Abstract
Background and Aims
There is limited information on the risk of progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) among individuals with CVD (cardiovascular disease). We studied the association between prevalent CVD and risk of progression of CKD among persons enrolled in a long-term observational study.
Methods
A prospective cohort study of 3939 women and men with CKD enrolled in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study between June 2003 and June 2008. Prevalent cardiovascular disease (myocardial infarction/revascularization, heart failure, stroke and peripheral vascular disease) was determined by self-report at baseline. The primary outcome was a composite of either end-stage renal disease or a 50% decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) from baseline.
Results
One-third (1316 of 3939, 33.4%) of the study participants reported a history of any cardiovascular disease, and 9.6% (n=382) a history of heart failure at baseline. After a median follow up of 6.63 years, 1028 patients experienced the primary outcome. The composite of any CVD at baseline was not independently associated with the primary outcome (Hazard Ratio 1.04 95% CI (0.91, 1.19)). However, a history of heart failure was independently associated with a 29% higher risk of the primary outcome (Hazard Ratio 1.29 95% CI (1.06, 1.57)). The relationship between heart failure and risk of CKD progression was consistent in subgroups defined by age, race, gender, baseline eGFR and diabetes. Neither the composite measure of any CVD or heart failure was associated with rate of decline in eGFR.
Conclusions
Self-reported heart failure was an independent risk factor for the development of the endpoint of ESRD or 50% decline in GFR in a cohort of patients with chronic kidney disease.
Keywords: self reported CVD, progression of CKD, heart failure
Introduction
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) significantly increases the risk for morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Conversely, persons with CKD are at increased risk for CVD.[1] However, the impact of CVD among persons with established CKD on progression of their kidney disease is uncertain.[2] Possible reasons why patients with both CVD and CKD may be at higher risk for progression of kidney disease include shared risk factors (such as diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking etc.), [3,4] atherosclerosis affecting the renal vasculature, [5] homeostatic changes that decrease renal perfusion in the setting of heart failure,[6] and exposure to contrast dye and atheroemboli from diagnostic procedures. Improved understanding of the association between prevalent cardiovascular disease and progression of CKD may not only enhance prognosis for kidney disease, but also lead to future studies of the pathophysiology of these two commonly co-existent diseases.
The Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study is an ongoing, multi-center, prospective observational study of men and women with CKD established to study risk factors for progression of CKD, including CVD.[7] We studied self-reported cardiovascular disease, overall and in subtypes of CVD, among CRIC Study participants at time of enrollment (baseline) and its association with the rate of CKD progression during follow-up.
Materials and Methods
The design and methods of the CRIC Study, and baseline characteristics of the participants have been published in detail previously.[7,8] Briefly, the CRIC Study enrolled men and women with mild-to-moderate CKD (approximately one-half who reported having diabetes and about one-half African American) at seven clinical centers. Persons aged 21 to 44 years were eligible for the study if their estimated GFR (eGFR) was between 20 and 70 ml/min per 1.73 m2, while those 45-64 years and 65-74 years, had to have an eGFR between 20 and 60 ml/min per 1.73 m2, and 20 and 50 ml/min per 1.73 m2, respectively. Persons with additional primary renal diseases requiring active immunosuppression within six months of enrollment, polycystic kidney disease, significant coexisting illnesses (including New York Heart Association class III or IV chronic heart failure, cirrhosis, HIV infection/AIDS), systemic cancer requiring chemotherapy, and those with prior organ or bone marrow transplantation were excluded. A total of 3,939 subjects completed a baseline visit and were enrolled from May 2003 to June 2008. The institutional review boards at all participating institutions approved the study protocol and the research was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all study participants.
Demographic characteristics, medical history and lifestyle factors were provided by the study participant; medication use within the previous 30 days was determined from prescription drugs brought to the clinic. Blood pressure, height, weight, and ankle-brachial index were measured using standardized procedures. Hypertension was defined as either systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg, or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg, or use of antihypertensive medications. Diabetes was defined as either a fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, or a random glucose ≥200 mg/dL, or use of insulin or oral anti-diabetic medications. EGFR was calculated using an equation derived from CRIC study participants using serum creatinine and cystatin C levels, age, sex, and race. [9]
CVD at baseline was determined by participants self-report. Participants were asked “Have you ever been diagnosed with or has a doctor or other health professional ever told you that you have coronary artery disease (heart attack, angina)” “ Prior revascularization of your heart blood vessels (e.g. balloon angioplasty, coronary stenting, coronary bypass surgery)” “Heart failure” “Stroke” or “Peripheral vascular disease (claudication, amputation or procedure to open up blood vessels in arms or legs)”.
