Autoimmune Hepatitis with Multiple Sclerosis and Graves Disease: Coincidence or Association?

Abstract

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a generally progressive, chronic hepatitis of unknown cause that occurs in children and adults of all ages. It is associated with a variety of autoimmune conditions like thyroid disorders (Hashimoto and Graves disease), celiac disease and multiple sclerosis (MS). We report the case of a 61-year-old woman with MS (untreated) and a history of Graves disease who presented with fatigue and right upper quadrant abdominal pain. She was admitted to our hospital for evaluation. Clinical and laboratory workup revealed AIH. She was successfully treated with prednisone and azathioprine, with complete clinical and laboratory improvement. However, to our knowledge there have been only a few reports of a possible association between AIH and untreated MS.

Introduction

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a generally progressive, chronic hepatitis of unknown cause that occurs in children and adults of all ages. Occasionally it has a fluctuating course, with periods of increased or decreased activity [1]. It is a multifactorial polygenic disorder that is probably caused by the interaction of a trigger and environmental factors in a genetically susceptible individual [2]. It affects mainly females and has a varied clinical presentation from minor symptomatology to acute liver failure [3]. It is characterized serologically by high levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) and by the presence of autoantibodies, and histologically by interface hepatitis in the absence of a known cause of liver disease [4, 5]. Adequately dosed steroids are the mainstay of remission induction treatment, while remission maintenance is best achieved by azathioprine [6]. AIH is associated with other autoimmune diseases such as thyroiditis, ulcerative colitis, celiac disease, type 1 diabetes mellitus and rheumatoid arthritis [3]. Many reports have documented the association between multiple sclerosis (MS) in patients who are being treated with interferon beta, steroids and/or glatiramer acetate and the development of hepatitis (either drug-induced or autoimmune). Very rare reports however describe the association between untreated MS and AIH. We report a case of untreated MS and a history of Graves disease who developed AIH.

Case Report

A 61-year-old white woman presented in February 2013 with fatigue, decreased appetite and right upper quadrant abdominal pain for 2 weeks. She denied nausea, vomiting, weight loss and jaundice. Two weeks prior to presentation, the patient was found to have elevated liver enzymes by routine blood workup (AST 151 IU/l, ALT 199 IU/l), for which atorvastatin and ezetimibe were both discontinued (although she had been taking both for a long time). She was known to have MS (as she had clumsiness and optic neuritis with white matter hyperintensities by brain MRI, at that time not on any treatment, but treated with interferon in 2000 with resulting drug-induced hepatitis which resolved after discontinuation of interferon), hypothyroidism on levothyroxine (secondary to radioactive iodine ablation for Graves disease), hyperlipidemia and asthma.

On physical examination, blood pressure was 113/77 mm Hg, heart rate 64 beats/min and temperature 36.3°C. She was not jaundiced and her heart and respiratory sounds were normal. Her abdomen was soft, not tender, not distended, without hepatomegaly or splenomegaly and with normal bowel sounds. She was alert and oriented, the cranial nerves were grossly intact, muscle bulk, tone and power were normal, there was no sensory deficit, and coordination and gait were both unremarkable. Laboratory tests on admission revealed white blood cells 6.1 × 10³/μl, hemoglobin 14 g/dl, platelets 433 × 10³/μl, sodium 138 mEq/l, potassium 4.6 mEq/l, chloride 103 mEq/l, bicarbonate 29 mmol/l, BUN 11 mg/dl, creatinine 0.7 mg/dl and glucose 94 mg/dl. Liver function test showed AST 1,740 IU/l, ALT 1,497 IU/l, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) 140 IU/l, total bilirubin 2.4 mg/dl (direct bilirubin 1.3) – later on it went up to 5.1 mg/dl, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGTP) 501 IU/l (normal 7–64 IU/l), total protein 8.3 g/dl and albumin 3.8 g/dl. Coagulation panel showed prothrombin time 13.6 s, international normalized ratio 1.44 and partial thromboplastin time 30.9 s. Urine drug screen was negative. The results of thyroid function testing were thyroid-stimulating hormone 10.3 mIU/ml and free thyroxine 0.8 ng/dl. She had normal alpha-fetoprotein and a negative ethanol level. Serum protein electrophoresis showed high gamma fraction of protein 2.1 g/dl. Viral hepatitis was ruled out by negative hepatitis panel including negative hepatitis C virus RNA PCR. Complete serological tests revealed positive anti-smooth muscle antibodies at 1:320 (normal titer <1:40), negative anti-mitochondrial antibodies, negative anti-nuclear antibodies, negative anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, negative anti-myeloperoxidase antibodies, negative proteinase-3 antibodies and negative liver kidney microsomal antibodies. Ultrasound of the liver was performed and showed no significant abnormality in the liver, gallbladder or pancreas. There was no sign of gallstone or pericholecystic fluid formation. Abdominal computed tomography with contrast showed only mild fatty changes of the liver.

