Abstract
Objectives
Metabolic dysfunction is a common hallmark of the aging process and aging-related pathogenesis. Blood metabolites have been used as biomarkers for many diseases, including cancers, complex chronic diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases.
Methods
In order to identify aging-related biomarkers from blood metabolites, we investigated the specific metabolite profiles of mouse sera from 4-month-old and 21-month-old mice by using a combined flow injection analysis–tandem mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry.
Results
Among the 156 metabolites detected, serum levels of nine individual metabolites were found to vary with aging. Specifically, lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) acyl (a) C24:0 levels in aged mice were decreased compared to that in young mice, whereas phosphatidylcholine (PC) acyl-alkyl (ae) C38:4, PC ae C40:4, and PC ae C42:1 levels were increased. Three classes of metabolites (amino acids, LPCs, and PCs) differed in intraclass correlation patterns of the individual metabolites between sera from young and aged mice. Additionally, the ratio of LPC a C24:0 to PC ae C38:4 was decreased in the aged mice, whereas the ratio of PC ae C40:4 to LPC a C24:0 was increased, supporting the aging-related metabolic changes of glycerophospholipids.
Conclusion
The ratios of the individual metabolites PC and LPC could serve as potential biomarkers for aging and aging-related diseases.
Keywords: aging, glycerophospholipid, serum, targeted-metabolomics
1. Introduction
Aging is an irreversible and progressive, multidimensional, complex process that includes the accumulation of cellular and organ damage, leading to a decline in function [1,2]. Aging is also known to be a risk factor for many prevalent diseases such as diabetes, cancers, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases (e.g. Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases) [3]. Therefore, the discovery of aging and aging-related disease biomarkers is important for the early diagnosis and therapy of diseases.
Recent metabolomic studies have primarily attempted to understand the underlying biological process to develop disease biomarkers [4]. In particular, metabolomic analysis is suitable for the discovery of aging-related biomarkers because it has been shown that metabolic dysfunction is a common hallmark of the aging process [5]. The utility of targeted metabolomics for the discovery and validation of disease biomarkers has been recently established [6]. Although metabolomic studies have resulted in the identification of aging-related biomarkers from human samples [7–9] and animal models [5,10,11], consistent blood biomarkers of the aging process still need to be identified.
Phospholipids can function as pathogenic indicators of many diseases such as Alzheimer's disease [12–15], ovarian endometriosis [16], and rheumatoid arthritis [17]. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is a major component of phospholipids. It was reported that rat plasma phospholipids consist of PCs (∼70% of total phospholipids), very low-density lipoproteins with sphingomyelin (SM; 11%), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC; 3%), phosphatidylethanolamine (4%), and phosphatidylinositol (3%) [18]. LPCs are generated by the hydrolysis of PCs by phospholipase A2, which plays an important role in inflammatory responses [19].
The purpose of this study was to examine aging-related changes in serum concentrations of metabolites in young and aged mice to further increase our understanding of the metabolite-related aging process. We found the ratios of LPC acyl (a) C24:0 to PC acyl-alkyl (ae) C38:4 and PC ae C40:4 to LPC a C24:0 were significantly different among sera from young and aged mice. These results suggest that the ratios of PC and LPC levels could provide aging-related metabolic information from blood as well as provide clues for the identification of antiaging molecular targets.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Animals
C57BL6/J mice were purchased from The Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB; Ochang, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea). All mice were maintained in a specific-pathogen free area, according to standard animal care protocols. Whole blood was collected via heart puncture following euthanasia by cervical dislocation. Collected blood was incubated for 20 minutes at room temperature in Serum Separator Tubes (BD Bioscience, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA), and clots were then removed by centrifugation at 1500 × g. Sera were stored at −70°C until needed.
