE4 9 81375174 0.357966724
rs4355856 9.34E-01 1.01( 0.82–1.24) TLE4 9 81532323 0.478174891
rs4285553 9.34E-01 1.01( 0.82–1.24) TLE4 9 81532471 0.478174891
rs11667371 4.00E-01 0.83( 0.54–1.28) TLE6 19 2927724 0.349296428
rs17681742 4.11E-01 1.10( 0.88–1.37) TLE6 19 2928599 0.354708008
rs1446527 2.87E-01 0.87( 0.68–1.12) WIF1 12 63733304 0.313365199
rs3782497 6.73E-01 0.93( 0.68–1.28) WIF1 12 63746341 0.423223626
rs3782499 3.07E-01 1.16( 0.87–1.55) WIF1 12 63752919 0.315893774
rs6581606 1.24E-01 1.12( 0.97–1.30) WIF1 12 63753893 0.258519177
rs12818732 3.02E-01 1.21( 0.84–1.73) WIF1 12 63755986 0.315893774
rs7397906 1.48E-01 0.90( 0.78–1.04) WIF1 12 63769889 0.270394908
rs7309476 1.43E-01 1.11( 0.96–1.29) WIF1 12 63773962 0.270394908
rs1466828 1.59E-01 0.79( 0.56–1.10) WIF1 12 63790221 0.270394908
rs17101044 5.78E-01 1.08( 0.82–1.42) WIF1 12 63791366 0.392545122
rs7301320 2.72E-03 1.35( 1.11–1.65) WIF1 12 63800533 0.100176561
rs17101051 4.36E-01 0.91( 0.72–1.15) WIF1 12 63803872 0.359395383
rs2336434 5.44E-01 0.87( 0.55–1.37) WIF1 12 63805533 0.379736909
rs17101056 5.14E-01 0.92( 0.72–1.18) WIF1 12 63806743 0.377760052
rs7304867 6.68E-02 0.61( 0.36–1.03) WIF1 12 63806806 0.217115370
rs10878232 2.16E-03 1.36( 1.12–1.66) WIF1 12 63808914 0.095602299
rs1155722 6.21E-03 1.32( 1.08–1.61) WIF1 12 63809424 0.135500153
rs12318130 3.98E-01 1.12( 0.86–1.47) WIF1 12 63810846 0.349296428
rs6946781 2.87E-02 0.63( 0.42–0.95) WNT2 7 116694979 0.176207503
rs887574 3.59E-01 1.08( 0.92–1.27) WNT2 7 116703248 0.328827360
rs887575 1.59E-01 0.91( 0.79–1.04) WNT2 7 116703464 0.270394908
rs4730775 8.60E-02 1.23( 0.97–1.56) WNT2 7 116704354 0.244482539
rs2228946 6.25E-01 0.95( 0.78–1.16) WNT2 7 116705321 0.410945313
rs733153 8.63E-01 1.02( 0.80–1.31) WNT2 7 116706028 0.463958815
rs2896218 2.29E-01 0.88( 0.72–1.08) WNT2 7 116707214 0.296677764
rs3779548 5.15E-01 1.05( 0.91–1.20) WNT2 7 116718131 0.377760052
rs17139625 6.60E-01 0.94( 0.73–1.22) WNT2 7 116722714 0.420006663
rs39306 2.32E-01 0.89( 0.73–1.08) WNT2 7 116728472 0.296677764
rs6947329 4.41E-02 1.29( 1.01–1.65) WNT2 7 116730371 0.186200636
rs1989836 1.87E-01 0.87( 0.72–1.07) WNT2 7 116734432 0.284431004
rs2285545 3.44E-02 0.87( 0.76–0.99) WNT2 7 116735407 0.186192568
rs2239956 9.43E-02 1.26( 0.96–1.64) WNT2 7 116736522 0.246983910
rs739517 1.85E-01 0.83( 0.63–1.09) WNT2 7 116742935 0.284431004
rs39315 1.71E-01 0.90( 0.78–1.04) WNT2 7 116750798 0.277576313
rs254536 1.65E-01 0.87( 0.71–1.06) WNT2 7 116757818 0.274758970
rs6961545 8.37E-01 0.97( 0.74–1.28) WNT2 7 116759067 0.452937961
rs254538 2.56E-01 0.89( 0.74–1.08) WNT2 7 116760524 0.302008524
rs3795821 1.84E-01 0.87( 0.71–1.07) WNT2B 1 112802088 0.284431004
rs2488787 2.02E-01 0.91( 0.78–1.05) WNT2B 1 112807331 0.284431004
rs1175649 8.69E-01 0.98( 0.75–1.27) WNT2B 1 112820800 0.465726073
rs1175650 1.10E-01 0.83( 0.67–1.04) WNT2B 1 112821097 0.247221759
rs10776751 7.01E-01 1.06( 0.80–1.39) WNT2B 1 112821821 0.426046532
rs1620668 8.45E-01 1.02( 0.83–1.26) WNT2B 1 112825503 0.456546450
rs974442 4.02E-01 0.90( 0.72–1.14) WNT2B 1 112829794 0.349296428
rs351359 6.62E-01 1.05( 0.85–1.29) WNT2B 1 112841800 0.420006663
rs351360 1.58E-01 0.83( 0.64–1.08) WNT2B 1 112841944 0.270394908
rs11807828 4.69E-01 1.11( 0.84–1.47) WNT2B 1 112844072 0.360602406
rs351361 9.30E-01 0.99( 0.81–1.22) WNT2B 1 112844081 0.478174891
rs351364 5.23E-01 1.12( 0.79–1.59) WNT2B 1 112846584 0.379736909
rs3790604 1.59E-01 0.81( 0.60–1.09) WNT2B 1 112848402 0.270394908
rs3790606 3.47E-01 0.91( 0.74–1.11) WNT2B 1 112853709 0.328827360