The composite measure of “any” prevalent CVD was defined as a positive answer to any of the types of CVD described above. The primary outcome was CKD progression defined as either occurrence of ESRD (initiation of maintenance dialysis or kidney transplantation) or 50% decline in eGFR from baseline. The rate of change of eGFR was also evaluated using serum creatinine measurement obtained annually.
Statistical analyses
Descriptive statistics were used to compare clinical characteristics according to baseline history of any CVD (composite) and each type of CVD (data shown only for heart failure); Chi-square and ANOVA tests were used for categorical and continuous variables respectively. Cox regression models were used to examine the association between baseline history of any CVD and the outcome. Covariates were selected a priori on the basis of previously described risk factors for CKD progression. We first modeled any CVD, then history of myocardial infarction (MI)/prior revascularization, congestive heart failure, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease (PVD) separately. We used a tiered approach to study the association between baseline CVD and the primary outcome. First, the relationship between baseline history of any CVD and the primary outcome was evaluated in univariate analyses. Demographic characteristics (age, gender, and race) and and the clinical center where participants were recruited were added to Model 2 to account for possible differences based on the geographic location of the participant. Systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, HDL, body mass index, smoking, diabetes, eGFR, 24 hour urine protein, angiotensin converting enzyme /angiotensin receptor blocker use, and hemoglobin were added to Model 3. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 was added as an additional covariate in sensitivity analyses. The unadjusted relationships between history of any CVD and individual components of CVD (only composite and heart failure are shown) and the primary outcome are depicted in Kaplan Meier curves with log rank testing for statistical significance of the difference between groups. To explore whether there was effect modification, we repeated the models on the history of CHF in subgroups defined at baseline by age, sex, race/ethnicity, diabetes status, level of eGFR and level of 24 hour urine protein excretion, and tested for interaction by subgroup. In all models that included 24 hour urine protein excretion and eGFR, the two strongest predictors for CKD progression, we explored non-linear terms and relaxed the linearity assumptions for urine protein using quadratic splines (with one knot at the median) of natural log-transformed 24 hour urine protein. [10] We did not find sufficient evidence to support a non-linear relationship between eGFR and the renal outcome. The proportional hazards assumption was met based on cumulative Martingale residuals.[11] In the Cox regression models, participants were censored either at time of death, withdrawal from the study, or their last study visit (for those who did not withdraw, but did not come for regular visits) or March 31, 2012, whichever occurred first. Hazard ratios and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) are reported. Models including death as a competing risk using Fine and Gray method were also performed.[12] Since the aim of our study was to look for etiologic association, we used Cox regression as our primary analyses, and competing risk models as sensitivity analyses. [13] In the analyses of rate of change of GFR, we estimated the associations between baseline CVD with the slope of eGFR decline over the follow-up period using linear mixed effects models with both random intercept and slope terms. Parameter estimates were reported as the slope difference between participants with and without baseline CVD. In the multivariable adjusted model, we adjusted for the same covariates as were in the survival analysis. All data analyses were conducted using SAS version 9.3 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). All statistical tests were 2-sided, and P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Results
One-third (33.4%) of study participants reported a history of any cardiovascular disease at baseline (Table 1). Participants with a history of CVD were more likely to be older, male, black, current smokers, hypertensive, have diabetes, higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures, BMI, fasting glucose and urinary protein excretion, and lower eGFR than participants without history of CVD. Self-reported any CVD was more prevalent among persons with a lower eGFR compared to a higher eGFR (Figure 1) overall and for each type of CVD. Participants with self-reported heart failure (n=382, 9.6%) had higher levels of BNP and NT pro-BNP at baseline than participants with who did not report a history of heart failure (Supplementary Table 1).