2.2. Metabolite quantification
Targeted metabolite concentrations were measured using the Absolute IDQ p180 Kit (Biocrates Life Sciences AG, Innsbruck, Austria). The assay procedures have been previously described in detail [20]. Serum metabolites were quantified using appropriate internal standards included in the kit. The 186 metabolites targeted included 40 acylcarnitines (ACs), 21 amino acids (AAs), 19 biogenic amines (BAs), 14 LPCs, 38 PC diacyl, 38 PC ae, 15 SMs, and the sum of hexoses (H1). In brief, AAs and BAs were measured by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, and ACs, phospho- and sphingolipids, and hexoses were measured by flow injection analysis–tandem mass spectrometry on API 4000 QTRAP (ABSCIEX, Framingham, MA, USA). To ensure data quality, metabolites coefficient of variance (CV) that was under 20% and above the limit of detection (LOD) were selected. The CV and LOD criteria were passed by 156 metabolites. Concentrations of all detected metabolites are reported as μM.
2.3. Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using three different methods, including t test and additional BiomarkeR and limma packages in Bioconductor (http://www.bioconductor.org), to identify statistically powerful biomarkers. The BiomarkeR package in Bioconductor has a network-based approach to identify biomarkers in metabolomics research [21]. It provides the biomarker identifier (BI) score by measuring the change of each metabolite and connectivity of the metabolites within the network. The measured metabolite data were imported into the BiomarkeR package and analyzed with the unpaired BI method. The selected biomarkers were plotted with the unpaired BI Graph method. Next, for the linear modeling approach, the concentration of each metabolite was transformed by log and normalized with the quantile normalization method. Then, we employed the limma package in Bioconductor that is designed to stabilize the analysis with linear modeling. The p-values were adjusted for multiple tests. Volcano plots were constructed using an empirical Bayes method in the limma package. The metabolite serum concentrations were normally distributed as indicated by the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. All statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS version 20 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and R program (http://www.R-project.org).
3. Results
We used a targeted metabolomic analysis to identify aging-related biomarkers and specific profiles of serum metabolites in the aging process. We investigated seven classes of metabolites (ACs, BAs, AAs, LPCs, PCs, SMs, and hexoses) from young and aged mice. Of these 186 metabolites, 156 were detected in mouse sera at levels above the LOD. Via statistical analysis, we found changes in serum concentrations of 23 metabolites in the young (4-month-old) and aged (21-month-old) mice (Table 1). These 23 metabolites consisted of five classes: ACs (n = 6), BAs (n = 4), LPCs (n = 2), PCs (n = 8), and SMs (n = 3). Of these five classes of metabolites, ACs, LPCs, and SMs were all decreased in sera from aged mice, compared with sera from young mice. By contrast, members of the BA and PC classes were either increased or decreased in aged mice, compared with young mice, thus not displaying intraclass consistency.
Table 1.
Changes in serum metabolite concentrations between young and aged mice.
| Metabolite | Younga | Ageda | Up or downb | p* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AC | ||||
| C14 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | ↓ | 0.035 |
| C16 | 0.24 ± 0.01 | 0.16 ± 0.02 | ↓ | 0.006 |
| C18 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | ↓ | 0.048 |
| C18:1 | 0.21 ± 0.00 | 0.19 ± 0.00 | ↓ | 0.001 |
| C2 | 26.88 ± 1.29 | 19.53 ± 1.75 | ↓ | 0.004 |
| C5-OH | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | ↓ | 0.003 |
| BA | ||||
| Kynurenine | 0.89 ± 0.11 | 1.09 ± 0.05 | ↑ | 0.040 |
| Sarcosine | 5.49 ± 0.62 | 3.29 ± 1.20 | ↓ | 0.048 |
| Spermidine | 6.79 ± 0.85 | 3.61 ± 0.57 | ↓ | 0.006 |
| Spermine | 1.05 ± 0.08 | 0.72 ± 0.06 | ↓ | 0.004 |
| LPC | ||||
| LPC a C16:0 | 424.54 ± 1.86 | 399.76 ± 13.25 | ↓ | 0.033 |
| LPC a C24:0 | 0.73 ± 0.07 | 0.56 ± 0.06 | ↓ | 0.039 |
| PC | ||||
| PC aa C28:1 | 0.17 ± 0.01 | 0.22 ± 0.02 | ↑ | 0.017 |
| PC aa C34:3 | 18.06 ± 0.30 | 20.08 ± 1.19 | ↑ | 0.046 |
| PC aa C42:6 | 1.96 ± 0.03 | 1.40 ± 0.15 | ↓ | 0.004 |
| PC ae C34:1 | 6.01 ± 0.21 | 5.18 ± 0.44 | ↓ | 0.042 |
| PC ae C38:4 | 4.70 ± 0.47 | 5.78 ± 0.38 | ↑ | 0.037 |
| PC ae C38:6 | 3.75 ± 0.12 | 3.03 ± 0.31 | ↓ | 0.020 |
| PC ae C40:4 | 2.11 ± 0.12 | 2.76 ± 0.29 | ↑ | 0.024 |
| PC ae C42:1 | 0.53 ± 0.10 | 0.75 ± 0.08 | ↑ | 0.040 |
| SM | ||||
| SM C16:1 | 6.15 ± 0.12 | 4.79 ± 0.78 | ↓ | 0.041 |
| SM C18:0 | 3.21 ± 0.14 | 2.72 ± 0.18 | ↓ | 0.021 |
| SM C24:0 | 14.34 ± 0.33 | 10.06 ± 1.44 | ↓ | 0.007 |
*t-test comparison between young and aged mice.
