Abstract Abstract
The genus Halolaguna Gozmány, 1978 is studied in China. Two new species, Halolaguna flabellata sp. n. from Guangxi and Halolaguna discoidea sp. n. from Chongqing, Guangxi and Sichuan are described. The female of Halolaguna guizhouensis Wu, 2012 is reported for the first time. Photographs of adults and genitalia are provided. A checklist of all known Halolaguna species is included, along with a key to the Chinese species.
Keywords: Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae, Halolaguna, new species
Introduction
The family Lecithoceridae occurs particularly in the Oriental and Australian Regions, with around 1,200 described species (van Nieukerken et al. 2011). Wu (1997) recorded 206 species of Lecithoceridae from China and Park et al. (2013) listed 74 species of Lecithoceridae from Chinese Taiwan. To date, approximately 290 species of this family have been reported from China.
Halolaguna Gozmány, 1978 is a small genus of the subfamily Torodorinae in Lecithoceridae, which was established by Gozmány in 1978 based on the type species Halolaguna sublaxata Gozmány, 1978 from China. Subsequently, Wu (2000) transferred Lecithocera biferrinella Walker, 1864 to Halolaguna, and described Halolaguna orthogonia Wu, 2000 from Malaysia; Park (2000) transferred Cynicostola oncopteryx Wu, 1994 to Halolaguna, and described Halolaguna palinensis Park, 2000 from Taiwan; Park (2011) further described Halolaguna sanmaru Park, 2011 from Thailand; and Wu (2012) described Halolaguna guizhouensis Wu, 2012 from Guizhou. To date, Halolaguna includes seven species confined to the Oriental and Palaearctic regions, but little is known about the biology of this genus so far.
Halolaguna is characterized by having an elongate and relatively narrow forewing with M2 and M3 coincident, and the valva tapering to the apex in the male genitalia. Halolaguna is similar to Antiochtha Meyrick, 1905 in both appearance and male genitalia, but can be distinguished by the presence of M2 in the hindwing, which is absent in Antiochtha. It is also similar to Athymoris Meyrick, 1935 in the venation, but differs in the valva in the male genitalia that is tapering to a pointed apex, whereas the valva is foot-shaped and widened terminally in Athymoris.
We report five Halolaguna species from mainland China in this paper, based on the specimens collected mostly from mountainous regions and natural reserves. Two species are described as new, and the female of Halolaguna guizhouensis Wu, 2012 is described for the first time.
Material and methods
The specimens examined in this study were collected from mountains, botanical gardens and nature reserves in China by light traps. All specimens studied, including the types, are deposited in the Insect Collection, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
Genitalia dissections were carried out following Li (2002). Photographs of the adults were taken with a Leica stereo microscope M205A plus Leica Application Suite 4.2 software, and genitalia were photographed using a Leica DM750 microscope plus the same software as for adults.
Taxonomic accounts
Halolaguna Gozmány, 1978
Halolaguna Gozmány, 1978: 238. Type species: Halolaguna sublaxata Gozmány, 1978. Type locality: China (Jiangsu).
Checklist of Halolaguna species
Halolaguna biferrinella (Walker, 1864)
Lecithocera biferrinella Walker, 1864: 642.
Halolaguna biferrinella: Wu, 2000: 428.
Distribution. Malaysia, Indonesia.
Halolaguna discoidea sp. n.
Distribution. China (Chongqing, Guangxi, Sichuan).
Halolaguna flabellata sp. n.
Distribution. China (Guangxi).
Halolaguna guizhouensis Wu, 2012
Halolaguna guizhouensis Wu, 2012: 394.
Distribution. China (Chongqing, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou).
Halolaguna oncopteryx (Wu, 1994)
Cynicostola oncopteryx Wu, 1994: 125.
Halolaguna oncopteryx: Park 2000: 240.
Distribution. China (Chongqing, Fujian, Guangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang).