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study population, overall and stratified by any CVD (n(%) or mean (SD)
| Overall n=3939 | Any Self-reported CVD at baseline n=1316 | No CVD reported at baseline n=2623 | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yrs) | 21 to < 45 | 538 (13.7) | 40 (3.0) | 498 (19.0) | <.0001 |
| 45 to < 65 | 2261 (57.4) | 772 (58.7) | 1489 (56.8) | <.0001 | |
| 65+ | 1140 (28.9) | 504 (38.3) | 636 (24.2) | <.0001 | |
| Gender | Male | 2161 (54.9) | 802 (60.9) | 1359 (51.8) | <.0001 |
| Race-Ethnicity | Non-Hispanic White | 1638 (41.6) | 507 (38.5) | 1131 (43.1) | <.0001 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1650 (41.9) | 627 (47.6) | 1023 (39.0) | <.0001 | |
| Hispanic | 497 (12.6) | 138 (10.5) | 359 (13.7) | <.0001 | |
| Other | 154 (3.9) | 44 (3.3) | 110 (4.2) | <.0001 | |
| Current Smoker | 517 (13.1) | 202 (15.3) | 315 (12.0) | 0.003 | |
| Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 128.49 (22.18) | 131.47 (23.98) | 126.99 (21.06) | <.0001 | |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 71.55 (12.82) | 69.20 (13.27) | 72.72 (12.43) | <.0001 | |
| Hypertension | 3391 (86.1) | 1212 (92.1) | 2179 (83.1) | <.0001 | |
| Diabetes | 1908 (48.4) | 816 (62.0) | 1092 (41.6) | <.0001 | |
| Body Mass Index Category | < 25 | 630 (16.0) | 170 (13.0) | 460 (17.6) | 0.0002 |
| 25 to < 30 | 1125 (28.6) | 364 (27.8) | 761 (29.0) | 0.0002 | |
| > 30 | 2174 (55.3) | 775 (59.2) | 1399 (53.4) | 0.0002 | |
| Ankle Brachial Index | <0.90 | 625 (16.1) | 362 (28.3) | 263 (10.1) | <.0001 |
| 1813 (46.8) | 547 (42.7) | 1266 (48.7) | <.0001 | ||
| 1.10-<1.40 | 1343 (34.6) | 331 (25.9) | 1012 (39.0) | <.0001 | |
| >= 1.40 | 96 (2.5) | 40 (3.1) | 56 (2.2) | <.0001 | |
| Angiotensin Converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or Angiotensin Receptor Blocker use | 2689 (68.8) | 1006 (77.0) | 1683 (64.6) | <.0001 | |
| Serum Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.84 (0.65) | 1.95 (0.61) | 1.78 (0.66) | <.0001 | |
| Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (ml/min/1.73m2) | 44.9 (16.85) | 40.1 (13.84) | 47.3 (17.69) | <.0001 | |
| 24H Urine Protein (g/24H) | Median (Interquartile range)) | 0.18 (0.07 - 0.91) | 0.25 (0.08 - 1.15) | 0.16 (0.07 - 0.81) | <.0001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.60 (1.78) | 12.37 (1.75) | 12.72 (1.77) | <.0001 | |
| Calcium (mg/dL) | 9.18 (0.51) | 9.17 (0.51) | 9.18 (0.51) | 0.56 | |
| Phosphate (mg/dL) | 3.73 (0.67) | 3.79 (0.71) | 3.70 (0.65) | <.0001 | |
| Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 (FGF-23 (RU/ml) | 233.28 (462.71) | 281.93 (457.49) | 208.81 (463.47) | <.0001 | |
| Total Parathyroid Hormone (pg/ml) | 75.01 (71.35) | 84.91 (82.01) | 70.10 (64.87) | <.0001 | |
| Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) | 102.61 (256.77) | 172.99 (319.33) | 67.79 (210.87) | <.0001 | |
| N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide (pg/mL) | 568.16 (1868.6) | 1005.2 (2476.4) | 350.41 (1426.4) | <.0001 |
Fig 1.
Legend Prevalence of self reported CVD in CRIC participants stratified by baseline eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2).
After a median follow up of 6.63 years, 1028 participants experienced the primary outcome. Unadjusted event rates for the primary outcome were higher in those with history of cardiovascular disease compared to those without, (77.1and 54.0 per 1000 person years, respectively), and higher in persons who reported a history of heart failure compared to those without a history of heart failure (97.0 and 58.1 per 1000 person years, respectively). (Fig 2)
Fig 2a and 2b.
