Five-year survival of patients with chronic systolic heart failure of ischemic and non-ischemic etiology: analysis of prognostic factors

Abstract

Introduction

Despite advances in pharmacotherapy, electrotherapy and interventional treatment, chronic heart failure (HF) is still associated with poor long-term outcome.

Aim of the study

To determine the death rate and risk factors in patients with HF of ischemic and non-ischemic etiology in five-year follow-up.

Material and methods

Consecutive patients with chronic systolic HF hospitalized in the period 2006-2008 were analyzed retrospectively. Study exclusion criteria were: infections (< 3 months before hospitalization), hemodynamically significant valve disease, advanced chronic kidney disease, liver cirrhosis and neoplastic diseases (< 5 years before hospitalization).

Results

The analysis encompassed 266 patients divided into two groups: Group A, with HF of ischemic etiology (n = 157), and Group B, with HF of non-ischemic etiology (n = 109). Mortality was significantly higher in Group A than in Group B (49% vs. 28.4%, p = 0.001). The independent risk factors for death in Group A were: New York Heart Association (NYHA) class (HR = 1.81; p < 0.001); concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (HR = 1.01; p < 0.05), fibrinogen (HR = 1.04; p < 0.001) and N-terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) (HR = 1.02; p < 0.001); and right ventricular end-diastolic diameter (RVEDd) (HR = 1.07; p < 0.01). In Group B they were age (HR = 1.07; p < 0.05) and NT-proBNP concentration (HR = 1.03; p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Mortality was significantly lower in Group B than in Group A. The independent risk factors for death in Group B were age and NT-proBNP serum concentration, whilst in Group A they were NYHA class, serum concentrations of hs-CRP, NT-proBNP and fibrinogen, and RVEDd.

Introduction

Despite advances in pharmacotherapy, electrotherapy and interventional treatment, chronic heart failure (HF) is still associated with poor outcome. According to population studies, the five-year mortality in symptomatic HF is approximately 60% [1]. The ageing of societies, combined with the civilizational development, is conducive to the occurrence of coronary disease, hypertension, arrhythmia, heart valve disease, obesity and depression, all of which increase the risk of HF [2–4]. The prevalence of HF in the general population is 2-3%, whilst in individuals aged 70-80, it increases to 10-20% [5]. It is estimated that one in five 40-year-olds, regardless of their gender, will at some stage of their life suffer from symptomatic HF [5]. The disease is becoming an increasingly serious social and economic problem.

Aim of the study

The aim of the work was to determine the risk factors for a five-year death in patients with HF of ischemic and non-ischemic etiology.

Material and methods

The clinical data of 328 consecutive patients with chronic systolic HF hospitalized at the Clinical Cardiology Center in the period 2006-2008 were analyzed retrospectively. Included in the study were patients with chronic systolic HF (left ventricular ejection fraction LVEF < 40%) diagnosed at least 6 months before hospital admission. Study exclusion criteria were: infectious diseases in the previous three months, hemodynamically significant valve disease, liver cirrhosis, advanced chronic kidney disease (eGFR < 30 ml/min/1.73 m²), and neoplastic disease.

Data regarding patient history, physical examination, laboratory results, resting electrocardiography, echocardiography and coronary angiography were available for all patients.

The biochemical diagnostics were carried out with the Cobas Integra analyzer (Roche). The concentrations of hs-CRP (mg/l) were measured by latex-enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay with a 552 nm wavelength (Cobas Integra 800; Roche). NT-proBNP concentrations (pg/ml) were measured by immunochemiluminescence with reagents by ROCHE DIAGNOSTICS (Elecsys 2010, Roche). The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated with the MDRD equation. Data concerning long-term follow-up were obtained from the medical documentation of the Cardiology Out-patient Clinic and by telephone contact with the patients or their families.

The endpoint was death from any cause. Sudden cardiac death was defined as death caused by an unexpected circulatory arrest, taking place within one hour of the onset of symptoms. The remaining causes of death were determined by a postmortem examination. The cause of death was classified as unspecified if no sudden cardiac death occurred and no postmortem was carried out.

