Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is a risk factor for bronchopleural fistula after pneumonectomy for non-small cell lung cancer

Abstract

Introduction

Performing pneumonectomy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy is still controversial. Bronchopleural fistula is a major complication after pneumonectomy. In this study the effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on postpneumonectomy bronchopleural fistula was investigated.

Material and methods

A retrospective review of patients who underwent pneumonectomy for non-small cell lung cancer from January 2005 to December 2011 was undertaken. The major complications and operative mortality were analyzed and compared between the patients having neoadjuvant chemotherapy and patients having surgery only.

Results

One hundred and seventy-seven pneumonectomies (77 right and 100 left) were performed during the study period and 49 of these patients (27.7%) received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Median age was 60 years (range, 32 to 80). The bronchopleural fistula rate was 26.5% (13/49) in the neoadjuvant group versus 3.1% (4/128) in the surgery alone group (p = 0.029). The bronchopleural fistula rate was 16.9% (13/77) in the right pneumonectomy group vs. 4% (4/100) in the left pneumonectomy group (p = 0.004). Overall operative mortality was 5.6%. Mortality in the neoadjuvant group was 8.2% vs. 4.7% in the surgery only group (p = 0.37).

Conclusions

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and right pneumonectomy is a major risk factor for bronchopleural fistula. Especially right pneumonectomy should be avoided after induction therapy.

Introduction

Pneumonectomy is associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates when compared to other pulmonary resections [1]. There are several controversial results in the literature about the effect of induction therapy on morbidity and mortality of pneumonectomy applied for the resection of non-small cell lung cancer, which questions the feasibility and benefit of performing such a high-risk procedure [2–10].

Bronchopleural fistula (BPF) after pneumonectomy is a major problem in thoracic surgical practice. Some risk factors are defined which might be the cause or a predictor of this complication [11–15]. In this study, the effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on postpneumonectomy bronchopleural fistula was investigated.

Material and methods

A retrospective review of patients who underwent pneumonectomy for non-small cell lung cancer from January 2005 to December 2011 was undertaken. The patients received neoadjuvant chemoradiation and patients having incomplete resection were excluded from the study. The data were obtained from the electronic and paper medical records, patients’ charts and follow-up records. The retrospective study was approved by the Institutional Review Board. Informed consent was obtained from all the patients before the operation.

Computed tomography (CT) scan, positron emission tomography (PET) scan, and fiberoptic bronchoscopy were applied to all patients. Invasive mediastinal staging procedures such as endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) biopsy of mediastinal lymph nodes, mediastinoscopy, and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) were used when there was a suspicion of a metastatic lymph node on PET scan. The physiologic evaluation of the patients considered for resection was performed according to the published guidelines [16].

Three cycles of platinum based chemotherapy were applied to patients having histologically proven ipsilateral mediastinal lymph node (N2) metastases or locally advanced tumor when there was a doubt of resectability.

Single-lung ventilation was obtained through a double-lumen endotracheal tube and epidural analgesia was performed routinely for pain management. A serratus anterior muscle sparing posterolateral thoracotomy was performed and mediastinal lymph node dissection was added to pneumonectomy in all cases. Bronchial staplers were used to divide the bronchus in most of the patients. The bronchial stump was not reinforced routinely according to the surgeon's preference, and mediastinal pleura was used most frequently when reinforcement was applied. The patients were taken to a postoperative intensive care unit after being extubated in the operating room if possible and then transferred to a thoracic ward whenever cardiopulmonary functions were stable.

Major cardiopulmonary complications such as arrhythmia requiring medical treatment, respiratory failure defined as reintubation, placement of tracheostomy and need for ventilation more than 48 hours after surgery and bronchopleural fistula, as well as operative mortality defined as death from any cause within 30 days of surgery were recorded and compared between the patients having neoadjuvant chemotherapy and patients having surgery only.

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 19 was used for analyzing the data. The associations among the categorical variables and numerically coded qualitative variables between the two groups were examined by using Fisher's exact test. The descriptive statistics of the quantitative variables were reported as means, standard deviations, medians, minimums and maximums while the qualitative variables were summarized as counts (n) and percentages (%). The obtained statistics were reported with their 95% confidence intervals and the analysis results with p < 0.05 were considered as statistically significant.

Results

There were 168 (94%) male and 9 (6%) female patients in the study group with a median age of 60 years (range, 32 to 80). Of the 177 pneumonectomies (77 right and 100 left) performed during the study period, 49 of these patients (27.7%) received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was applied to 12 patients for having histologically proven ipsilateral mediastinal lymph node (N2) metastases and to 37 patients for having a locally advanced tumor and there was a doubt of resectability. The characteristics of patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy are shown in Table I.