Legend Kaplan Meir plots of ESRD or 50% decline in eGFR by history of any CVD (Fig 2a) and heart failure (Figure 2b) at baseline (unadjusted).
In unadjusted models, the composite measure of any CVD at baseline was associated with a higher risk of the primary outcome (HR 1.44, 95% CI 1.27, 1.62); but the association became non-significant after adjustment for covariates (listed in table 2) (HR 1.04 95% CI (0.91, 1.19)). Participants with a history of MI/revascularization, stroke or peripheral arterial disease were also more likely to develop a primary outcome in unadjusted analyses but this risk was also attenuated and of borderline significance for MI/revascularization and not significant for stroke or peripheral arterial disease after adjustment for other covariates (Table 2). In contrast, a history of congestive heart failure was associated with a 29% higher risk of the primary outcome (HR 1.29 95% CI 1.06, 1.57)) after adjustment for other risk factors for CKD progression (Table 2). The increased risk was similar in sub-groups defined by age, race, gender, diabetes, eGFR, and proteinuria (Figure 3). The association between heart failure and the primary outcome was consistent in sensitivity analysis when further adjusted for inflammatory markers (IL-6 and C-reactive protein log transformed) (HR 1.28* (CI 1.05, 1.56). In analyses where death was considered a competing risk heart failure was associated with the primary outcome in unadjusted, but not in fully adjusted models (supplementary table 2).
Table 2.
Association of any CVD and subtypes of CVD with ESRD or 50% decline in eGFR from baseline
| Hazard Ratio (95% CL) for ESRD / eGFR 50% decline | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Any CVD | MI/Prior revascularization | Heart Failure | Stroke | Peripheral Vascular Disease |
| Model 1: Unadjusted | 1.44* (1.27, 1.62) | 1.23* (1.07, 1.42) | 1.69* (1.41, 2.03) | 1.22* (1.01, 1.48) | 1.99* (1.63, 2.42) |
| Model 2: Model 1+ gender, age, race, and clinical sites | 1.41* (1.24, 1.61) | 1.26* (1.09, 1.46) | 1.48* (1.22, 1.79) | 1.07 (0.88, 1.30) | 1.81* (1.48, 2.22) |
| Model 3: Model 2+ Systolic BP, triglycerides, HDL, Body Mass Index, smoking, Diabetes, eGFr, Urine protein, ACE/ARB use Hemoglobin | 1.04 (0.91, 1.19) | 1.17* (1.00, 1.36) | 1.29* (1.06, 1.57) | 0.92 (0.75, 1.13) | 0.92 (0.74, 1.14) |
= P<0.05 HDL (High Density Lipoprotein) eGFR (Estimated glomerular filtration rate)
ACE (Angiotensin Converting enzyme inhibitor) ARB (Angiotensin receptor blocker)
Figure 3.
Legend Hazard ratios of risk of ESRD or 50% decline in kidney function in patients with heart failure in subgroups based on sex, age, race, and clinical sites (Adjusted for Systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, HDL, Body Mass Index, smoking, Diabetes, eGFR, Urine protein, ACE/ARB use Hemoglobin, FGF-23).
The overall mean annual rate of decline in eGFR was -1.85 ml/min/1.73m2. Association between prevalent CVD and rate or change of GFR is presented in table 3. In unadjusted analyses, the presence of any CVD was associated with a faster decline in eGFR; however, in adjusted models, neither any CVD nor subtypes of CVD were significantly associated with rate of decline in eGFR.
Table 3.
Association of any CVD and subtypes of CVD rate of change of GFR over time
| Rate of change of GFR Slope Parameter estimate (ml/min/1.73m2/year) (standard error) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Any CVD | MI/Prior revascularization | Heart Failure | Stroke | Peripheral Vascular Disease |
| Model 1: Unadjusted | −0.40 (0.09)* | −0.32 (0.1)* | −0.44 (0.16)* | −0.24 (0.15) | −0.64 (0.19)* |
| Model 2: Model 1+ gender, age, race, and clinical sites | −0.35 (0.1)* | −0.32 (0.11)* | −0.27 (0.16) | −0.07 (0.15) | −0.57 (0.19)* |
| Model 3: Model 2+ Systolic BP, triglycerides, HDL, Body Mass Index, smoking, Diabetes, eGFr, Urine protein, ACE/ARB use Hemoglobin | −0.07 (0.09) | −0.16 (0.1) | −0.1 (0.15) | −0.02 (0.13) | 0.08 (0.17) |
= P<0.05 HDL (High Density Lipoprotein) eGFR (Estimated glomerular filtration rate)
ACE (Angiotensin Converting enzyme inhibitor) ARB (Angiotensin receptor blocker)
Results were consistent in for the primary outcome and rate of change of GFR in models adjusted for FGF-23 in addition to the variables mentioned above in model 3. (supplementary table 3).