Halolaguna orthogonia Wu, 2000
Halolaguna orthogonia Wu, 2000: 427.
Distribution. Malaysia.
Halolaguna palinensis Park, 2000
Halolaguna palinensis Park, 2000: 241.
Distribution. China (Taiwan).
Halolaguna sanmaru Park, 2011
Halolaguna sanmaru Park, 2011: 201.
Distribution. Thailand.
Halolaguna sublaxata Gozmány, 1978
Halolaguna sublaxata Gozmány, 1978: 238.
Distribution. China (Hubei, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shanxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang), Korea, Japan.
Key to the Chinese Halolaguna species based on male genitalia
| 1 | Juxta with postero-lateral lobe about 1/2 length of juxta | 2 |
| – | Juxta with postero-lateral lobe as long as juxta or slightly longer than juxta | 4 |
| 2 | Aedeagus without cornutus | Halolaguna guizhouensis |
| – | Aedeagus with cornutus | 3 |
| 3 | Juxta nearly rounded; aedeagus with a rounded apex | Halolaguna flabellata sp. n. |
| – | Juxta nearly square; aedeagus with a pointed apex | Halolaguna oncopteryx |
| 4 | Gnathos slender, longer than uncus | Halolaguna sublaxata |
| – | Gnathos obviously shorter than uncus | 5 |
| 5 | Aedeagus extending to a discal process distally | Halolaguna discoidea sp. n. |
| – | Aedeagus not extending to a discal process distally | Halolaguna palinensis |
Halolaguna discoidea sp. n.
http://zoobank.org/E3FAFA75-8449-4793-AC0A-E7D624379185
Figure 1.
Male adults of Halolaguna species. a Halolaguna discoidea sp. n., paratype, Chongqing b Halolaguna flabellata sp. n., holotype, Guangxi c Halolaguna guizhouensis, Chongqing d Halolaguna oncopteryx, Chongqing e Halolaguna sublaxata, Zhejiang f Halolaguna sublaxata, Hubei, head from dorsolateral view.
Figure 2.
Wing venation of Halolaguna species. a Halolaguna discoidea sp. n., slide No. TKJ14008W b Halolaguna flabellata sp. n., slide No. ZYM06260W (Scales = 0.5 mm).
Figure 3.
Male genitalia of Halolaguna species. a Halolaguna discoidea sp. n., slide No. WYQ13157 b Halolaguna flabellata sp. n., slide No. TKJ13034 c Halolaguna guizhouensis, slide No. TKJ13055 d Halolaguna oncopteryx, slide No. TKJ13039 e Halolaguna sublaxata, slide No. TKJ13051 (Scales = 0.5 mm).
Figure 4.
Female genitalia of Halolaguna species. a Halolaguna discoidea sp. n., slide No. TKJ14004 b Halolaguna guizhouensis, slide No. TKJ14087 c Halolaguna oncopteryx, slide No. TKJ13035 d Halolaguna sublaxata, slide No. TKJ14088 (Scales = 0.5 mm).
Type material.
Holotype ♂, China: Tudiyan, Mt. Simian (28°60'N, 106°40'E), Chongqing, 1200 m, 15.vii.2012, leg. Yinghui Sun and Aihui Yin, genitalia slide No. TKJ13023. Paratypes: 1 ♂, Mt. Simian, Chongqing, 1000 m, 21.vii.2010, leg. Xicui Du and Shengwen Shi; 1 ♂, same locality, 22.vii.2010, leg. Xicui Du and Lifang Song, genitalia slide No. WYQ13157, venation slide No. TKJ14008W; 1 ♂, 2 ♀, Labahe (30°17'N, 102°29'E), Tianquan County, Sichuan Province, 1300 m, 28.vii.2004, 29.vii.2004, leg. Yingdang Ren; 1 ♀, Mt. Daming (23°24'N, 108°30'E), Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 1200 m, 5.viii.2011, leg. Shulian Hao and Yinghui Sun, genitalia slide No. TKJ14004.