rs351370 5.38E-01 1.08( 0.84–1.38) WNT2B 1 112856182 0.379736909
rs3790609 3.51E-01 1.11( 0.89–1.37) WNT2B 1 112858513 0.328827360
rs2273368 2.62E-01 1.13( 0.91–1.39) WNT2B 1 112865294 0.306380050
rs3790611 1.58E-01 0.89( 0.75–1.05) WNT2B 1 112869315 0.270394908
rs3809857 3.48E-02 0.80( 0.65–0.98) WNT3 17 42203482 0.186192568
rs199506 9.52E-01 0.99( 0.81–1.23) WNT3 17 42214192 0.481138076
rs199500 6.37E-01 0.95( 0.77–1.17) WNT3 17 42218572 0.414986215
rs2074404 2.46E-01 1.28( 0.84–1.94) WNT3 17 42220599 0.301906315
rs2074405 2.55E-01 1.10( 0.93–1.31) WNT3 17 42221161 0.302008524
rs199497 7.89E-01 1.03( 0.82–1.29) WNT3 17 42221762 0.443413702
rs199496 3.51E-01 1.12( 0.89–1.41) WNT3 17 42221887 0.328827360
rs11658976 1.22E-02 1.45( 1.08–1.94) WNT3 17 42221965 0.142078914
rs12452064 1.98E-01 1.17( 0.92–1.50) WNT3 17 42223353 0.284431004
rs199494 2.77E-01 1.15( 0.89–1.47) WNT3 17 42224229 0.310012797
rs7218567 4.29E-03 1.68( 1.18–2.40) WNT3 17 42225421 0.128006452
rs8080199 1.92E-01 1.17( 0.93–1.47) WNT3 17 42228781 0.284431004
rs11650531 1.21E-01 0.87( 0.74–1.04) WNT3 17 42229159 0.254403903
rs1563304 8.83E-01 1.02( 0.81–1.28) WNT3 17 42229617 0.469718466
rs7207916 2.06E-01 0.83( 0.62–1.11) WNT3 17 42234514 0.284431004
rs3933652 5.34E-01 1.07( 0.86–1.34) WNT3 17 42243714 0.379736909
rs3933653 3.68E-01 0.82( 0.54–1.26) WNT3 17 42243741 0.331747799
rs3916033 7.70E-01 1.03( 0.84–1.27) WNT3 17 42244702 0.442803211
rs11079738 3.37E-01 0.90( 0.73–1.11) WNT3 17 42259048 0.328827360
rs708108 1.05E-01 1.18( 0.97–1.45) WNT3A 1 226256478 0.247221759
rs708110 2.73E-02 1.26( 1.03–1.55) WNT3A 1 226257428 0.175417920
rs708122 4.29E-01 0.92( 0.75–1.13) WNT3A 1 226283620 0.359395383
rs10916258 1.74E-01 0.87( 0.71–1.06) WNT3A 1 226286505 0.278295542
rs3121309 7.14E-01 1.08( 0.72–1.61) WNT3A 1 226289659 0.426046532
rs3121310 1.47E-02 1.39( 1.07–1.82) WNT3A 1 226291447 0.144627899
rs7412010 3.83E-01 1.11( 0.88–1.40) WNT4 1 22309033 0.338387524
rs4654783 1.77E-02 1.58( 1.08–2.31) WNT4 1 22312107 0.144627899
rs3765351 1.82E-01 1.19( 0.92–1.52) WNT4 1 22318578 0.284431004
rs12131703 7.04E-01 0.96( 0.77–1.20) WNT4 1 22320804 0.426046532
rs7526484 4.59E-01 0.93( 0.76–1.14) WNT4 1 22324432 0.359705483
rs10917155 7.32E-03 1.54( 1.12–2.11) WNT4 1 22324553 0.135500153
rs2235525 5.44E-01 0.93( 0.75–1.16) WNT4 1 22326912 0.379736909
rs10917158 5.44E-01 0.93( 0.75–1.16) WNT4 1 22326960 0.379736909
rs2865174 9.04E-01 0.98( 0.71–1.35) WNT4 1 22337747 0.475872051
rs7515106 2.09E-02 1.61( 1.07–2.42) WNT4 1 22345997 0.149155672
rs7521775 9.31E-02 1.24( 0.96–1.60) WNT4 1 22348236 0.246983910
rs7542242 2.66E-01 1.12( 0.92–1.37) WNT4 1 22350080 0.307524913
rs7548239 8.34E-01 1.05( 0.68–1.60) WNT4 1 22351780 0.452520518
rs1499890 9.62E-02 0.89( 0.78–1.02) WNT5A 3 55464838 0.247172881
rs629537 1.95E-02 1.29( 1.04–1.60) WNT5A 3 55466053 0.146727575
rs503022 3.62E-02 1.26( 1.01–1.56) WNT5A 3 55466476 0.186192568
rs508407 1.08E-01 1.22( 0.96–1.57) WNT5A 3 55467460 0.247221759
rs476986 8.01E-01 0.94( 0.60–1.49) WNT5A 3 55468554 0.445017693
rs11706227 7.94E-01 1.03( 0.82–1.31) WNT5A 3 55471300 0.443989861
rs597437 2.72E-02 1.43( 1.04–1.95) WNT5A 3 55471449 0.175417920
rs11710229 6.22E-01 1.06( 0.84–1.34) WNT5A 3 55472993 0.410413148
rs590386 9.43E-02 1.22( 0.97–1.54) WNT5A 3 55474447 0.246983910
rs1047898 8.53E-02 0.89( 0.78–1.02) WNT5A 3 55474821 0.244482539
rs1829556 1.33E-01 0.90( 0.79–1.03) WNT5A 3 55476215 0.263342145
rs7622120 6.52E-02 0.79( 0.61–1.02) WNT5A 3 55479770 0.214878269