Discussion
Among a large cohort of men and women with mild to moderate CKD, including many African Americans and persons with diabetes, self-report of any CVD was highly prevalent at baseline. Although the presence of any CVD was associated with higher rates of progression of CKD, the increased risk was not observed after adjustment for common risk factors for CKD progression. This suggests that the high prevalence of risk factors for vascular disease, rather than the cardiovascular disease per se, account for the high rates of CKD progression in persons with CVD. In contrast, self-reported history of heart failure remained a robust and independent predictor of the primary outcome after adjustment of level of kidney function (eGFR) and proteinuria, the two strongest risk factors for decline in kidney function in our cohort. However, there was no association between baseline heart failure and rate of change of eGFR.
The substantial burden of cardiovascular disease reported by CRIC Study participants at enrollment was anticipated. [1] Long-term follow-up of this cohort provided the opportunity to determine whether the presence of cardiovascular disease was associated with the rate of progression of CKD. Few studies of persons with established CKD have reported the risk of CKD progression related to co-existing CVD. In a small cohort of 313 patients (predominantly men) with a mean creatinine clearance of 36 mL/min, the presence of CVD conferred an increased risk for progression to ESRD (relative risk [RR] = 1.58, P = 0.047).[14] Several large, community-based studies in persons with better preserved kidney function have shown that cardiovascular disease also increased the risk of progression of CKD.[15] Among Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) participants whose mean eGFR was 80 ml/min/1.73m2 at baseline, prevalent stroke (OR, 95% CI; 1.55, 1.16–2.08) and heart failure (OR, 95% CI: 1.80, 1.40–2.31) were both independent predictors of rapid decline of kidney function (eGFR loss > 3ml/min/1.73m2 per year).[16] In a combined analyses of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study and CHS, participants (baseline mean eGFR of 89.8 ml/min/1.73 m2) with CVD at baseline (defined by stroke, angina, claudication, transient ischemic attack, coronary angioplasty or bypass, and recognized or silent myocardial infarction) were more likely to experience kidney function decline and development of kidney disease.[17] However, the association between heart failure and progression of CKD was not reported.
The relationship between cardiac and kidney function have generated considerable interest in the last few years, resulting in a formal classification of cardiorenal syndromes. [18, 19] Most attention has focused on an acute decline in kidney and cardiac function in decompensated states. Under the paradigm of type 2 cardiorenal syndrome, heart failure contributes to decline in kidney function over time, however there are few reports that have studied this relationship.[18, 20] While several cross-sectional studies have reported the high prevalence of chronic kidney disease in patients with heart failure, [21, 22] the temporal relationship of these two diseases is not clear. Similarly, there is little information about the incidence and persistence of renal dysfunction in patients with chronic heart failure in the outpatient setting. [23] Our study showed that ambulatory CKD patients with self-reported heart failure are more likely to have significant declines in GFR or reach ESRD over time. It is important to note these findings apply to earlier stages of heart failure, since the presence of New York Heart Association class III and IV heart failure was an exclusion criterion for the CRIC study.