Diagnosis.
This species is similar to Halolaguna oncopteryx (Wu, 1994) and Halolaguna flabellata sp. n. in the forewing shape and the male genitalia, but can be separated from these by the juxta with thin claviform postero-lateral lobes slightly longer than the juxta, and the aedeagus with a discal process apically. In Halolaguna oncopteryx (Wu, 1994) and Halolaguna flabellata sp. n., the postero-lateral lobes of the juxta are short finger-shaped, about 1/2 length of the juxta, and the aedeagus is absent of discal process apically.
Description.
Adult (Figs 1a, 2a) with wing expanse 16.5–18.0 mm. Head yellowish white, with scattered brown scales. Antenna yellowish white, scape brown on ventral surface, flagellum with pale brown annulations. Labial palpus yellowish white, with scattered brown scales; second segment with appressed scales; third segment slender, about same length as second. Thorax brown, tegula purple brown. Forewing with costal margin almost straight from basal 1/4 to 3/4; apex protruding triangularly; termen oblique, concave below apex; ground color deep grayish brown; subapical spot yellowish white, nearly triangular; discal and discocellular spots blackish brown, nearly rounded; a yellowish white line extending from costal 2/5 to above fold, edged with blackish brown scales along inner margin, curved triangularly inward to outer margin of discal spot; cilia blackish brown, yellowish white basally; venation: R3 stalked with R4+5 for basal half of its length, R4 and R5 stalked for 2/3 length, R5 to termen, M1 and R3+4+5 from upper angle of cell, M2 absent, M3 from above lower angle of cell, CuA1 and CuA2 shortly stalked at base, from lower angle of cell, cell closed. Hindwing and cilia grayish brown, yellowish white basally; venation: Rs and M1 stalked for 2/5 length, M3 and CuA1 stalked for about 1/3 length, remote from M2, cell close partly. Fore leg with ventral surface brown, dorsal surface yellowish white, mottled brown scales, tarsus yellowish white on distal 1/3; mid leg yellowish white, mottled brown scales on ventral surface; hind leg blackish brown, yellowish white on dorsal surface of tibia and on distal half of tarsus.
Male genitalia (Fig. 3a): Uncus broad at base, narrowed to middle, distal half nearly parallel sided, bearing setae laterally, broadly rounded apically. Gnathos short, nearly triangular, curved distally, pointed apically. Valva broad at base, distinctly narrowed to middle, then slightly narrowed to narrowly rounded apex; costa gently concave beyond middle; ventral margin nearly straight. Sacculus narrow, reaching 1/3 length of dorsum. Juxta nearly quadrate, slightly convex antero-medially, almost straight posteriorly; postero-lateral lobe thin claviform, bearing setae laterally, bluntly rounded apically, longer than juxta. Vinculum narrow. Aedeagus stout, slightly longer than valva, broad basally, narrowed to apex; basal half with dense spinules, distal 2/5 with dense granules, apically produced to a discal process.
Female genitalia (Fig. 4a): Eighth sternite with caudal margin deeply concave in U shape at middle, bearing dense setae laterally. Posterior apophyses about twice length of anterior apophyses. Antrum inconspicuous. Ductus bursae long and heliciform, about four times length of corpus bursae, slightly narrow basally, with numerous thumbtack-shaped spinules ranging from basal 1/4 to 1/2; ductus seminalis slender and long, arising from basal 1/4 of ductus bursae. Corpus bursae oval; signum nearly oval, placed at middle of corpus bursae, margined with teeth anteriorly and posteriorly, medially concave, forming a broad and flat central groove.
Distribution.
China (Chongqing, Guangxi, Sichuan).
Etymology.
The name of this species is derived from the Latin adjective discoideus (discal), in reference to the discal process of the aedeagus at apex.