rs11918967 4.30E-01 1.10( 0.87–1.40) WNT5A 3 55480430 0.359395383
rs648872 1.93E-01 1.15( 0.93–1.42) WNT5A 3 55494897 0.284431004
rs566926 2.11E-01 0.90( 0.77–1.06) WNT5A 3 55495818 0.284945038
rs557077 4.73E-02 1.40( 1.00–1.96) WNT5A 3 55506307 0.186667333
rs4765829 1.55E-01 0.87( 0.71–1.06) WNT5B 12 1591055 0.270394908
rs10773974 2.69E-01 0.90( 0.74–1.09) WNT5B 12 1619633 0.307820239
rs2270038 1.69E-01 0.90( 0.78–1.05) WNT5B 12 1620166 0.277576313
rs2240509 2.84E-01 0.88( 0.70–1.11) WNT5B 12 1620858 0.312911216
rs2240510 2.85E-01 0.83( 0.59–1.17) WNT5B 12 1623486 0.312911216
rs2240511 1.77E-01 0.86( 0.69–1.07) WNT5B 12 1623551 0.279313968
rs7132752 8.10E-01 0.96( 0.69–1.34) WNT5B 12 1623995 0.447606546
rs3803164 1.76E-01 0.87( 0.72–1.06) WNT5B 12 1625915 0.279313968
rs3803163 2.72E-01 0.83( 0.60–1.15) WNT5B 12 1626221 0.308376026
rs12819505 1.37E-03 1.58( 1.19–2.09) WNT5B 12 1626926 0.095030240
rs1003939 9.87E-03 0.56( 0.36–0.87) WNT5B 12 1626939 0.135500153
rs6489314 8.65E-02 0.82( 0.66–1.03) WNT5B 12 1627431 0.244482539
rs4766403 1.03E-02 1.21( 1.05–1.39) WNT5B 12 1630739 0.135500153
rs4766408 3.50E-01 0.91( 0.74–1.11) WNT5B 12 1634790 0.328827360
rs7296858 1.71E-01 1.21( 0.92–1.59) WNT5B 12 1636194 0.277576313
rs7596898 4.86E-02 0.80( 0.64–1.00) WNT6 2 219427976 0.188401227
rs940469 2.50E-01 1.13( 0.92–1.39) WNT6 2 219428221 0.301906315
rs751135 6.56E-01 1.04( 0.88–1.22) WNT6 2 219428593 0.418665386
rs690877 3.43E-01 1.10( 0.90–1.35) WNT6 2 219430908 0.328827360
rs2053101 6.88E-01 0.92( 0.62–1.38) WNT7A 3 13825667 0.424838822
rs9864832 9.03E-03 1.52( 1.11–2.08) WNT7A 3 13827744 0.135500153
rs11712819 3.55E-01 0.91( 0.75–1.11) WNT7A 3 13830800 0.328827360
rs2163910 7.99E-01 1.03( 0.81–1.31) WNT7A 3 13832893 0.445017693
rs1124480 5.25E-01 0.93( 0.73–1.17) WNT7A 3 13832970 0.379736909
rs1946620 1.10E-02 1.32( 1.07–1.63) WNT7A 3 13833800 0.135500153
rs3796316 5.08E-01 1.09( 0.85–1.39) WNT7A 3 13834174 0.377760052
rs3796314 3.09E-01 1.12( 0.90–1.38) WNT7A 3 13834333 0.315893774
rs9840696 3.33E-01 0.90( 0.73–1.11) WNT7A 3 13840076 0.328827360
rs12492620 4.02E-01 0.92( 0.75–1.13) WNT7A 3 13842256 0.349296428
rs867606 5.24E-01 1.07( 0.86–1.33) WNT7A 3 13844302 0.379736909
rs934453 6.91E-01 0.95( 0.75–1.21) WNT7A 3 13845053 0.424838822
rs12634816 1.37E-01 1.29( 0.92–1.81) WNT7A 3 13847271 0.263578639
rs11711182 1.21E-01 1.19( 0.95–1.49) WNT7A 3 13851910 0.254403903
rs12634112 4.59E-01 0.92( 0.73–1.15) WNT7A 3 13853890 0.359705483
rs11922919 5.87E-01 1.06( 0.86–1.30) WNT7A 3 13854617 0.396598092
rs9863149 2.71E-01 1.18( 0.88–1.58) WNT7A 3 13858361 0.308376026
rs4257529 5.13E-01 1.07( 0.87–1.32) WNT7A 3 13869117 0.377760052
rs3762721 5.52E-01 0.93( 0.73–1.18) WNT7A 3 13870807 0.383590947
rs12639607 3.62E-01 1.11( 0.89–1.38) WNT7A 3 13871285 0.328827360
rs9819887 4.33E-01 1.06( 0.91–1.24) WNT7A 3 13873619 0.359395383
rs13069140 1.98E-01 0.84( 0.64–1.10) WNT7A 3 13878304 0.284431004
rs6442416 1.34E-01 0.90( 0.78–1.03) WNT7A 3 13882101 0.263342145
rs9864031 2.02E-01 0.87( 0.71–1.08) WNT7A 3 13883072 0.284431004
rs12632968 2.51E-01 0.92( 0.80–1.06) WNT7A 3 13887198 0.301906315
rs4685048 4.71E-01 0.95( 0.82–1.09) WNT7A 3 13897736 0.360699651
rs1077524 6.70E-01 0.96( 0.79–1.17) WNT7A 3 13905134 0.422621937
rs6768050 8.13E-02 1.29( 0.97–1.72) WNT7A 3 13905491 0.239365623
rs217259 4.45E-01 1.14( 0.82–1.58) WNT8A 5 137440862 0.359705483
rs10440755 2.94E-01 0.88( 0.70–1.11) WNT8A 5 137442365 0.315417003
rs4835761 6.94E-01 1.05( 0.82–1.34) WNT8A 5 137445768 0.424838822
rs10036244 5.82E-01 0.94( 0.77–1.16) WNT8A 5 137447624 0.394635311
