Schematic representation of HBx. The 154-aa HBx protein is conserved in all mammalian hepadnaviruses. Functional domains shown include the regulatory domain (aa 1–50), the transactivation domain (aa 50–154), and the DDB1 binding domain (aa 88–100; hatched area). The proteasome binding domain (aa 90–154) spans the DDB1 binding domain [69]. Conserved cysteine residues are shown by the asterisks (aa 7, 17, 61, 69, 78, 115, 137, 143, and 148) [70] and have an unknown function. Six conserved lysine residues, which may be targets for ubiquitination, are indicated as filled triangles (aa 91, 95, 113, 118, 130, 140) [70,71].