Halolaguna flabellata sp. n.
http://zoobank.org/D3B12A57-853E-4B81-B865-F1A19028BAD1
Type material.
Holotype ♂, China: Jinxiu County (24°07'N, 110°11'E), Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 650 m, 28.iv.2008, leg. Hui Zhen and Li Zhang, genitalia slide No. TKJ13034. Paratype: 1 ♂, Hongqilinchang (21°54'N, 107°54'E), Shangsi County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 260 m, 2.iv.2002, leg. Shulian Hao and Huaijun Xue, venation slide No. ZYM06260W.
Diagnosis.
This species is similar to Halolaguna oncopteryx (Wu, 1994) superficially and in the male genitalia, but can be separated from the latter by the valva with a blunt apex lacking an apical spine, the juxta nearly rounded, and the apex-rounded aedeagus with two sclerotized figs. In Halolaguna oncopteryx, the apex of the valva has a strong apical spine, the juxta is nearly square, and the apex-pointed aedeagus has one sclerotized fig.
Description.
Adult (Figs 1b, 2b): Wingspans 16.0–16.5 mm. Head brown, pale yellow on frons and around eye. Antenna yellowish white, with scattered pale brown scales. Labial palpus yellowish white, with scattered pale brown scales; second segment dark brown on outer surface, with appressed scales; third segment slender, slightly longer than second, pointed terminally. Thorax yellowish white, with brown scales medially; tegula purple brown. Forewing with costal margin almost straight from basal 1/5 to 4/5; apex protruding triangularly; termen oblique, slightly concave below apex; ground color dark brown; subapical spot pale yellow, nearly triangular; discal and discocellular spots blackish brown, small, nearly rounded (somewhat worn); cilia blackish brown, yellowish white basally; venation: R3 and R4+5 stalked for basal 1/3 length, R4 and R5 stalked for 3/5 length, R5 reaching termen, M1 and R3+4+5 shortly stalked at base, M2 absent, M3 and CuA1+2 from lower angle of cell, CuA1 and CuA2 shortly stalked, cell closed. Hindwing and cilia gray, yellowish white basally; venation: Rs and M1 stalked for basal 2/5 length, M3 and CuA1 shortly stalked, remote from M2 basally, cell close. Legs yellowish white; fore leg with femur having grayish brown scales on ventral surface, tibia purple brown, tarsus mottled dark brown scales; mid leg with scattered dark brown scales; hind leg dark brown on distal half of femur, at base of tibia and on basal half of tarsus.
Male genitalia (Fig. 3b): Uncus broadened in fan shape basally, clubbed distally, bearing short setae laterally, rounded apically. Gnathos narrow, basal 1/3 nearly aequilate, median portion gradually narrowed, distal 1/3 sharply narrowed to pointed apex. Valva broad at base, slightly narrowed to middle, distal half obviously narrowed, slightly curved dorsad distally, narrowly rounded apically; costa concave medially. Sacculus broad at base, narrowed distally, reaching 1/4 length of dorsum. Juxta nearly rounded, convex antero-medially, slightly arched posteriorly; postero-lateral lobe short thumb-shaped, bearing setae apically. Vinculum narrow. Aedeagus straight, shorter than valva, broad at base, slightly narrowed to rounded apex, with numerous unequally sized toothlike thorns at base, with dense spinules and granular teeth ranging from about middle to distal 1/4, distal half with two sclerotized irregular figs, one of them with teeth.
Female: Unknown.
Distribution.
China (Guangxi).
Etymology.
The specific name of this species is derived from the Latin adjective flabellatus (flabellate), in reference to the basally fan-shaped uncus.
Halolaguna guizhouensis
Wu, 2012
Halolaguna guizhouensis Wu, 2012: 394. Type locality: China (Guizhou).
Material examined.
