Table 2. Estimates of deflection (θ) for females, males, and both sexes.
Parameter | Description | Angle (°) | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|
Females | |||
θ1_f | Angle between f and βf, effect of unequal variances and nonzero within-sex covariances | 17.6 | 9.46–50.8 |
θ2_f | Angle between fnc and βf, effect of unequal variances | 12.6 | 2.66–46.9 |
θ3_f | Angle between f and fnc, effect of within-sex covariances on the direction of the response to selection | 11.9 | 5.36–41.6 |
θ4_f | θ1 − θ2, effect of within-sex covariances on constrainta | 5.06 | −4.36–33.2 |
Males | |||
θ1_m | Angle between m and βm, effect of unequal variances and nonzero within-sex covariances | 52.2 | 26.2–72.9 |
θ2_m | Angle between mnc and βm, effect of unequal variances | 49.6 | 15.0–74.6 |
θ3_m | Angle between m and mnc, effect of within-sex covariances on the direction of the response to selection | 17.9 | 8.17–53.0 |
θ4_m | θ1 − θ2, effect of within-sex covariances on constrainta | 2.57 | −13.8–31.2 |
Both sexes | |||
θ1_bs | Angle between bs and βbs, effect of unequal variances and nonzero within- and between-sex covariances | 34.9 | 24.5–62.5 |
θ2_bs | Angle between bsnc and βbs, effect of unequal variances | 32.3 | 15.9–58.1 |
θ3_bs | Angle between bs and bsnc, effect of within- and between-sex covariances on the direction of the response to selection | 24.9 | 16.3–47.5 |
θ4_bs | θ1 − θ2, effect of nonzero within- and between-sex covariances on constrainta | 2.54 | −8.91–27.5 |
θ5_bs | Angle between nbs and βbs, effect of unequal variances and nonzero within-sex covariances | 42.7 | 26.9–64.0 |
θ6_bs | Angle between bs and nbs, effect of between-sex covariances on the direction of the response to selection | 14.6 | 8.43–33.3 |
θ7_bs | θ1 – θ5, effect of nonzero between-sex covariances on constrainta | −7.80 | −13.0–9.73 |
Ninety-five percent credible intervals were calculated by simulation as described in Materials and Methods.
Positive values suggest covariances increase constraint.