Table 3.
Pooled crude mortality rates for non-AIDS mortality by sex, HIV serostatus at baseline and periods on versus periods off opioid substitution therapy.
| Sex | Females | Males | Ratio CMR-male/CMR-female | ||||||
| No.of studies | Pooled CMR per 100 PYFU (95% CI) | I2 (P value) | No. of studies | Pooled CMR per 100 PYFU (95% CI) | I2 (P value) | No. of studies | Rate ratio (95% CI) | I2 (P value) | |
| Overall | 19 | 0.91 (0.68, 1.14) | 88% (<0.001) | 21 | 1.35 (1.19, 1.52) | 85% (<0.001) | 19 | 1.34 (1.14, 1.57) | 44% (0.022) |
| HIC | 17 | 0.92 (0.68, 1.15) | 88% (<0.001) | 17 | 1.22 (1.09, 1.36) | 81% (<0.001) | 17 | 1.33 (1.13, 1.57) | 49% (0.012) |
| LMIC | 2 | 0.59 (−0.67, 1.85) | 0% (0.698) | 4 | 3.25 (2.30, 4.19) | 55% (<0.1) | 2 | 3.16 (0.43, 23.35) | 0% (0.869) |
| Western Europe | 14 | 0.97 (0.70, 1.25) | 91% (<0.001) | 13 | 1.31 (1.17, 1.44) | 76% (<0.001) | 13 | 1.35 (1.12, 1.61) | 58% (0.005) |
| Asia | 1 | 1.2 (−2.11, 4.52) | – | 3 | 3.64 (2.98, 4.29) | 0% (0.544) | 1 | 2.68 (0.16, 43.89) | – |
| Latin America | 1 | 0.49 (−0.87, 1.85) | – | 1 | 1.84 (0.48, 3.21) | – | 1 | 3.76 (0.22, 65.67) | – |
| North America | 3 | 0.82 (0.43, 1.21) | 28% (<0.25) | 3 | 1.07 (0.80, 1.33) | 0% (0.816) | 3 | 1.25 (0.72, 2.18) | 24% (0.268) |
| Australasia | 1 | 0.45 (0.12, 0.78) | – | 1 | 0.49 (0.22, 0.77) | – | 1 | 1.09 (0.43, 2.76) | – |
| HIV serostatus | HIV-positive | HIV-negative | Ratio CMR-HIV-positive/CMR-HIV-negative | ||||||
| No. of studies | Pooled CMR per 100 PYFU (95% CI) | I2 (P value) | No. of studies | Pooled CMR per 100 PYFU (95% CI) | I2 (P value) | No. of studies | Rate ratio (95% CI) | I2 (P value) | |
| Overall | 21 | 2.51 (1.96, 3.05) | 97% (<0.001) | 16 | 1.66 (1.23, 2.09) | 98% (<0.001) | 16 | 1.50 (1.15, 1.96) | 86% (<0.001) |
| HIC | 18 | 2.34 (1.80, 2.89) | 97% (<0.001) | 14 | 1.49 (1.05, 1.93) | 98% (<0.001) | 14 | 1.47 (1.05, 1.93) | 88% (<0.001) |
| LMIC | 3 | 5.65 (3.69, 7.61) | 0% (0.849) | 2 | 3.22 (2.46, 3.99) | 0% (0.341) | 2 | 3.22 (2.46, 3.99) | 0% (0.690) |
| Western Europe | 13 | 2.05 (1.62, 2.47) | 92% (<0.001) | 11 | 1.35 (1.02, 1.68) | 95% (<0.001) | 11 | 1.63 (1.17, 2.27) | 87% (<0.001) |
| Asia | 2 | 5.65 (3.69, 7.61) | 0% (0.849) | 2 | 3.22 (2.46, 3.99) | 0% (0.341) | 2 | 1.73 (1.15, 2.61) | 0% (0.690) |
| Latin America | 1 | 0 | – | 1 | 0 | – | – | – | – |
| North America | 5 | 2.53 (1.10, 3.96) | 97% (<0.001) | 3 | 1.73 (−.176, 3.64) | 99% (<0.001) | 3 | 0.90 (0.75, 1.09) | 0% (0.732) |
| OST status | Periods on OST | Periods off OST | Ratio CMR-on-OST/ CMR-off-OST | ||||||
| No. of studies | Pooled CMR per 100 PYFU (95% CI) | I2 (P value) | No. of studies | Pooled CMR per 100 PYFU (95% CI) | I2 (P value) | No. of studies | Rate ratio (95% CI) | I2 (P value) | |
| Overall | 7 | 0.71 (0.40, 1.03) | 94% (<0.001) | 7 | 3.15 (2.04, 4.25) | 97% (<0.001) | 7 | 0.31 (0.18, 0.54) | 91% (<0.001) |
CI, confidence interval; CMR, crude mortality rate; HIC, high-income country; LMIC, low and middle-income country; OST, opioid substitution therapy; PYFU, person-years of follow-up.