China: Guizhou Province: 1 ♂, Linjiang (28°05'N, 105°32'E), Xishui County, 550 m, 26.ix.2000, leg. Haili Yu; Chongqing: 5 ♂, 1 ♀, Beipo (29°02'N, 107°11'E), Mt. Jinfo, 1100 m, 5.v.2013, 12.v.2013, leg. Xiaofei Yang; 1 ♂, same locality, 4.viii.2012, leg. Xiaofei Yang and Tengteng Liu; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: 2 ♂, 1 ♀, Shaopinglinchang (22°03’N, 106°55’E), Pingxiang, 280 m, 28.iii.2013, 2.iv.2013, 10.iv.2013, leg. Xiaofei Yang, genitalia slide No. TKJ14087♀; 1 ♂, Qinmu Village (24°59’N, 109°59’E), Yongfu County, 160 m, 1.v.2008, leg. Hui Zhen and Li Zhang; 1 ♂, Hekoubaohuzhan, Jinxiu County (24°07'N, 110°11'E), 650 m, 28.iv.2008, leg. Hui Zhen and Li Zhang, genitalia slide No. TKJ13055; 1 ♂, Xijiao (24°15'N, 108°01'E), Nandan County, Hechi, 868 m, 10.viii.2011, leg. Shulian Hao and Yinghui Sun; Guangdong Province: 1 ♂, Heshan (22°25'N, 112°32'E), 26.viii.2002, leg. Guilin Liu; 1 ♂, Hebao Island (21°52'N, 113°10'E), Zhuhai, 30 m, 18.v.2010, leg. Bingbing Hu and Jing Zhang.
Diagnosis.
Adult (Fig. 1c) with wing expanse 14.0–15.0 mm. This species is similar to Halolaguna sublaxata Gozmány, 1978 superficially by sharing small and rounded discal spot and relatively large fold and discocellular spots. It can be separated from the latter by the valva broadly rounded apically, the relatively short gnathos slightly shorter than the uncus, and the juxta with postero-lateral lobes shorter than the juxta in the male genitalia (Fig. 3c). In Halolaguna sublaxata, the valva is narrow and thin apically, the slender gnathos is distinctly longer than the uncus, and the postero-lateral lobes of the juxta are longer than the juxta.
Female genitalia (Fig. 4b): Eighth sternite bearing dense setae, with caudal margin slightly emarginated at middle. Anterior apophyses about 3/4 length of posterior apophyses. Ductus bursae about four times length of corpus bursae, long and heliciform; ductus seminalis slender, arising from basal 1/8 of ductus bursae. Corpus bursae nearly rounded; two small papillate signa placed posteriorly, with dense granules; one big rhombic signum placed at middle of corpus bursae, with a nearly triangular horizontal fig arising medially.
Distribution.
China (Chongqing, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou).
Remarks.
Halolaguna guizhouensis was described by Wu (2012) based on two male specimens from Guizhou. The valva of this species is not distinctly narrowed distally, whereas the valva of its congeners is obviously narrowed to pointed apex. However, the venation of this species is consistent with that of the type species. The female is described here for the first time.
Halolaguna oncopteryx
(Wu, 1994)
Cynicostola oncopteryx Wu, 1994: 125. Type locality: China (Sichuan).
Halolaguna oncopteryx (Wu): Park 2000: 240.
Material examined.