HF of ischemic etiology was defined as the presence of at least one of the following: 1) a stenotic lesion ≥ 50% in at least one epicardial coronary artery in coronarography, 2) past myocardial infarction, 3) past percutaneous or surgical coronary artery revascularization. If none of these criteria was met, the HF etiology was classified as non-ischemic. Clinical follow-up started on admission and lasted five years.

Statistical analysis

The data were collated in a spreadsheet and analyzed preliminarily. The thus verified data were then moved to a statistical program for final analysis. The distribution of qualitative variables was verified with the Shapiro-Wilk test. For the comparison of data between two groups of patients the following were used:

• for data with normal distribution or after normalization: Student's t-test for independent data; variance homogeneity was assessed with Levene's test,

• for data with distribution other than normal: Mann-Whitney U test,

• for quantitative variables: χ² test with Yates continuity correction.

The cumulative survival curves were plotted with the Kaplan-Meier method. The significance of differences between groups was assessed with the logrank test. Data with normal distribution are shown as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Data with distribution other than normal and ordinal data are presented as median and upper and lower quartiles. Qualitative data are shown as percentages. The multiple factor model was based on Cox regression analysis. The best subset of independent variables was identified with the backward stepwise method. The results are presented as hazard ratio (HR) with a 95% confidence interval and the level of significance. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All data were analyzed using the STATISTICA software (Data Analysis Software System), version 10.0 by StatSoft Inc.

Results

Between January 2006 and February 2008, 328 patients with chronic HF were hospitalized at the Clinical Cardiology Center. Based on the study inclusion and exclusion criteria, 282 patients were qualified for the study, though in 16 cases the long-term follow-up data were incomplete. The final five-year clinical follow-up encompassed 266 patients: 157 with HF of ischemic etiology (group A) and 109 with HF of non-ischemic etiology (group B). The basic patient characteristics by group are presented in Table I.

Tab. I.

Basic patient characteristics by group

Parameter	Group A (N = 157)	Group B (N = 109)	P
Age [years]	57.9 ± 8.5	46.6 ± 11.8	< 0.001
Male gender	140 (89.2%)	96 (88.1%)	NS
HF duration [months]	37 (13-64)	24 (9-60)	0.03
NYHA class	3 (2-3)	2 (2-3)	< 0.001
Diabetes	57 (36.3%)	12 (11.0%)	< 0.001
Hypertension	92 (58.6%)	46 (42.2%)	< 0.001
COPD	18 (11.5%)	2 (1.8%)	0.007
Hypercholesterolemia	146 (93%)	43 (39.5%)	< 0.001
Past MI	123 (78.3%)	–	–
Past PCI	67 (42.7%)	–	–
Past CABG	38 (24.2%)	–	–
Cardioverter-defibrillator	10 (6.4%)	2 (1.8%)	NS
Resynchronization therapy	3 (1.9%)	0 (0%)	NS
QRS duration [ms]	120.1 ± 33.2	121.1 ± 31.1	NS
HR [1/min]	83 (70-90)	81 (66-90)	NS
LVEF [%]	23.7 ± 6.8	26.2 ± 7	0.003
NT-proBNP [pg/ml]	1230 (567-2130)	980 (434.5-2030)	NS
eGFR [ml/min/1.73 m2]	71.8 ± 24.7	93.3 ± 21.3	< 0.001
Sodium [mmol/l]	135.7 ± 4.4	136.8 ± 3.6	0.04

CABG – coronary artery bypass graft, HR – heart rate, LVEF – left ventricular ejection fraction, MI – myocardial infarction, NYHA – New York Heart Association, PCI – percutaneous coronary intervention, COPD – chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Figure 1 shows the drugs used by patients during follow-up.

Fig. 1.

Pharmacotherapy in the two groups

In the five-year follow-up, death occurred in 77 (49.0%) patients in group A and in 31 (28.4%) patients in group B. The causes of death are shown in Figure 2.

Fig. 2.

Causes of death in group A and group B

There were no significant differences between the groups with regard to the frequency of implantation of cardioverter-defibrillators (15.4% in group A and 18.9% in group B, NS) and resynchronizers (6.4% in group A and 4.7% in group B, NS) in long-term follow-up.

Figure 3 shows the Kaplan-Meier cumulative survival curve in groups A and B.

Fig. 3.