rs2040862 3.75E-01 1.10( 0.89–1.35) WNT8A 5 137447888 0.333860360
rs4919464 1.49E-01 0.89( 0.75–1.04) WNT8B 10 102211185 0.270394908
rs3793771 1.15E-01 0.88( 0.74–1.03) WNT8B 10 102212947 0.247366510
rs12762598 8.24E-01 1.02( 0.87–1.20) WNT8B 10 102217746 0.450428119
rs7552818 9.03E-01 1.01( 0.82–1.25) WNT9A 1 226167514 0.475872051
rs10916243 2.01E-01 1.10( 0.95–1.28) WNT9A 1 226167742 0.284431004
rs1009658 1.10E-01 0.84( 0.68–1.04) WNT9A 1 226170404 0.247221759
rs12748472 2.78E-02 1.18( 1.02–1.38) WNT9A 1 226170998 0.175417920
rs8192633 9.90E-01 1.00( 0.62–1.59) WNT9A 1 226176094 0.495714725
rs10127943 1.27E-01 1.17( 0.96–1.43) WNT9A 1 226176687 0.259279357
rs12046421 7.15E-01 0.96( 0.79–1.18) WNT9A 1 226177357 0.426046532
rs680997 1.48E-01 0.79( 0.57–1.09) WNT9A 1 226193850 0.270394908
rs680148 4.05E-02 1.25( 1.01–1.54) WNT9A 1 226194014 0.186192568
rs681239 5.30E-01 0.89( 0.61–1.29) WNT9A 1 226206295 0.379736909
rs6665129 2.53E-01 0.87( 0.69–1.10) WNT9A 1 226207083 0.301906315
rs2083798 9.16E-01 0.99( 0.81–1.21) WNT9B 17 42276896 0.475872051
rs2083797 4.03E-01 1.14( 0.84–1.54) WNT9B 17 42276928 0.349470404
rs4968275 9.42E-01 1.01( 0.81–1.25) WNT9B 17 42279659 0.478174891
rs7212246 9.42E-01 1.01( 0.81–1.25) WNT9B 17 42280490 0.478174891
rs12150651 7.07E-01 0.96( 0.77–1.19) WNT9B 17 42288568 0.426046532
rs2165846 2.48E-01 1.15( 0.91–1.47) WNT9B 17 42296365 0.301906315
rs12952746 4.35E-01 1.10( 0.87–1.39) WNT9B 17 42298412 0.359395383
rs6504591 3.06E-01 0.93( 0.81–1.07) WNT9B 17 42299827 0.315893774
rs4968281 4.42E-01 1.16( 0.79–1.71) WNT9B 17 42305121 0.359705483
rs1530364 4.45E-02 0.67( 0.45–0.99) WNT9B 17 42306776 0.186200636
rs754474 2.52E-01 1.24( 0.86–1.78) WNT9B 17 42308855 0.301906315
rs17603901 8.32E-01 1.03( 0.79–1.34) WNT9B 17 42313021 0.452520518
rs10177996 7.78E-01 1.03( 0.83–1.28) WNT10A 2 219454805 0.443413702
rs4574113 7.12E-01 1.04( 0.84–1.30) WNT10A 2 219470906 0.426046532
rs833839 4.98E-01 1.08( 0.86–1.35) WNT10B 12 47653157 0.377760052
rs7311091 4.72E-01 1.11( 0.84–1.46) WNT10B 12 47669474 0.360699651
rs664499 3.06E-01 0.86( 0.65–1.15) WNT11 11 75565334 0.315893774
rs626207 2.39E-01 1.13( 0.92–1.38) WNT11 11 75565460 0.301281403
rs4944091 8.02E-01 0.97( 0.78–1.21) WNT11 11 75566622 0.445017693
rs647159 2.64E-01 1.18( 0.88–1.57) WNT11 11 75570389 0.307231178
rs11236644 3.62E-01 0.94( 0.81–1.08) WNT11 11 75572655 0.328827360
rs581794 6.45E-01 0.95( 0.75–1.19) WNT11 11 75572939 0.415574805
rs12277860 4.39E-01 0.91( 0.73–1.15) WNT11 11 75574295 0.359395383
rs17749202 4.67E-02 1.39( 1.00–1.92) WNT11 11 75575022 0.186667333
rs7936750 2.15E-01 0.81( 0.57–1.13) WNT11 11 75577055 0.284945038
rs10899175 1.02E-01 1.20( 0.96–1.50) WNT11 11 75577129 0.247221759
rs882151 7.14E-01 0.96( 0.78–1.18) WNT11 11 75581785 0.426046532
rs3781730 5.45E-01 1.07( 0.86–1.33) WNT11 11 75585731 0.379736909
rs689095 1.63E-01 0.87( 0.71–1.06) WNT11 11 75591735 0.273188390
rs663907 2.31E-01 0.84( 0.63–1.12) WNT11 11 75600717 0.296677764
rs689419 7.88E-01 0.97( 0.79–1.19) WNT11 11 75604615 0.443413702
rs12416814 3.74E-01 1.23( 0.78–1.92) WNT11 11 75605089 0.333860360
rs3757552 5.68E-01 0.93( 0.72–1.20) WNT16 7 120751201 0.388647584
rs3801387 1.52E-01 1.15( 0.95–1.40) WNT16 7 120762001 0.270394908
rs3801385 7.16E-01 1.05( 0.80–1.37) WNT16 7 120764779 0.426046532
rs2707461 2.06E-01 0.77( 0.51–1.16) WNT16 7 120774586 0.284431004
rs2536182 1.30E-01 0.90( 0.78–1.03) WNT16 7 120778073 0.263051430
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Table 3.