The pathophysiology of the relationship between cardiac and kidney function is complex. In the setting of hospitalized acute decompensated heart failure, decline in kidney function has been well described, and thought to relate to decreased renal perfusion from low cardiac output, volume depletion from excessive diuretic therapy and more recently to venous congestion.[24,25] It is hypothesized that lower cardiac output and a decreased effective circulating blood volume result in baroreceptor stimulation, increased sympathetic nervous activity and renin secretion with increased sodium reabsorption and constriction of glomerular mesangial cells decreasing the filtration area.[25,26] If renal hypoperfusion persists, it can lead to ischemic injury of renal tissue. On the other hand, elevation of the intraglomerular pressure for a long time may induce an increase of proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis in patients who have already suffered glomerular damage. Furthermore, the expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1ß or IL-6, and inhibitors of nitric oxide such as asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), is increased in heart failure, which also contributes to progressive renal damage. [27] Our data demonstrate clearly that in addition to acute declines in renal function in the setting of decompensated heart failure as documented in the literature, heart failure is associated with clinically significant loss of kidney function. The finding that self-reported failure is a robust predictor of subsequent decline in renal function is an important contribution of this study. It is possible that patients with heart failure have higher rates of hospitalization with repeated “acute on chronic” declines in kidney function that eventually result in higher rates of significant declines in eGFR and subsequent ESRD. [28,29] These episodes may result in substantial changes in GFR in some individuals, and therefore may also contribute to why an association was seen in our study between heart failure and occurrence of 50% decline in GFR or ESRD, and not with rate of decline in GFR in the overall study population. However, this apparent discrepancy between the association of heart failure with “hard outcomes” and rate of change of GFR needs to be further explored in future studies.
The association between self-reported MI/revascularization and development of the renal outcome had borderline statistical significance in our main analyses. We conducted sensitivity analyses considering death as a competing risk rather a censoring event in the Cox regression analyses. None of the self reported CVD variables were independently associated with the renal outcome in the competing risk analyses. Recent papers suggest caution in interpreting etiologic associations using competing risk analyses, [13] therefore; we consider these as hypothesis generating secondary analyses. The complex interactions between incident cardiovascular events, death and renal outcomes remains an important area for future investigation.
Our study has a number of strengths including a diverse and well characterized cohort of patients followed long-term with minimal loss to follow up. We collected a wide range of information to permit adjustment for important covariates. The prospective study design allows for assessment of the time course of loss of kidney function associated with self-reported CVD. The relatively large sample size permitted subgroup analyses based on age, gender and diabetes. However, our findings should be considered within the context of several limitations. First, ascertainment of cardiovascular disease was based on self-report. Previous studies assessing the accuracy of self-report of cardiovascular disease have shown greater accuracy for MI and stroke [30] than for heart failure [31]. However, the presence of elevated BNP and pro-BNP levels in CRIC Study participants who reported heart failure adds evidence to support the diagnosis of heart failure. While echocardiographic data is available in CRIC, it was obtained at year 1 visit of the study, and not at study entry which is the focus of this manuscript. Based on our current findings, future papers may examine the patterns of heart failure (systolic or preserved ejection fraction) that are associated with higher risk, and the mechanisms that mediate this risk. Self-report is easily ascertained at the bedside; given the robust predictive value in our cohort, future research may focus on validating a self-reported diagnosis of heart failure in CKD patients. Finally, since there were several comparisons, it is possible that the association may be due to chance, and these findings need to be confirmed in other cohorts.
In summary, we showed a substantial burden of prevalent CVD in a cohort of patients with CKD. Participants with CVD at baseline had higher rates of CKD progression; this risk was explained by the presence of common risk factors. Self-reported history of congestive heart failure was independently associated with a higher risk of ESRD or 50% decline in eGFR.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by cooperative agreements from National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (5U01 DK060990, 5U01 DK060984, 5U01 DK06102, 5U01 DK061021, 5U01 DK061028, 5U01 DK60980, 5U01 DK060963, and 5U01 DK060902). Additional support was provided the following institutional Clinical Translational Science Awards and other National Institutes of Health grants: Johns Hopkins University UL1 RR-025005, University of Maryland GRCR M01 RR-16500, Case Western Reserve University Clinical and Translational Science Collaborative (University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, and MetroHealth) UL1 RR-024989, University of Michigan GCRC M01 RR-000042 and CTSA UL1 RR-024986, University of Illinois at Chicago, Center for Clinical and Translational Science UL1RR029879 Tulane/LSU/Charity Hospital General Clinical Research Center RR-05096, University of Pennsylvania Clinical and Translational Science Award NIH/NCATS UL1TR000003, -and Kaiser Permanente NIH/NCRR UCSF-CTSI UL1 RR-024131 and 5K24DK002651
Footnotes
Disclosures
None of the authors report any financial conflict with the content of this manuscript
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