AC = acylcarnitines; BA = biogenic amines; C14 = tetradecanoylcarnitine; C16 = hexadecanoylcarnitine; C18 = octadecanoylcarnitine; C18:1 = octadecanoylcarnitine; C2 = acetylcarnitine; C5-OH = hydroxyvalerylcarnitine; LPC = lysophosphatidylcholines; PC = phosphatidylcholines; SM = sphingomyelins.
Metabolite concentrations are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation in μM.
Up or down indicates increase or decrease in metabolite concentrations in aged mouse serum samples compared to the young mouse serum samples.
For aging biomarker identification, we employed a recently published statistical biomarker discovery strategy, the BiomarkeR algorithm [21,22]. The BiomarkeR software was utilized for biomarker identification using a BI score and connectivity strength within the biochemical network of metabolites. The top 10 ranked metabolites and their BI scores are listed in Table 2. According to BiomarkeR algorithm analysis, glutamate, kynurenine, LPC a C17:0, and carnitine (C0) exhibited the top four BI scores, but these metabolites were not represented as significant in the t test (glutamate, LPC a C17:0, and C0) or volcano plot (kynurenine, LPC a C17:0, and C0; Table 3). In addition to the BI score method, we also used a volcano plot to analyze metabolite profiles by log transformation of the p-value and fold-change (Figure 1). Thirteen metabolites displayed significantly different serum concentrations between young and aged mouse sera (Table 3). Finally, our three different statistical analyses allowed for the identification of age-dependent serum biomarkers involving nine metabolites, namely, tetradecanoylcarnitine (C14), hydroxyvalerylcarnitine (C5-OH), sarcosine, spermidine, LPC a C24:0, PC ae C38:4, C40:4, C42:1, and SM C24:0.
Table 2.
Top 10 ranked metabolites selected by biomarker identifier (BI) scores.
| Metabolite | BI score |
|---|---|
| Glutamate | 275.9 |
| Kynurenine | 195.3 |
| LPC a C17:0 | 167.8 |
| C0 | 159.3 |
| PC ae C42:1 | 143.2 |
| Spermidine | 135.5 |
| PC ae C38:4 | 133.4 |
| Sarcosine | 128.4 |
| Hexose | 127.8 |
| C14 | 125.1 |
a = acyl; ae = acyl-alkyl; LPC = lysophosphatidylcholines; PC = phosphatidylcholines.
Table 3.
Statistical selection of age-related metabolites.
| Metabolite | p* | BI scorea | Adjusted p** |
|---|---|---|---|
| AC | |||
| C0 | NS | 159.3 | NS |
| C14 | 0.035 | 125.1 | 0.025 |
| C5-OH | 0.003 | 123.4 | 0.036 |
| AA | |||
| Glutamate | NS | 275.9 | 0.019 |
| BA | |||
| kyneurenine | 0.040 | 195.3 | NS |
| Sarcosine | 0.048 | 128.4 | 0.044 |
| Spermidine | 0.006 | 135.5 | 0.041 |
| LPC | |||
| LPC a C17:0 | NS | 167.8 | NS |
| LPC a C24:0 | 0.039 | 112.4 | 0.002 |
| PC | |||
| PC ae C38:4 | 0.037 | 133.4 | 0.001 |
| PC ae C40:4 | 0.024 | 117.9 | 0.022 |
| PC ae C42:1 | 0.040 | 143.2 | 0.005 |
| SM | |||
| SM C24:0 | 0.007 | 120.8 | 0.013 |
*t test comparison between the groups.