Wnt pathway SNPs associated with survival in multivariate analysis in cohort 1 (P<0.05)*

SNP P value Hazard Ratio (95% CI) Gene Chromo-some Position Q value
rs11868547 0.0006 0.77 (0.66–0.89) AXIN2 17 60954065 0.095030240
rs12819505 0.0014 1.58 (1.19–2.09) WNT5B 12 1626926 0.095030240
rs4541111 0.0015 0.79 (0.68–0.91) AXIN2 17 60965000 0.095030240
rs4413407 0.0017 1.28 (1.10–1.50) CXXC4 4 105612810 0.095030240
rs10878232 0.0022 1.36 (1.12–1.66) WIF1 12 63808914 0.095602299
rs7301320 0.0027 1.35 (1.11–1.65) WIF1 12 63800533 0.100176561
rs7218567 0.0043 1.68 (1.18–2.40) WNT3 17 42225421 0.128006452
rs390258 0.0046 1.64 (1.16–2.30) TLE2 19 2947339 0.128006452
rs7591 0.0061 1.23 (1.06–1.44) AXIN2 17 60955544 0.135500153
rs1155722 0.0062 1.32 (1.08–1.61) WIF1 12 63809424 0.135500153
rs10917155 0.0073 1.54 (1.12–2.11) WNT4 1 22324553 0.135500153
rs9864832 0.0090 1.52 (1.11–2.08) WNT7A 3 13827744 0.135500153
rs4988300 0.0098 0.74 (0.58–0.93) LRP5 11 67845407 0.135500153
rs1003939 0.0099 0.56 (0.36–0.87) WNT5B 12 1626939 0.135500153
rs4766403 0.010 1.21 (1.05–1.39) WNT5B 12 1630739 0.135500153
rs2508836 0.010 0.81 (0.68–0.95) LRP5 11 67847841 0.135500153
rs1012672 0.011 1.47 (1.09–1.97) LRP6 12 12176182 0.135500153
rs1946620 0.011 1.32 (1.07–1.63) WNT7A 3 13833800 0.135500153
rs11658976 0.012 1.45 (1.08–1.94) WNT3 17 42221965 0.142078914
rs12469777 0.014 0.85 (0.74–0.97) FRZB 2 183440609 0.144627899
rs3121310 0.015 1.39 (1.07–1.82) WNT3A 1 226291447 0.144627899
rs11655966 0.015 1.21 (1.04–1.41) AXIN2 17 60960112 0.144627899
rs12942924 0.016 1.18 (1.03–1.36) AXIN2 17 60996861 0.144627899
rs11079571 0.016 1.29 (1.05–1.59) AXIN2 17 60979143 0.144627899
rs11054760 0.017 1.53 (1.08–2.17) LRP6 12 12320749 0.144627899
rs11919795 0.018 0.67 (0.48–0.93) DVL3 3 185373562 0.144627899
rs4654783 0.018 1.58 (1.08–2.31) WNT4 1 22312107 0.144627899
rs629537 0.020 1.29 (1.04–1.60) WNT5A 3 55466053 0.146727575
rs314756 0.020 0.69 (0.51–0.94) LRP5 11 67868248 0.146727575
rs713065 0.020 0.79 (0.64–0.96) FZD4 11 86335168 0.146727575
rs7515106 0.021 1.61 (1.07–2.42) WNT4 1 22345997 0.149155672
rs423232 0.022 0.74 (0.57–0.96) TLE2 19 2947483 0.152312051
rs597437 0.027 1.43 (1.04–1.95) WNT5A 3 55471449 0.17541792
rs708110 0.027 1.26 (1.03–1.55) WNT3A 1 226257428 0.17541792
rs12748472 0.028 1.18 (1.02–1.38) WNT9A 1 226170998 0.17541792
rs6946781 0.029 0.63 (0.42–0.95) WNT2 7 116694979 0.176207503
rs9888749 0.031 0.76 (0.60–0.98) AXIN1 16 348373 0.185653186
rs64388 0.033 1.25 (1.02–1.52) LRP5 11 67830957 0.186192568
rs7224837 0.034 1.28 (1.02–1.62) AXIN2 17 60958585 0.186192568
rs2285545 0.034 0.87 (0.76–0.99) WNT2 7 116735407 0.186192568
rs3809857 0.035 0.80 (0.65–0.98) WNT3 17 42203482 0.186192568
rs503022 0.036 1.26 (1.01–1.56) WNT5A 3 55466476 0.186192568
rs1548581 0.037 1.29 (1.02–1.64) AXIN2 17 60995973 0.186192568
rs7359414 0.037 0.78 (0.61–0.99) AXIN1 16 302639 0.186192568
rs312786 0.038 0.66 (0.45–0.98) LRP5 11 67876553 0.186192568
rs214246 0.040 0.77 (0.61–0.99) AXIN1 16 289294 0.186192568
rs4698921 0.040 1.16 (1.01–1.34) CXXC4 4 105633671 0.186192568
rs680148 0.041 1.25 (1.01–1.54) WNT9A 1 226194014 0.186192568
rs676318 0.042 0.75 (0.57–0.99) LRP5 11 67973996 0.186192568
rs10431302 0.042 0.80 (0.65–0.99) LRP6 12 12320918 0.186192568
rs6947329 0.044 1.29 (1.01–1.65) WNT2 7 116730371 0.186200636
rs1530364 0.045 0.67 (0.45–0.99) WNT9B 17 42306776 0.186200636
rs3781586 0.045 1.26 (1.01–1.57) LRP5 11 67955969 0.186200636
rs17749202 0.047 1.39 (1.00–1.92) WNT11 11 75575022 0.186667333
rs4074947 0.047 1.23 (1.00–1.51) AXIN2 17 60957682 0.186667333
rs557077 0.047 1.40 (1.00–1.96) WNT5A 3 55506307 0.186667333
rs7596898 0.049 0.80 (0.64–1.00) WNT6 2 219427976 0.188401227
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*

