Abstract
The past five years have witnessed an explosion of information on the many and varied roles of H+ transport in cell function. H+ transport is involved in three broad areas of cell function: (a) maintenance and alteration of intracellular pH for initiation of specific cellular events, (b) generation of pH gradients in localized regions of the cell, including gradients involved in energy transduction, and (c) transepithelial ion transport. These processes each involve one or more of several H+ translocating mechanisms. The first section of this review will discuss these H+ translocating mechanisms and the second part will deal with the cellular functions controlled by H+ transport.
Full text
PDF





Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Agtarap A., Chamberlin J. W., Pinkerton M., Steinrauf L. The structure of monensic acid, a new biologically active compound. J Am Chem Soc. 1967 Oct 25;89(22):5737–5739. doi: 10.1021/ja00998a062. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Al-Awqati Q. H + transport in urinary epithelia. Am J Physiol. 1978 Aug;235(2):F77–F88. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.1978.235.2.F77. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Apps D. K., Reid G. A. Adenosine triphosphatase and adenosine diphosphate/adenosine triphosphate isotope-exchange activities of the chromaffin-granule membrane. Biochem J. 1977 Oct 1;167(1):297–300. doi: 10.1042/bj1670297. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Aronson P. S., Nee J., Suhm M. A. Modifier role of internal H+ in activating the Na+-H+ exchanger in renal microvillus membrane vesicles. Nature. 1982 Sep 9;299(5879):161–163. doi: 10.1038/299161a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Aronson P. S., Suhm M. A., Nee J. Interaction of external H+ with the Na+-H+ exchanger in renal microvillus membrane vesicles. J Biol Chem. 1983 Jun 10;258(11):6767–6771. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Basu S. K., Goldstein J. L., Anderson R. G., Brown M. S. Monensin interrupts the recycling of low density lipoprotein receptors in human fibroblasts. Cell. 1981 May;24(2):493–502. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90340-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bowman B. J., Blasco F., Slayman C. W. Purification and characterization of the plasma membrane ATPase of Neurospora crassa. J Biol Chem. 1981 Dec 10;256(23):12343–12349. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bowman E. J. Comparison of the vacuolar membrane ATPase of Neurospora crassa with the mitochondrial and plasma membrane ATPases. J Biol Chem. 1983 Dec 25;258(24):15238–15244. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Brown M. S., Anderson R. G., Goldstein J. L. Recycling receptors: the round-trip itinerary of migrant membrane proteins. Cell. 1983 Mar;32(3):663–667. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90052-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Burnham C., Munzesheimer C., Rabon E., Sachs G. Ion pathways in renal brush border membranes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1982 Mar 8;685(3):260–272. doi: 10.1016/0005-2736(82)90066-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cala P. M. Volume regulation by Amphiuma red blood cells. The membrane potential and its implications regarding the nature of the ion-flux pathways. J Gen Physiol. 1980 Dec;76(6):683–708. doi: 10.1085/jgp.76.6.683. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Carty S. E., Johnson R. G., Scarpa A. Electrochemical proton gradient in dense granules isolated from anterior pituitary. J Biol Chem. 1982 Jun 25;257(12):7269–7273. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cidon S., Nelson N. A novel ATPase in the chromaffin granule membrane. J Biol Chem. 1983 Mar 10;258(5):2892–2898. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Crandall E. D., Klocke R. A., Forster R. E. Hydroxyl ion movements across the human erythrocyte membrane. Measurement of rapid pH changes in red cell suspensions. J Gen Physiol. 1971 Jun;57(6):664–683. doi: 10.1085/jgp.57.6.664. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dautry-Varsat A., Ciechanover A., Lodish H. F. pH and the recycling of transferrin during receptor-mediated endocytosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Apr;80(8):2258–2262. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.8.2258. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Deamer D. W., Nichols J. W. Proton-hydroxide permeability of liposomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Jan;80(1):165–168. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.1.165. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Donovan J. J., Simon M. I., Draper R. K., Montal M. Diphtheria toxin forms transmembrane channels in planar lipid bilayers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Jan;78(1):172–176. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.1.172. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Downie J. A., Gibson F., Cox G. B. Membrane adenosine triphosphatases of prokaryotic cells. Annu Rev Biochem. 1979;48:103–131. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.48.070179.000535. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ericson A. C., Spring K. R. Coupled NaCl entry into Necturus gallbladder epithelial cells. Am J Physiol. 1982 Sep;243(3):C140–C145. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.1982.243.3.C140. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ericson A. C., Spring K. R. Volume regulation by Necturus gallbladder: apical Na+-H+ and Cl(-)-HCO-3 exchange. Am J Physiol. 