Tab. I.

Characteristics of the patients (n = 49) who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy

Variables
Age (years)	56
Sex
Male (n)	48 (98%)
Female (n)	1 (2%)
Laterality
Right (n)	22 (44.8%)
Left (n)	27 (55.2%)
Locally advanced (n)	37 (75.5%)
N2 disease (n)	12 (24.5%)
30-day mortality	8.2%

The major cardiopulmonary complication rate was higher in the neoadjuvant group (44.8% vs. 4.6%) (p = 0.002) (Table II). The overall bronchopleural fistula rate was 9.6% (17/177). The bronchopleural fistula rate was 26.5% (13/49) in the neoadjuvant group versus 3.1% (4/128) in the surgery alone group and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (p = 0.029). Additionally the bronchopleural fistula rate was 16.9% (13/77) in the right pneumonectomy group versus 4% (4/100) in the left pneumonectomy group (p = 0.004).

Tab. II.

Comparison of major cardiopulmonary complications between the two groups

	Neoadjuvant group (n)	Surgery only group (n)	p
Bronchopleural fistula	13 (26.5%)	4 (3.1%)	0.029
Arrhythmia	6 (12.2%)	1 (0.7%)	0.059
Respiratory failure	3 (6.1%)	1 (0.7%)	0.317
Total	22 (44.8%)	6 (4.6%)	0.002

Overall 30-day operative mortality was 5.6% (10/177). Mortality rates were higher in the neoadjuvant group (8.2% versus 4.7% in the surgery only group) but the results were not statistically significant (p = 0.37). The mortality rate was 6.5% (5/77) in the right pneumonectomy group versus 5% (5/100) in the left pneumonectomy group (p = 670).

Discussion

Pneumonectomy after neoadjuvant therapy appears to be a high-risk procedure. Despite the recommendation by the American College of Chest Physicians to avoid pneumonectomy after induction therapy [17], there are several retrospective studies and clinical trials published investigating the morbidity and mortality after this treatment and most of them focused on the mortality rates [18–20]. Martin [21] reported a mortality of 23.9% after right pneumonectomy following induction treatment. D'Amato [3] revealed a mortality rate of 21% and concluded that induction chemotherapy increases the risk of operative mortality after pneumonectomy. Kim [22] also reported a 20% 90-day mortality after right-sided pneumonectomy. On the other hand, there are also some recent studies published showing that this high-risk procedure can be performed with acceptable mortality rates from 3 to 10% [2, 3, 5–8, 10, 23]. More recently Kim et al. [4] reported a meta-analysis of perioperative mortality after neoadjuvant therapy and pneumonectomy. They found overall 30-day and 90-day mortality rates of 7% and 12% respectively. 30- and 90-day cumulative mortality rates for right pneumonectomy were 11% and 20%. The overall 30-day operative mortality was 5.6% (10/177) in our series. Mortality rates were higher in the neoadjuvant group (8.2% versus 4.7% in the surgery only group), which was in accordance with the recently published data, but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.37).

Bronchopleural fistula is a severe complication of pneumonectomy which increases the postoperative mortality. There are several risk factors defined that may cause postpneumonectomy bronchopleural fistula. Low preoperative serum albumin level, hyperglycemia, previous steroid therapy, poor predicted postpneumonectomy forced expiratory volume in 1 second, long bronchial stump, mechanical ventilation, right pneumonectomy, adjuvant radiotherapy and pneumonia after the operation are shown to be some of the risk factors [11–15]. Although some bronchopleural fistula rates have been revealed in several studies focusing on the mortality of pneumonectomy after induction therapy, the effect of neoadjuvant treatment on formation of postpneumonectomy bronchopleural fistula has not been evaluated thoroughly. Refai [2] reported that there was no increase in the postpneumonectomy bronchopleural fistula rate after induction treatment. D'Amato [3] reported a bronchopleural fistula rate of 8.8% in the induction therapy group versus 7.3% in the surgery alone group without any significant difference between the two groups. There are several studies in the literature that have shown an association between induction treatment and increased risk of bronchopleural fistula after pneumonectomy. Ucvet [13] and Panagopoulos [15] also found that neoadjuvant therapy is a significant risk factor for bronchopleural fistula. In our previous ex vivo study, we found that the tensile strength of pulmonary structures such as the pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, and bronchus decreases and fibrosis grade increases after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, which may be a cause of the bronchopleural fistula [26]. In our present study, the incidence of postpneumonectomy bronchopleural fistula was significantly higher in the induction therapy group.

Conclusions

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and right pneumonectomy are risk factors for postpneumonectomy bronchopleural fistula. Especially right pneumonectomy should be avoided after induction therapy if possible.