Adjusted for age, race, sex, pack-year smoking, clinical stage, and performance status

Of the 57 SNPs with p<0.05, 5 had q<0.10 after correction for multiple comparisons (Table 4). Compared to the reference genotypes, variants for rs11868547 and rs4541111 (both in AXIN2) were associated with improved survival, while variants for rs12819505 (WNT5B), rs4413407 (CXXC4) and rs10878232 (WIF1) were associated with worse survival after adjusting for clinical variables, as outlined above. MSTs were 19.7 months for patients with just one of these 5 unfavorable SNPs vs. 15.6 months for patients with 2 unfavorable SNPs and 10.7 months for patients with 3–5 unfavorable SNPs (p for trend 3.8 × 10−9, log rank p=1.86 × 10−7, Table 5, Figure 1). Each of these SNPs remained significantly (p<0.005) associated with survival after adjusting for agents (taxane vs other) given concurrently with cisplatin or carboplatin (data not shown). MAF of these SNPs by race is presented in Table 6.

Table 4.

Wnt pathway SNPs with q<0.10 in cohort 1

SNP Gene Location Allelic change Minor Allele Frequency Model Hazard Ratio* (95% CI) P value q value
rs11868547 AXIN2 3′ flanking G>C 0.421 Additive 0.77 (0.66–0.89) 6.10E-04 0.09503
rs12819505 WNT5B 3′ flanking A>G 0.07 Dominant 1.58 (1.19–2.09) 1.37E-03 0.09503
rs4541111 AXIN2 Intron C>A 0.456 Additive 0.79 (0.68–0.91) 1.53E-03 0.09503
rs4413407 CXXC4 3′ UTR G>A 0.299 Additive 1.28 (1.10–1.50) 1.72E-03 0.09503
rs10878232 WIF1 5′ flanking A>C 0.242 Dominant 1.36 (1.12–1.66) 2.16E-03 0.09560
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*

Adjusted for age, race, sex, pack-year smoking, clinical stage, and performance status

Table 5.

Impact of number of unfavorable genotypes on survival in cohort 1

No. unfavorable genotypes No. (%) alive No. (%) dead Hazard ratio (95% CI) (1 SNP = reference) P value Median Survival Time (mo.) Log-rank p value
1 19 (46.3) 22 (53.7) 19.67
2 83 (26.9) 226 (73.1) 1.53 (0.97–2.41) 6.8 × 10−2 15.56
3–5 40 (16.1) 208 (83.9) 2.61 (1.65–4.12) 4.3 × 10−5 10.72 1.9 × 10−7
trend 3.8 × 10−9
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Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Kaplan Meier survival estimates for patients with 1 (blue line) vs 2 (red line) vs 3–5 (green line) unfavorable genotypes (UFGs) in our initial cohort (median survival times 19.7 vs 15.7 vs 10.7 months, p for trend = 3.8 × 10−9, log rank p = 1.9 × 10−7)

Table 6.

Minor Allele Frequency by race for SNPs significantly associated with patient survival

SNP All White Black Other
rs11868547 0.44 0.45 0.20 0.56
rs12819505 0.07 0.08 0.01 0.04
rs4541111 0.47 0.49 0.20 0.54
rs4413407 0.30 0.32 0.05 0.33
rs10878232 0.28 0.28 0.33 0.27
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For these 5 most significant SNPs, recursive partitioning STREE analysis (Figure 2) indicated high order gene-gene interaction and divided patients into 5 distinct “nodes” with significant survival differences. These nodes could be further classified into two groups of low and high risk. Nodes 1 and 2 combined had significantly better survival than nodes 3, 4 and 5 combined (17.3 vs 11.3 months, log rank p=4.7 × 10−8, Wilcoxon p=1.0 × 10−8) (Table 7 and Fig 3). The 75th percentile, 50th percentile and 25th percentile survival times were 7.4 months (95% CI 6.5–8.8 months), 16.2 (13.8–18.0) months and 32.2 (26.8–41.3) months, respectively, in the combined Nodes 1 and 2 group, and were 5.9 (4.6–7.1) months, 11.1 (9.6–11.9) months and 22.2 (18.4–26.3) months, respectively, in the combined Nodes 3, 4 and 5 group (log rank p=1.04 × 10−4, Wilcoxon p=5.87 × 10−5).

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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Survival tree analysis of significant SNPs associated with NSCLC survival identified from the single SNP analysis (q<0.10) in our initial cohort. Five terminal nodes were identified, which could be classified into two groups of low and high risk.

Table 7.

Hazard ratios and median survival times for different recursive partitioning nodes in cohort 1

STREE Nodes Dead
N (%)		 Alive
N (%)		 Adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% CI) P value Median Survival (months) Log Rank Test
1 34 (69.39) 15 (30.61) 1.00 (reference) 18.82
2 192 (69.82) 83 (30.18) 1.09 (0.73–1.62) 0.067 17.27
3 163 (82.32) 35 (17.68) 1.93 (1.30–2.89) 0.001 10.07
4 39 (86.67) 6 (13.33) 1.79 (1.08–2.96) 0.024 13.52
5 28 (90.32) 3(9.68) 1.98 (1.17–3.37) 0.011 11.94 2.68 × 10−6
STREE Group
Nodes 1~2 226 (69.75) 98 (30.25) 1.00 (reference) 17.27
Nodes 3~5 230 (83.94) 44 (16.06) 1.78 (1.46–2.17) 1 × 10−8 11.09 4.66 × 10−8
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Figure 3.

Figure 3

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Kaplan Meier survival estimates for the two risk groups identified from the survival tree analysis of our initial cohort. Survival of NSCLC patients in STREE groups 1 (49 patients) and 2 (275 patients) (blue line) was significantly better than for groups 3 (198 patients), 4 (45 patients) and 5 (31 patients) combined (red line) (17.3 vs 11.1 months, Wilcoxon p=1.0 × 10−8, log rank p = 4.66 × 10−8).

Characteristics of patients in Cohorts 2, 3 and 4 are presented in Table 8. Since there was high linkage disequilibrium between the two AXIN2 SNPs s4341111 and rs11868547 (R2>0.80), we only considered the one with the more significant p-value rs11868547 in the secondary analysis involving cohorts 2–4. None of the 4 SNPs assessed correlated significantly with survival in any of cohorts 2–4 assessed individually, nor in meta-analyses combining cohorts 2–4 together, nor in the meta-analysis combining cohort 2 (Mayo Clinic patients) with cohort 3 (MDACC adjuvant chemotherapy patients) (Table 9). However, for rs11868547, the hazard ratios for each of cohorts 2–4 and for the 2 meta-analyses was in the same direction as in cohort 1. For rs12819707, the hazard ratio for cohort 2 (the Mayo Clinic group), cohort 4 (the surgery alone group) and the overall meta-analysis of cohorts 2–4 was in the same direction as in cohort 1, and for rs10878232, the hazard ratio for two of the 3 secondary analysis cohorts and for both meta-analyses secondary analysis groupings was in the same direction as in cohort 1.