** Results from limma package. The p value is adjusted by Benjamini and Hochberg method.
a = acyl; AC = acylcarnitines; ae = acyl-alkyl; AA = amino acids; BA = biogenic amines; LPC = lysophosphatidylcholines; NS = not significant (p > 0.05); PC = phosphatidylcholines; SM = sphingomyelins.
Biomarker identifier (BI) score results from BiomarkeR algorithm.
Figure 1.
Volcano plot of metabolite profiles. The volcano plot was depicted as a log scaled axes of fold change (x-axis) and p-value (y-axis) for visualization. Metabolites with a significant difference (adjusted p < 0.05) are named in the plot. a = acyl; ae = acyl-alkyl; LPC = lysophosphatidylcholines; PC = phosphatidylcholines; SM = sphingomyelins.
We calculated pair-wise correlation coefficients of individual metabolites of either young or aged mice (Figure 2). Higher intraclass correlation coefficients were observed for AAs in young mouse sera, but not in aged mouse sera. On the contrary, metabolite classes of PCs and LPCs displayed higher pair-wise correlation coefficients in aged mice relative to the young mice. This suggests that the relative ratios of individual metabolites within a particular intraclass may play an important role in the aging process.
Figure 2.
Comparison of pair-wise correlation coefficients of all of detected serum metabolites. Solid boxes indicate correlation coefficients (>0.9) of pairs of two metabolites. AA = amino acids; AC = acylcarnitines; BA = biogenic amines; LPC = lysophosphatidylcholines; PC = phosphatidylcholines; SM = sphingomyelins.
Next, we examined the pair-wise ratios of nine individual metabolites that were selected using the three statistical methods and compared the difference of the ratios between young and aged mice. It is likely that the relative ratios of metabolite pairs within the sample may reduce experimental bias due to sample variation, aiding in the generation of more reliable results. The Bonferroni correction was used for multiple comparisons. The ratios of LPC a C24:0 to PC ae C38:4 and PC ae C40:4 to LPC a C24:0 were significantly different (9 × 8 = 72 pair-wise ratios, p < 0.00069) between young and aged mice (Table 4). The ratio of LPC a C24:0 to PC ae C38:4 was decreased in aged mice whereas the ratio of PC ae C40:4 to LPC a C24:0 was increased, relative to the ratios observed in young mice.
Table 4.
Significant metabolite pairs between young and aged mice.
| Ratio of pair metabolites | Concentration ratio |
p* | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Young | Aged | ||
| LPC a C24:0/PC ae C38:4 | 0.155 ± 0.002 | 0.097 ± 0.007 | 1.460E-04 |
| PC ae C40:4/LPC a C24:0 | 2.916 ± 0.225 | 4.918 ± 0.006 | 1.044E-04 |
Data are expressed as concentration (μM) of relative ratios of paired metabolites, mean ± standard deviation for three mice per group.
* Results from Bonferroni correction.
a = acyl; ae = acyl-alkyl; LPC = lysophosphatidylcholines; PC = phosphatidylcholines.
4. Discussion
We measured metabolite concentrations from young and aged mouse sera by using targeted metabolomics coupled with multiple statistical methods to identify aging-related biomarkers. The ratios of both LPC a C24:0 to PC ae C38:4 and PC ae C40:4 to LPC a C24:0 exhibited significant difference (p < 0.00069, after the Bonferroni correction) between young and aged mice. These results suggest that the relative concentrations of PCs to LPCs may provide a clue for the development of aging-related biomarkers in blood samples.
In this study, we successfully quantified the serum concentrations of 156 out of 186 metabolites; detection of the other 30 metabolites probably failed because the kit used in this study was originally designed for the range of metabolite concentrations from human samples. Among the metabolites quantified, 23 displayed a significant difference (p < 0.05) in serum concentrations between young and aged mice (Table 1).
