Table 2.
Summary of studies reviewed.
| Citation | Study Type | Population and Sample Size | Age (Years) | Intervention | Outcomes | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ceriello A et al., 2009 [21] | Randomized Controlled Study | 12 | 67.2 ± 1.3 | Diabetes-Specific Formula (DSF) Standard Formula (STF) |
Fasting Glucose (mmol/L) = 7.9 ± 0.45 | Results are expressed as mean ± SEM |
| 24 h Glucose Concentrate (mmol/L-SEM) = 8.7 ± 0.5 | ||||||
| Day time = 9.4 ± 0.6 | ||||||
| Fasting Glucose (mmol/L) = 7.6 ± 0.37 | ||||||
| 24 h Glucose Conc. (mmol/L-SEM) = 9.6 ± 0.6 | ||||||
| Day time = 10.7 ± 0.6 | ||||||
| Voss AC, 2008 [29] | Randomized Controlled Study | 48 | 56 ± 1.4 (SEM) | Slowly Digested Carbohydrate Formula (SDC) DSF STF |
The positive area under the curve for glucose and insulin with STF was higher (p < 0.001) compared with the SDC and DSF. The adjusted Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) concentration at 60 min. was higher for the SDC compared with the DSF and STF (p < 0.05). | Results are expressed as mean ± SEM |
| De Luis et al., 2008 [30] | Randomized Clinical Trial | 16 14 |
74.6 ± 7.1 77.1 ± 8.7 |
Diabetes Specific Enteral Formula (49.95% of Calories provided by fat, Gp 1) Diabetes Specific Enteral Formula (34% of Calories provided by fat, Gp 2) |
Baseline Glucose mg/dL = 119.8 ± 42 10 weeks = 95.1 ± 16.8 HbA1c% = 8.2 ± 2.8 at baseline, 5.8 ± 0.7% at 10 weeks | Results are expressed as mean ± SD |
| Baseline Glucose mg/dL = 122.4 ± 22.8 10 weeks = 130.6 ± 41.4 | ||||||
| Baseline HbA1c% = 7.58 ± 1.7 10 weeks = 7.38 ± 1.5 | ||||||
| Vaisman et al., 2009 [28] | Randomized Controlled Trial | 13 12 |
79.2 ± 10.4 (Mean ± SD) 73.0 ± 14.7 (Mean ± SD) |
Standard tube feed Diabetes Specific Tube feed |
HbA1c = 7.9 ± 0.3% at baseline, 8.7 ± 0.4% at 12 weeks | Results are expressed as mean ± SEM |
| HbA1c = 6.9 ± 0.3% at baseline, 6.2 ± 0.4% at 12 weeks | ||||||
| Alish CJ et al., 2010 [27] | Randomized, double blinded crossover design (Postprandial glycaemic and Insulinemic response) | 22 | 63.1 ± 1.9 | DSFs STFs |
Baseline plasma Glucose = 113.1 ± 6.9 mg/dL | Results are expressed as mean ± SEM |
| Adjusted (change from baseline) plasma glucose conc. = 22.3 ± 4.4 mg/dL | ||||||
| Baseline insulin levels = 21.2 ± 2.9 μL/mL | ||||||
| Peak insulin levels = 79.5 ± 17.2 μL/mL | ||||||
| Baseline plasma Glucose = 124.8 ± 5.3 mg/dL | ||||||
| Adjusted (change from baseline) plasma glucose conc. = 71.1 ± 7.0 mg/dL | ||||||
| Baseline insulin levels = 16.3 ± 1.7 μL/mL | ||||||
| Peak insulin levels = 115.2 ± 28.0 μL/mL |