Table 8.

Characteristics of patients assessed in cohorts 2, 3 and 4

Variable Cohort 2
No. Patients (%)		 Cohort 3
No. Patients (%)		 Cohort 4
No. Patients (%)
Median survival, months 21.09 118.3 86.05
Median age (range), years 64.02* 63 (29–83) 67 (34–86)
Pack year, median (range)** 40.48* 40 (0.1–159) 45 (0.2–256)
Survival status at last follow-up
 Alive 49 88 210
 Dead 191 39 130
Sex
 Male 142 68 166
 Female 98 59 174
Clinical stage
 Stage IA 23 181
 Stage IB 55 113
 Stage IIA 14 10
 Stage IIB 35 36
 Stage III 106
 Stage IV 134
Smoking status
 Never 14 16 48
 Former 150 67 168
 Current & Recently Quit (<1 year) 76 44 124
ECOG Performance status
 0 64
 1 120
 2–4 13
Tumor Type
 Adenocarcinoma 74 213
 Squamous 34 87
 NSCLC not otherwise specified 7 11
 Other 12 29
Race
 White 109 305
 Black 10 25
 Others 8 10
Treatment
 Chemotherapy (platinum regimen) only 100
 Platinum regimen + radiotherapy 140
 Surgery + adjuvant platinum regimen 127
 Surgery alone 340
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*

mean instead of median; range not available

**

among ever smokers

Table 9.

Assessment of SNPs in secondary analyses (cohorts 2–4)

SNP Mayo Clinic (Cohort 2)† MDACC Adjuvant Chemo (Cohort 3)‡ MDACC Surgery Alone (Cohort 4)‡ Mayo + Adjuvant (Cohorts 2 + 3) Mayo + Adjuvant + Surgery (Cohorts 2 + 3 + 4)
HR(95% CI) P HR(95% CI) P HR(95% CI) P HR(95% CI) P P-H* HR(95% CI) P P-H*
rs11868547 0.94(0.75–1.18) 0.58 0.89(0.55–1.45) 0.65 0.96( 0.74–1.24) 0.75 0.93(0.76–1.14) 0.48 0.85 0.94(0.80–1.11) 0.46 0.96
rs12819505 1.30(0.85–1.99) 0.23 0.40(0.14–1.18) 0.10 1.12( 0.67–1.86) 0.68 0.80(0.26–2.50) 0.70 0.04 1.11(0.81–1.52) 0.51 0.13
rs4413407 0.88(0.69–1.13) 0.32 1.10(0.61–2.01) 0.75 0.99( 0.76–1.30) 0.96 0.91(0.72–1.15) 0.43 0.50 0.94(0.79–1.13) 0.52 0.72
rs10878232 1.00(0.77–1.28) 0.98 1.80(0.91–3.56) 0.09 1.05( 0.79–1.41) 0.73 1.07(0.85–1.36) 0.58 0.11 1.06(0.88–1.28) 0.52 0.28
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*

P-H: P value for heterogeneity

†

Advanced stage patients

‡

Early stage patients

In assessing correlation of these SNPs with NSCLC stage across all 4 cohorts, we found that none of the SNPs were significantly associated with stage except for rs10878232 in cohort 4 (the surgery alone group) (p<0.05).

To explore whether any of the 4 SNPs have functional relevance, we conducted expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis. We checked 3 databases including Genevar, seeQTL, and University of Chicago eQTL. Among candidate SNPs, a highly significant correlation was consistently shown for rs10878232 and LEMD3. Genevar analysis showed that the C allele was consistently correlated with higher expression of LEMD3 in adipose tissues, lymphoblastoid cell lines and skin tissues obtained from healthy female twins (Figure 4). All p-values are less than 10−6 for Spearman’s correlation and <10−4 for permutation test. Similar results were obtained by exploring the seeQTL and University of Chicago eQTL. rs10878232 is located in the 5′ flanking region between WIF1 and LEMD3. No cis-eQTL correlation was found for the other SNPs.

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Open in a new tab

Rs10878232 genotypes and LEMD3 gene expression in cell lines and tissues from healthy female twins based on eQTL analysis in Genevar database of SNP-gene associations. Twin2-A, adipose tissue; Twin2-L, lymphoblastoid cell lines; Twin2-S, skin tissue. Rho, correlation value; Pemp, non-parametric permutation p value for 10,000 reiterations.

Discussion

Results from our initial cohort suggested that selected host genotype Wnt pathway SNPs may affect outcome in platinum-treated patients with stage III–IV NSCLC: 57 SNPs in 21 different Wnt pathway components correlated with survival. Of these, 5 SNPs in 4 pathway genes remained significant in multivariate analysis after correcting for the effect of multiple comparisons and after adjusting for other clinical factors. Survival worsened as the number of unfavorable genotypes increased, revealing the joint effect of these SNPs. Survival tree analysis revealed potential higher order gene-gene interactions.

In our follow-up studies exploring impact of these SNPs in other patient groups, cohort 2 (from the Mayo Clinic) was most similar to our initial cohort (platinum-based chemotherapy +/− radiotherapy for stage III–IV NSCLC), although the Mayo Clinic patient population was smaller (only 240 patients). As with cohort 1, rs11868547 G to C allelic change in Mayo Clinic patients was associated with improved survival and rs12819505 A to G allelic change was associated with worse survival. This suggests that these associations in particular warrant further assessment, although these associations did not achieve statistical significance in the Mayo Clinic patients. The lack of statistical significance in the Mayo Clinic patients (and outcomes for rs4413407 and rs10878232) may have been due to a true lack of biological importance of these SNPs (with the association in cohort 1 being due to chance alone), or could instead have been related to low statistical power (due to relatively small patient numbers in the Mayo Clinic cohort) or impact of unappreciated differences in the patient populations or therapy details. It would also be worthwhile assessing whether these differences might be related to differences in second or third line therapy between the 2 groups. We did not have data available on therapy received following first line platinum-based regimens, and so cannot directly test this here, but it is possible that an association of the SNPs with survival could have been impacted by specific therapies received.