Decreased levels of ACs (excluding butyrylcarnitine and valeryl-l-carnitine) and BAs (excluding histamine and kynurenine) were observed in the sera from aged mice. It was recently reported that plasma AC levels are associated with diabetes [23], myocardial infarction [24], and impaired muscle function in elderly men [25]. However, the relevance of alterations in blood AC levels with aging are unknown. Polyamine (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) levels were known to decrease with aging in many organisms [26]. In this study, spermidine and spermine levels were significantly decreased in the sera from aged mice, relative to young mice. Therefore, ACs and polyamines were worthy of further investigation regarding their involvement in aging.
After our comprehensive statistical analysis, nine metabolites [tetradecanoylcarnitine (C14), hydroxyvalerylcarnitine (C5-OH), sarcosine, spermidine, LPC a C24:0, PC ae C38:4, PC ae C40:4, PC ae C42:1, and SM C24:0] were identified as aging-related serum metabolites. With the exception of PC ae C38:4 and PC ae C40:4, the concentrations of selected metabolites were decreased in aged mice, relative to young mice. Some metabolomics studies have reported that ratios of metabolite pairs can be used to reduce experimental bias and provide statistical power for biomarker discovery from disease samples [12,16,27]. In human serum [27] and pig plasma [28] samples, the ratios of AAs were found to be useful as biomarkers for knee osteoarthritis and asphyxia. The ratios of PC and LPC have also been promising targets in biomarker discovery for many diseases. For example, the PC/LPC ratio in human plasma was useful for indicating the severity of rheumatoid arthritis [17] and the LPC/PC ratio in human cerebrospinal fluid is decreased in Alzheimer's disease [12].
In this study, although significant changes in AA and sugar levels were not observed between young and aged mice, AAs exhibited high correlation coefficients with intraclass metabolites in young mouse sera (Figure 2). By contrast, aged mice displayed higher correlations of metabolite concentrations within PCs or LPCs than young mice. These results revealed that global patterns of correlation coefficients of intraclass metabolites of AAs, PCs, and LPCs might be useful as age-dependent fingerprints of potential metabolite biomarkers for the aging process.
Glycerol-based phospholipids, glycerophospholipids (GPs), are important not only to maintain neural membrane structure but also to provide suitable environment, fluidity, and ion-permeability [29]. Changes in the phospholipid content of neural cell membranes may contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. Many studies have been conducted to reveal a relationship between lipid metabolism and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Recently, plasma PC and phospholipid levels were identified as potential diagnostic biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease [14] and predictive biomarkers for the conversion of preclinical Alzheimer's disease [15]. PC is the major phospholipid of cellular membranes [30]. In fact, SM and LPC are synthesized from PC via SM synthases and phospholipase A2, respectively. This study reveals that the correlation coefficients of PC, LPC, and SM are altered with aging in mice. Further studies are needed to uncover the biological significance of the changes in GP content in neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis and potentially revealing a link to aging-dependent metabolite changes.
Many studies have demonstrated that blood metabolic profiles are altered by aging in humans and mice. A recent report indicated that some ACs, SMs, and PCs increased with age, while histidine was decreased [7]. Recent metabolomics studies have shown that the analysis of metabolic profiles of mouse sera could predict biological age [10]. Houtkooper et al [5] reported that levels of long chain ACs and various AAs were decreased in the plasma of aged mice while free fatty acid levels were increased. Consistent with that report, our results also revealed that long-chain ACs (C14, C16, C18 and C18:1) were significantly decreased (Table 1) and some amino acids tended to be decreased in aged mice.
Our results suggest that PC/LPC ratios can be developed as metabolic indicators of the aging process, providing better targets for antiaging and aging-related disease therapy. To our knowledge, this is the first report to identify the PC/LPC ratio as a potential biomarker of aging. Therefore, further studies should extend to human samples to investigate the biological relevance of PC and LPC serum concentrations and other metabolite ratios in the aging process.
Conflicts of interest
All contributing authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
We thank Dr. K.Y. Kim in Clinical Trial Center of Inha University Hospital and Dr. S.J. Yu in the Supercomputing R&D center of the Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information for his assistance in statistical analysis. This study was supported by an intramural fund (2012-NG62002-00) from the Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC), Korea National Institute of Health (KNIH).
Footnotes
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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