While the patient was in the hospital, ultrasound-guided liver biopsy was done; she was started on oral prednisone 60 mg daily and discharged home on that dose awaiting the liver biopsy result. Later on this confirmed our diagnosis of AIH as it showed lobular lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate (fig. 1), Councilman bodies and spotty necrosis. Bile duct damage and bridging periportal fibrosis were present (fig. 2). In March 2013, the patient had improved clinically. Her liver enzymes were checked while she was still taking 60 mg prednisone daily with the following values: AST 360 IU/l, ALT 602 IU/l, ALP 92 IU/l, GGTP 398 IU/l and total bilirubin 2.9 mg/dl. After receiving the liver biopsy result, she was prescribed oral azathioprine 50 mg daily while tapering the prednisone dose. Her liver function was periodically checked with continuous improvement. In April 2013, she was taking both 20 mg prednisone and 50 mg azathioprine daily. In June 2013, the azathioprine was stopped and she was kept on oral prednisone 10 mg daily, which later on (in September 2013) was decreased to 5 mg daily. Her liver function has been always within the normal range since July 2013 with AST 40 IU/l, ALT 35 IU/l, ALP 37 IU/l, total bilirubin 0.9 mg/dl, GGTP 60 IU/l, total protein 6.8 g/dl and albumin 3.9 g/dl.

Fig. 1.

Liver biopsy showed portal and lobular lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate by hematoxylin-eosin staining (original magnification ×200).

Fig. 2.

Liver biopsy showed bridging fibrosis and cirrhotic nodules by trichrome staining (original magnification ×100).

Discussion

MS is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Liver dysfunction in MS can result from many factors, such as drug toxicity, fatty infiltration, viral infection, and sometimes as part of the autoimmune process. AIH is a rare disease with an estimated prevalence of approximately 10–50/100,000 in the Western population, with a strong predominance in middle-aged women [7]. The female:male ratio in type 1 AIH is about 4:1, but the ratio is 10:1 in type 2 disease [2]. Patients may present with nonspecific symptoms of varying severity, such as fatigue, lethargy, nausea, abdominal pain and itching. Arthralgia involving the small joints is common. Physical examination may reveal no abnormalities, but it may also reveal hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, jaundice as well as signs and symptoms of chronic liver disease [1]. The diagnostic features include biochemical evidence of transaminitis (elevated AST and ALT), elevated IgG, positive autoantibodies and histological features of hepatitis in the absence of viral disease [3, 6]. The disease is classified into at least two types based on the autoantibody profile. Thus, AIH-1 is characterized by the presence of anti-smooth muscle antibodies and/or anti-nuclear antibodies, whereas reactivity to anti-liver kidney microsome antibodies type 1 and/or anti-liver cytosol antibodies type 1 defines AIH-2 [1]. All patients with suspected AIH should undergo liver biopsy. Not only does liver biopsy provide histological confirmation of AIH, but it may also help identify the presence of other liver diseases that can mimic the biochemical and serological features of AIH [8]. Interface hepatitis is typical of, though not exclusive to, AIH. Interface hepatitis is characterized by a lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate that crosses the limiting plate and invades the liver parenchyma [5]. Typically, the majority of patients respond within weeks to immunosuppressive therapy. Relief of clinical symptoms is followed by biochemical and histological remission [3]. Initial treatment with prednisone (or prednisolone) alone or in combination with azathioprine should be instituted in nearly all patients in whom the histological findings include interface hepatitis, with or without fibrosis or cirrhosis [1]. The target for remission therapy should be normalization of serum AST/ALT, gamma globulin, IgG and, ideally, histological evidence of cessation of active liver inflammation [3, 7]. Despite the availability of effective treatment, AIH is not a benign condition, with recent long-term studies reporting a two-fold higher mortality than that of the general population [9]. Incomplete normalization of ALT at 6 months, low serum albumin concentration at diagnosis and age of <20 years or >60 years were significant independent predictors of liver-related death or requirement for liver transplantation [9].

The association of AIH with primary biliary cirrhosis or primary sclerosing cholangitis has repeatedly been well documented. However, the association of AIH with autoimmune diseases other than primary biliary cirrhosis or primary sclerosing cholangitis has only rarely been described [10]. AIH is associated with a variety of autoimmune conditions like thyroid disorders (Hashimoto and Graves disease), celiac disease, MS [11] and other autoimmune diseases [6]. In addition, AIH had been reported in patients after exposure to certain drugs, including interferon [12] and methylprednisolone [13] for MS. It has been reported that in patients treated with interferon for hepatitis C, AIH developed after a mean treatment duration of 4.8 years [14]. Our patient received interferon treatment 13 years ago for MS, which resulted in elevated liver function test, for which reason the treatment was stopped. Her liver enzymes normalized after the interferon was discontinued, but 13 years later she developed AIH. The elevation of her liver function test 13 years ago when she was exposed to interferon could have been drug-induced hepatic injury or an unmasking of dormant AIH. Given the long period of normal liver function after discontinuation of interferon, the former is favored.

In conclusion, the prevalence of AIH seems to be higher in patients with MS than in the general population. Attention should be paid to the development of AIH, whether after pulsed methylprednisolone or interferon beta treatment, in patients with MS or even in untreated MS patients.

Disclosure Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. There were no funding sources.