Kaplan-Meier cumulative five-year survival curve

Tables II and III present selected clinical, echocardiographic and biochemical parameters in groups A and B, respectively, divided by five-year survival and death. Tables IV and V list the independent prognostic factors in both groups.

Tab. II.

Basic characteristics of group A, by survival and death

Group A	Survival (N = 80)	Death (N = 77)	P
Age [years]	56.6 ± 9.0	59.4 ± 8.4	0.04
HF duration [months]	24 (12-48)	55 (16-72)	0.006
NYHA class	2 (2-3)	3 (3-4)	< 0.001
LVEF [%]	25.9 ± 7.1	22.1 ± 6.2	< 0.001
LA [mm]	44.6 ± 5.7	48.2 ± 7.2	< 0.001
RVEDd [mm]	27.4 ± 4.4	30.0 ± 5.0	< 0.001
hs-CRP [mg/l]	2.56 (1.3-4.11)	4.58 (2.01-12.1)	< 0.001
Fibrinogen [mg/dl]	348.5 (324-398.5)	456 (376-539.5)	< 0.001
NT-proBNP [pg/ml]	567 (403.1-1026)	1890 (1230-3240)	< 0.001
eGFR [ml/min/1.73 m2]	80.3 ± 21.6	64.3 ± 25.3	< 0.001
Uric acid [µmol/l]	417.3 ± 126.0	471.2 ± 146.3	0.02
Bilirubin [µmol/l]	13.4 (10.8-17.8)	17.5 (12.95-25.5)	< 0.001

eGFR – estimated glomerular filtration rate, hs-CRP – high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, LA – left atrium, LVEF – left ventricular ejection fraction, NT-proBNP – N-terminal propeptide of the brain natriuretic peptide, NYHA – New York Heart Association, RVEDd – right ventricular end-diastolic diameter M-mode (diastole)

Tab. III.

Basic characteristics of group B, by survival and death

Group B	Survival (N = 78)	Death (N = 31)	P
Age [years]	44.8 ± 11.4	51.3 ± 11.6	0.02
HF duration [months]	14.5 (7-42)	48 (12-60)	0.03
NYHA class	2 (2-2)	2.5 (2-3)	< 0.001
Diabetes	3 (3.8%)	9 (29%)	< 0.001
LVEF [%]	27.8 ± 6.9	23.2 ± 6.7	0.003
RVEDd [mm]	29.0 ± 4.9	32.5 ± 5.4	0.005
hs-CRP [mg/l]	1.12 (0.74-2.68)	3.08 (1.22-5.6)	0.04
NT-proBNP [pg/ml]	745.8 (395.9-1342.5)	2067.5 (1116.5-3880.5)	< 0.001
eGFR [ml/min/1.73 m2]	96.3 ± 18.5	84.2 ± 26.8	0.03
Uric acid [µmol/l]	418.7 ± 112.3	489.5 ± 140	0.03
Bilirubin [µmol/l]	16.6 (11.5-21.5)	18.5 (14.3-28.8)	0.049

eGFR – estimated glomerular filtration rate, hs-CRP – high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, LVEF – left ventricular ejection fraction, NT-proBNP – N-terminal propeptide of the brain natriuretic peptide, NYHA – New York Heart Association, RVEDd – right ventricular end-diastolic diameter M-mode (diastole)

Tab. IV.

Factors affecting the death rate in group A. Results of the multiple factor analysis of Cox proportional hazard

Parameter	HR	± 95% CI	P
NYHA class	1.8136	1.2964-2.5370	0.0005
hs-CRP (per 1 mg/l)	1.0139	1.0031-1.0249	0.0118
Fibrinogen (per 10 mg/dl)	1.0382	1.0162-1.0606	0.0006
NT-proBNP (per 100 pg/ml)	1.0222	1.0097-1.0349	0.0005
RVEDd (per 1 mm)	1.0676	1.0166-1.1212	0.0088

HR – hazard ratio, hs-CRP – high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, NT-proBNP – N-terminal propeptide of the brain natriuretic peptide, NYHA – New York Heart Association, RVEDd – right ventricular end-diastolic diameter

Tab. V.

Factors affecting the death rate in group B. Results of the multiple factor analysis of Cox proportional hazard.