1982 Sep;243(3):C146–C150. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.1982.243.3.C146. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Forgac M., Cantley L., Wiedenmann B., Altstiel L., Branton D. Clathrin-coated vesicles contain an ATP-dependent proton pump. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Mar;80(5):1300–1303. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.5.1300. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Forte T. M., Machen T. E., Forte J. G. Ultrastructural changes in oxyntic cells associated with secretory function: a membrane-recycling hypothesis. Gastroenterology. 1977 Oct;73(4 Pt 2):941–955. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Frelin C., Vigne P., Lazdunski M. The amiloride-sensitive Na+/H+ antiport in 3T3 fibroblasts. J Biol Chem. 1983 May 25;258(10):6272–6276. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Garlid K. D. On the mechanism of regulation of the mitochondrial K+/H+ exchanger. J Biol Chem. 1980 Dec 10;255(23):11273–11279. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gluck S., Cannon C., Al-Awqati Q. Exocytosis regulates urinary acidification in turtle bladder by rapid insertion of H+ pumps into the luminal membrane. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Jul;79(14):4327–4331. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.14.4327. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gluck S., Kelly S., Al-Awqati Q. The proton translocating ATPase responsible for urinary acidification. J Biol Chem. 1982 Aug 25;257(16):9230–9233. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Grinstein S., Furuya W. The electrochemical H+ gradient of platelet secretory alpha-granules. Contribution of a H+ pump and a Donnan potential. J Biol Chem. 1983 Jun 25;258(12):7876–7882. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gutknecht J., Walter A. Transport of auxin (indoleacetic acid) through lipid bilayer membranes. J Membr Biol. 1980 Aug 21;56(1):65–72. doi: 10.1007/BF01869353. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hershko A., Ciechanover A. Mechanisms of intracellular protein breakdown. Annu Rev Biochem. 1982;51:335–364. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.51.070182.002003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hertzberg E. L., Hinkle P. C. Oxidative phosphorylation and proton translocation in membrane vesicles prepared from Escherichia coli. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1974 May 7;58(1):178–184. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(74)90908-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hutton J. C. The internal pH and membrane potential of the insulin-secretory granule. Biochem J. 1982 Apr 15;204(1):171–178. doi: 10.1042/bj2040171. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ives H. E., Yee V. J., Warnock D. G. Asymmetric distribution of the Na+/H+ antiporter in the renal proximal tubule epithelial cell. J Biol Chem. 1983 Nov 25;258(22):13513–13516. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ives H. E., Yee V. J., Warnock D. G. Mixed type inhibition of the renal Na+/H+ antiporter by Li+ and amiloride. Evidence for a modifier site. J Biol Chem. 1983 Aug 25;258(16):9710–9716. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Johnson J. D., Epel D. Intracellular pH and activation of sea urchin eggs after fertilisation. Nature. 1976 Aug 19;262(5570):661–664. doi: 10.1038/262661a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Johnson R. G., Beers M. F., Scarpa A. H+ ATPase of chromaffin granules. Kinetics, regulation, and stoichiometry. J Biol Chem. 1982 Sep 25;257(18):10701–10707. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Johnson R. G., Carty S. E., Fingerhood B. J., Scarpa A. The internal pH of mast cell granules. FEBS Lett. 1980 Oct 20;120(1):75–79. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(80)81050-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kakinuma Y., Ohsumi Y., Anraku Y. Properties of H+-translocating adenosine triphosphatase in vacuolar membranes of SAccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem. 1981 Nov 10;256(21):10859–10863. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kinne-Saffran E., Beauwens R., Kinne R. An ATP-driven proton pump in brush-border membranes from rat renal cortex. J Membr Biol. 1982;64(1-2):67–76. doi: 10.1007/BF01870769. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lanyi J. K., MacDonald R. E. Existence of electrogenic hydrogen ion/sodium ion antiport in Halobacterium halobium cell envelope vesicles. Biochemistry. 1976 Oct 19;15(21):4608–4614. doi: 10.1021/bi00666a010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Liedtke C. M., Hopfer U. Mechanism of Cl- translocation across small intestinal brush-border membrane. II. Demonstration of Cl--OH- exchange and Cl- conductance. Am J Physiol. 1982 Mar;242(3):G272–G280. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1982.242.3.G272. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- MITCHELL P. Coupling of phosphorylation to electron and hydrogen transfer by a chemi-osmotic type of mechanism. Nature. 1961 Jul 8;191:144–148. doi: 10.1038/191144a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Maloney P. C. Energy coupling to ATP synthesis by the proton-translocating ATPase. J Membr Biol. 1982;67(1):1–12. doi: 10.1007/BF01868643. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Marsh M., Bolzau E., Helenius A. Penetration of Semliki Forest virus from acidic prelysosomal vacuoles. Cell. 1983 Mar;32(3):931–940. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90078-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Maxfield F. R. Weak bases and ionophores rapidly and reversibly raise the pH of endocytic vesicles in cultured mouse fibroblasts. J Cell Biol. 1982 Nov;95(2 Pt 1):676–681. doi: 10.1083/jcb.95.2.676. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mego J. L., Farb R. M., Barnes J. An adenosine triphosphate-dependent stabilization of proteolytic activity in heterolysosomes. Evidence for a proton pump. Biochem J. 1972 Jul;128(4):763–769. doi: 10.1042/bj1280763. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mitchell P., Moyle J. Acid-base titration across the membrane system of rat-liver mitochondria. Catalysis by uncouplers. Biochem J. 1967 Aug;104(2):588–600. doi: 10.1042/bj1040588. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Moolenaar W. H., Mummery C. L., van der Saag P. T., de Laat S. W. Rapid ionic events and the initiation of growth in serum-stimulated neuroblastoma cells. Cell. 1981 Mar;23(3):789–798. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90443-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Moolenaar W. H., Tsien R. Y., van der Saag P. T., de Laat S. W. Na+/H+ exchange and cytoplasmic pH in the action of growth factors in human fibroblasts. Nature. 1983 Aug 18;304(5927):645–648. doi: 10.1038/304645a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Moolenaar W. H., Yarden Y., de Laat S. W., Schlessinger J. Epidermal growth factor induces electrically silent Na+ influx in human fibroblasts. J Biol Chem. 1982 Jul 25;257(14):8502–8506. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Moore R. D. Effects of insulin upon ion transport. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1983 Mar 21;737(1):1–49. doi: 10.1016/0304-4157(83)90013-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Murer H., Hopfer U., Kinne R. Sodium/proton antiport in brush-border-membrane vesicles isolated from rat small intestine and kidney. Biochem J. 1976 Mar 15;154(3):597–604. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nichols J. W., Deamer D. W. Net proton-hydroxyl permeability of large unilamellar liposomes measured by an acid-base titration technique. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Apr;77(4):2038–2042. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.4.2038. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nozaki Y., Tanford C. Proton and hydroxide ion permeability of phospholipid vesicles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Jul;78(7):4324–4328. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.7.4324. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pressman B. C., Fahim M. Pharmacology and toxicology of the monovalent carboxylic ionophores. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1982;22:465–490. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pa.22.040182.002341. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Racker E., Stoeckenius W. Reconstitution of purple membrane vesicles catalyzing light-driven proton uptake and adenosine triphosphate formation. J Biol Chem. 1974 Jan 25;249(2):662–663. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Roos A., Boron W. F. Intracellular pH. Physiol Rev. 1981 Apr;61(2):296–434. doi: 10.1152/physrev.1981.61.2.296. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rothstein A., Ramjeesingh M. The red cell band 3 protein: its role in anion transport. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1982 Dec 1;299(1097):497–507. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1982.0147. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sachs G., Faller L. D., Rabon E. Proton/hydroxyl transport in gastric and intestinal epithelia. J Membr Biol. 1982;64(3):123–135. doi: 10.1007/BF01870878. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schneider D. L. ATP-dependent acidification of membrane vesicles isolated from purified rat liver lysosomes. Acidification activity requires phosphate. J Biol Chem. 1983 Feb 10;258(3):1833–1838. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schuldiner S., Rozengurt E. Na+/H+ antiport in Swiss 3T3 cells: mitogenic stimulation leads to cytoplasmic alkalinization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Dec;79(24):7778–7782. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.24.7778. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Stoeckenius W., Bogomolni R. A. Bacteriorhodopsin and related pigments of halobacteria. Annu Rev Biochem. 1982;51:587–616. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.51.070182.003103. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Stone D. K., Xie X. S., Racker E. An ATP-driven proton pump in clathrin-coated vesicles. J Biol Chem. 1983 Apr 10;258(7):4059–4062. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Warnock D. G., Yee V. J. Chloride uptake by brush border membrane vesicles isolated from rabbit renal cortex. Coupling to proton gradients and K+ diffusion potentials. J Clin Invest. 1981 Jan;67(1):103–115. doi: 10.1172/JCI110002. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wikström M., Krab K., Saraste M. Proton-translocating cytochrome complexes. Annu Rev Biochem. 1981;50:623–655. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.50.070181.003203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zilberstein D., Agmon V., Schuldiner S., Padan E. The sodium/proton antiporter is part of the pH homeostasis mechanism in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem. 1982 Apr 10;257(7):3687–3691. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
