Table 2. Estimates of deflection (θ) for females, males, and both sexes.

Parameter	Description	Angle (°)	95% CI
Females
θ1_f	Angle between $\mathbf{\Delta }\overline{\mathbf{z}}$f and βf, effect of unequal variances and nonzero within-sex covariances	17.6	9.46–50.8
θ2_f	Angle between $\mathbf{\Delta }\overline{\mathbf{z}}$fnc and βf, effect of unequal variances	12.6	2.66–46.9
θ3_f	Angle between $\mathbf{\Delta }\overline{\mathbf{z}}$f and $\mathbf{\Delta }\overline{\mathbf{z}}$fnc, effect of within-sex covariances on the direction of the response to selection	11.9	5.36–41.6
θ4_f	θ1 − θ2, effect of within-sex covariances on constrainta	5.06	−4.36–33.2
Males
θ1_m	Angle between $\mathbf{\Delta }\overline{\mathbf{z}}$m and βm, effect of unequal variances and nonzero within-sex covariances	52.2	26.2–72.9
θ2_m	Angle between $\mathbf{\Delta }\overline{\mathbf{z}}$mnc and βm, effect of unequal variances	49.6	15.0–74.6
θ3_m	Angle between $\mathbf{\Delta }\overline{\mathbf{z}}$m and $\mathbf{\Delta }\overline{\mathbf{z}}$mnc, effect of within-sex covariances on the direction of the response to selection	17.9	8.17–53.0
θ4_m	θ1 − θ2, effect of within-sex covariances on constrainta	2.57	−13.8–31.2
Both sexes
θ1_bs	Angle between $\mathbf{\Delta }\overline{\mathbf{z}}$bs and βbs, effect of unequal variances and nonzero within- and between-sex covariances	34.9	24.5–62.5
θ2_bs	Angle between $\mathbf{\Delta }\overline{\mathbf{z}}$bsnc and βbs, effect of unequal variances	32.3	15.9–58.1
θ3_bs	Angle between $\mathbf{\Delta }\overline{\mathbf{z}}$bs and $\mathbf{\Delta }\overline{\mathbf{z}}$bsnc, effect of within- and between-sex covariances on the direction of the response to selection	24.9	16.3–47.5
θ4_bs	θ1 − θ2, effect of nonzero within- and between-sex covariances on constrainta	2.54	−8.91–27.5
θ5_bs	Angle between $\mathbf{\Delta }\overline{\mathbf{z}}$nbs and βbs, effect of unequal variances and nonzero within-sex covariances	42.7	26.9–64.0
θ6_bs	Angle between $\mathbf{\Delta }\overline{\mathbf{z}}$bs and $\mathbf{\Delta }\overline{\mathbf{z}}$nbs, effect of between-sex covariances on the direction of the response to selection	14.6	8.43–33.3
θ7_bs	θ1 – θ5, effect of nonzero between-sex covariances on constrainta	−7.80	−13.0–9.73

Ninety-five percent credible intervals were calculated by simulation as described in Materials and Methods.

^aPositive values suggest covariances increase constraint.