Parameter	HR	± 95% CI	P
Age	1.0680	1.0095-1.1300	0.0221
NT-proBNP (per 100 pg/ml)	1.0347	1.0166-1.0529	0.0001

HR – hazard ratio, NT-proBNP – N-terminal propeptide of the brain natriuretic peptide

Discussion

Over the last few years, numerous prospective randomized clinical trials and epidemiological and observational studies have been conducted in the population of patients with chronic HF [1, 3, 6–8]. Most analyses, however, encompassed etiologically heterogeneous groups of patients. In our study, we analyzed five-year risk factors for death in consecutive hospitalized patients with chronic systolic HF of ischemic and non-ischemic etiology. The study showed that patients with ischemic HF were significantly older than patients with non-ischemic etiology. This observation is confirmed by large population studies, clinical studies and the POLKARD-HF register [3, 6–8].

Our study showed that concomitant diseases were significantly more frequent in patients with HF of ischemic than non-ischemic etiology. Other studies, such as the EuroHeart Failure Survey and American National Health and Nutrition Survey, also confirmed the high percentage of patients with HF and concomitant diseases [9, 10]. In the ZOPAN register, one in two HF patients suffered from at least three concomitant diseases [7].

In our study, we observed a low percentage of implantation of cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD) and resynchronizers (CRT). These data were comparable to those from large European registers of HF patients. Analyzing the data from the ESC-HF Pilot Survey 2009-2013, Maggioni et al. concluded that only one in three patients with ICD indications and one in five patients with CRT indications actually underwent device implantation [11].

Also van Veldhuisen et al., based on the analysis of patients recruited to the Eucomed register in 2004-2008, observed a significant difference between the number of patients who, according to the guidelines, qualified for high-energy device implantation and the number of actual implantations [12].

Our analysis showed that the five-year mortality in the studied population was 40.6% and was higher in patients with ischemic HF. This finding is in consonance with other studies, which showed the outcome in patients with ischemic HF to be worse than in non-ischemic HF [6, 13, 14]. This observation was also confirmed by the results of the MAGGIC meta-analysis, which demonstrated that the ischemic etiology of HF was connected with both a higher risk of death from any cause (HR 1.07) and death from cardiovascular causes (HR 1.11) [14]. Based on their analysis of 534 participants in the Framingham Heart Study, Lee et al. showed that, compared to other etiologies, ischemic HF was associated with the poorest outcome in 3.2 ± 3.6 years of follow-up (HR 1.36) [15].

However, several studies present different results. Lourenço et al. followed up 286 patients with HF of ischemic (38.1%) and non-ischemic etiology (61.9%) [16]. The authors found that in the 41-month follow-up there were no significant differences in mortality between the analyzed groups (30.0 vs. 23.2%, p = 0.258) [16]. It should be noted that no coronarography was performed in a large percentage of the studied patients and that patients with valvular HF were included in the non-ischemic HF group [16]. Korewicki et al. analyzed the mortality in patients from the POLKARD-HF register in a 601-day follow-up period [8]. In 43.2% of patients, HF was related to coronary disease. The authors observed no significant differences in the outcome in the ischemic and non-ischemic HF groups [8].

In our study, age was an independent risk factor for death in the non-ischemic HF group. In the ischemic group, the risk factors were: NYHA class, serum concentrations of hs-CRP and fibrinogen, and right ventricular end-diastolic diameter. The concentration of NT-proBNP was a risk factor in both groups.

In the study by Allen et al. conducted in a population of patients from the CHARM study, age was also an independent risk factor for death from cardiovascular causes or for hospitalization due to HF exacerbation (HR 1.32 per each 10 years over the age of 60; p < 0.0001) in a follow-up period of 38 months [17]. The independent prognostic value of age for death from any cause was confirmed by the study of Wedel et al. involving patients from the CORONA trial (HR 1.26 per each 10-year increase; p < 0.0001) [18].

These observations are confirmed by the results of Senni et al., where age was a predictor of death or urgent heart transplantation (OR 1.13; 95% CI: 1.0-1.4; p < 0.0001) [19].

An elevated NT-proBNP concentration was a risk factor in both groups. In the analysis by Cleland et al. conducted in over 5000 patients with systolic ischemic HF from the CORONA trial [20], the strongest risk factor for death was NT-proBNP concentration expressed as a logarithm. An increase of this parameter by one logarithmic unit was associated with a 1.5-fold increase in the risk of death for any cause [20].