None of the SNPs correlated significantly with outcome in cohort 3 (the MDACC postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy NSCLC group) nor in cohort 4 (the MDACC surgery alone NSCLC group), indicating that we cannot extrapolate from our advanced disease patients to our early stage patients. Again, this may have been due to patient numbers/low statistical power or it could have been due to the differences that existed between the patient groups or to actual lack of biological importance of the SNPs identified in cohort 1.

When we did a meta-analysis adding cohorts 2–4 together, the direction of association (decreased risk for rs11868547 G to C allelic change and increased risk for rs12819505 A to G allelic change and rs10878232 A to C allelic change) was the same in the meta-analysis as in cohort 1, supporting further assessment of these SNPs, although the associations were again not statistically significant.

With respect to the SNPs that emerged as being most important in our initial cohort, each of AXIN2, CXX4 and WIF1 are potentially important in NSCLC as Wnt pathway inhibitors. AXIN2 allelic loss is common in NSCLC,20 hypermethylation of AXIN is often seen in resected NSCLC tumor samples,24 risk of developing lung adenocarcinoma varies with the host genotype for codon 50 of AXIN2,20 and lung cancer cell line transfection with AXIN increased apoptosis, inhibited cell line proliferation, and decreased cell invasiveness.25

While Wnt-5a appears to be important in NSCLC, there is less information available on Wnt-5b, although Wnt-5b expression is upregulated by exposure of bronchial epithelium to cigarette smoke extract.26 Both Wnt-5a and Wnt-5b are non-canonical Wnts and may inhibit canonical Wnt signaling.10

The CXXC4 gene codes for the Disheveled (Dvl) inhibitor Idax.11 While little is known about the role of CXXC4 or Idax in NSCLC, Dvl is probably important. Dvl is frequently expressed in NSCLC tumor samples,27 and expression is associated with poor prognosis.28 In NSCLC cell lines, exogenous Dvl enhanced tumor cell invasiveness,27 and inhibition of Dvl inhibited growth.29

The Wnt pathway inhibitor WIF-1 is frequently hypermethylated and/or down-regulated in NSCLC tumor samples and cell lines,30–32 particularly in squamous cell lung carcinomas31 and in patients with COPD,32 and promoter hypermethylation of WIF-1 was associated with poor prognosis in NSCLC patients.32,33 In lung cancer cell lines, methylation inhibitors34 or transfection with WIF-135 demethylated WIF-1,34 increased WIF-1 expression,34 inhibited the canonical Wnt pathway,34 inhibited cell line proliferation,35 and induced apoptosis.34,35

Little is known regarding the functional impact of the SNPs observed. Further assessment of the functional impact would be useful in better understanding how these SNPs may have contributed to patient outcome and for validation in a larger independent cohort. None of the 5 most significant SNPs were in gene coding or promoter regions. While little is known about how these specific SNPs could affect gene/gene product functions, there are several possibilities. For example, SNPs in flanking regions may be in transcriptional enhancers that affect nearby gene expression,36 SNPs in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) may affect microRNA binding37 and mRNA stability,38 nuclear transport,39 polyadenylation status39 and subcellular targeting,39 and intronic SNPs may affect alternative splicing40 and gene product function.41

To check for functional relevance for the identified SNPs from cohort 1, we carried out eQTL analysis using Genevar database (a public resource containing four eQTL studies42–45), and found highly significant correlation between rs10878232 and LEMD3 expression. The rs10878232 data are available in the MuTHER pilot study implemented in Genevar. LEMD3 (also known as MAN1) encodes a LEM domain-containing gene that serves to antagonize transforming growth factor beta signaling at the inner nuclear membrane.46 Mutations of this gene have been found in osteopoikilosis, Buscheke-Ollendorff syndrome, and melorheostosis.47 Interestingly, the expression level of LEMD3 correlated with two loci associated with overall survival in never smokers with NSCLC in a previous study from our group.48 Although our current dataset of late-stage NSCLC patient is too small for stratified analysis by smoking status, we found a stronger association of rs10878232 with survival in never smokers while weak or no significant association was found in ever smokers, suggesting a potential interaction of this SNP with smoking status. In light of the known association of negative smoking history with epidermal growth factor (EGFR) mutations, one might question whether there might be an interaction of rs10878232 with EGFR mutation status, but this cannot be addressed in our study since EGFR mutation status was not known for most patients. Further study in a larger population of NSCLC patients is necessary to verify our findings and to assess any potential interaction with EGFR mutation status.

In summary, the pharmacogenetic data from our initial patient cohort suggest that host genotype SNPs may modulate the impact of the Wnt pathway on outcome of patients with advanced NSCLC, although SNP associations with outcome in secondary analyses using cohorts 2–4 were much weaker. Overall, available evidence from cell lines and resected tumors suggests that Wnt pathway signaling is important in NSCLC tumorigenesis, patient prognosis and resistance to therapy.13 Targeting of the Wnt pathway (through Wnt antagonists, demethylating agents, and other steps to restore function of silenced Wnt inhibitors) warrants assessment in the treatment of NSCLC.

Acknowledgments

Supported in part by NIH grants R01 CA111646, P50 CA070907, R01 CA55769, R01-CA80127 and R01-CA84354, and Mayo Foundation fund

Footnotes

Disclosures: None of the authors have disclosures directly related to the topic of this paper

Contributor Information

David J. Stewart, University of Ottawa.

David W. Chang, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Departments of Epidemiology.

Yuanqing Ye, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Departments of Epidemiology.

Margaret Spitz, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Departments of Epidemiology.

Charles Lu, Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology.

Xiang Shu, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Departments of Epidemiology.

Jason A. Wampfler, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Departments of Health Sciences Research

Randolph S. Marks, Medical Oncology.

Yolanda I Garces, Radiation Oncology.

Ping Yang, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Departments of Health Sciences Research.

Xifeng Wu, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Departments of Epidemiology.

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