In their analysis of almost 2000 placebo-receiving patients from the Val-HeFT trial, Masson et al. determined the prognostic value of NT-proBNP concentration in two-year follow-up (HR = 1.403 per increase by one logarithmic unit; p < 0.0001) [21]. The prognostic value of NT-proBNP concentration was also confirmed in patients with advanced HF. In the report by Korewicki et al. regarding patients from the POLKARD register, NT-proBNP concentration over 4302 pg/ml increased the risk of death or urgent heart transplantation by 1.6-fold [8]. The meta-analysis of eight randomized clinical trials showed that in patients in whom treatment intensity was conditioned by the concentration of natriuretic peptides (RR 0.76; p = 0.003), the risk of death was significantly lower than in patients treated the classical way [22].

HF is associated with a chronic inflammatory condition [23], whilst its mediators are associated with poorer outcome in HF. In our study, the inflammatory marker (hs-CRP concentration) was an independent risk factor for death in patients with ischemic HF in five-year follow-up. The study by Windram et al. conducted in a group of 957 patients with chronic systolic HF confirmed the value of hs-CRP in the prediction of death in 21 ± 10 months of follow-up [24]. Similar to our analysis, patients with infections, tumors and other diseases involving inflammation were excluded from the study [24]. Kozdağ et al. observed that serum concentration of hs-CRP was an independent risk factor for death from cardiovascular causes in 17 ± 13 months of follow-up (HR 1.1; p < 0.001). Patients with infections were not excluded from the study, a fact that may have affected the results of the analysis [25].

Although the association between fibrinogen and atherosclerotic processes has been well documented, little is known as to its role in HF. In our study, fibrinogen was an independent risk factor for death in patients with ischemic HF. The protein is known to be able to facilitate leucocyte chemotaxis, as well as to stimulate the expression of proinflammatory cytokines which affect cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Additionally, by affecting the endothelial function, it is conducive to atherosclerotic plaque formation [26]. Fibrinogen may also facilitate the creation of thrombi in microcirculation and affect the rheological properties of plasma. This may lead to microcirculatory disorders, which in turn can cause hypoperfusion and recurrent ischemic events [26, 27].

Enlarged right ventricular diameter (RVEDD) was another independent risk factor in the ischemic HF group. Although the assessment of right ventricular diameter is a standard element of the echocardiographic examination, there are few data assessing the prognostic value of this parameter in patients with HF. One of the few studies on the subject was conducted by Meluzin et al. in almost 200 patients [28] with mean left ventricular ejection fraction of 23%, followed up for 16 months. The patients who died had an increased RVEDd more frequently than the patients who completed the follow-up (32 mm vs. 36 mm, p < 0.05) [28]. In the study conducted by Chrustowicz et al., RVEDd was an independent risk factor for death from cardiovascular causes after mitral valve annuloplasty (HR 1.1; p = 0.04) [29].

Another independent prognostic risk factor in patients with ischemic HF was NYHA class. Gustafsson et al. analyzed the prognostic factors in 4012 consecutive patients hospitalized in 18 Danish clinics [30]. The mortality in 580-day follow-up was 18%, and NYHA class III and IV was an independent risk factor for death or hospitalization (HR 1.32; p < 0.0001) [30]. Higher NYHA class was associated with poorer outcome also in the previously cited reports from large clinical trials, such as CORONA, Val-HeFT and CHARM [17–20].

The strength of this study is the long follow-up period of consecutive patients from everyday clinical practice hospitalized at a center with facilities for invasive diagnostics of coronary disease. The angiographic examination of coronary arteries in all patients facilitated patient stratification by disease etiology. Its limitations are the retrospective character and the absence of postmortem documentation of the cause of death in a large percentage of cases.

Conclusions

Risk factors for death in patients with ischemic heart failure are: NYHA class; serum concentrations of fibrinogen, NT-proBNP and hs-CRP; and right ventricular enddiastolic diameter. Risk factors for death in patients with non-ischemic heart failure are age and NT-proBNP serum concentration.

Biography

Disclosure

The authors report no conflict of interest.