China: Fujian Province: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Mt. Meihua (25°20'N, 116°50'E), 19.vii.1988, 22.vii.1988, leg. Chinese Academy of Science; Chongqing: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Mt. Simian (28°60'N, 106°40'E), 1000 m, 20.vii.2010, leg. Xicui Du and Lifang Song; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Hongqilinchang (21°54'N, 107°54'E), Shangsi County, 260 m, 2.iv.2002, leg. Shulian Hao and Huaijun Xue; 2 ♂, 1 ♀, Shaoping linchang (22°03’N, 106°55’E), Pingxiang, 280 m, 19.iv.2012, 28.iii.2013, 13.iv.2013, leg. Xiaofei Yang; 2 ♀, Mt. Daming (23°24'N, 108°30'E), Nanning, 1200 m, 7.viii.2011, 8.viii.2011, leg. Shulian Hao and Yinghui Sun; Yunnan Province: 1 ♂, Tropical Botanical Garden (21°55'N, 101°17'E), Menglun County, 570 m, 13.viii.2005, leg. Yingdang Ren; Zhejiang Province: 1 ♀, Zhangkengkou (28°32'N, 118°99'E), Mt. Jiulong, 623 m, 5.vii.2013, leg. Aihui Yin and Xiuchun Wang; 2 ♂, 1 ♀, Neijiujian (28°40'N, 118°84'E), Mt. Jiulong, 430 m, 7.vii.2013, leg. Aihui Yin and Xiuchun Wang, genitalia slide No. TKJ13035♀; 1 ♂, 2 ♀, Yanping (28°38'N, 118°89'E), Mt. Jiulong, 530 m, 4.vii.2013, leg. Aihui Yin and Xiuchun Wang, genitalia slide No. TKJ13039♂; 2 ♂, 2 ♀, Huangtanyu (28°39'N, 118°84'E), Mt. Jiulong, 467 m, 8.vii.2013, leg. Aihui Yin and Xiuchun Wang; 1 ♂, Wuyanling (27°42'N, 119°39'E), Taishun County, 680 m, 28.vii.2005, leg. Yunli Xiao.
Diagnosis.
Adult (Fig. 1d) with wing expanse 15.0–16.0 mm. This species is similar to Halolaguna sanmaru Park, 2011 in the male genitalia, but can be separated from it by the valva with a strong apical spine, the juxta with postero-lateral lobes about 1/2 length of the juxta, and the aedeagus with a pointed apex (Fig. 3d). In Halolaguna sanmaru, the valva does not bear an apical spine, the postero-lateral lobes of the juxta are slightly longer than the juxta, and the aedeagus is rounded apically. This species is also similar to Halolaguna discoidea sp. n. in the female genitalia, but can be separated from it by the eighth sternite with caudal margin slightly concave at middle, and the ductus seminalis as broad as the ductus bursae (Fig. 4c). In Halolaguna discoidea sp. n., the caudal margin of the eighth sternite is deeply concave in U shape medially, and the ductus seminalis is slenderer than the ductus bursae.
Distribution.
China (Chongqing, Fujian, Guangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang).
Halolaguna sublaxata
Gozmány, 1978
Halolaguna sublaxata Gozmány, 1978: 238. Type locality: China (Jiangsu).
Material examined.
China: Zhejiang Province: 1 ♂, Mt. Jiulong (28°29'N, 119°54'E), 400 m, 5.viii.2011, leg. Linlin Yang and Na Chen; 1 ♂, Houshanmen, Mt. Tianmu (30°15'N, 119°20'E), 500 m, 16.viii.1999, leg. Houhun Li et al.; Shanxi Province: 1 ♂, Mt. Li (35°26'N, 111°58'E), Jincheng, 1520 m, 16.viii.2006, leg. Xu Zhang and Haiyan Bai; Liaoning Province: 1 ♂, Shilizi (40°42’N, 124°42’E), Kuandian County, 10.viii.2009, leg. Weichun Li and Jiayu Liu; Hubei Province: 2 ♂, Mt. Wujia (31°05'N, 115°48'E), Yingshan County, 8.vii.2008, leg. Yunli Xiao, genitalia slide No. TKJ13051; 1 ♂, 2 ♀, Mt. Dahong (31°27'N, 113°00'E), Suizhou, 30.ix.2008, 1.x.2008, leg. Yunli Xiao, genitalia slide No. TKJ14088♀.
Diagnosis.
Adult (Fig. 1e, f) with wing expanse 14.0–15.0 mm. Halolaguna sublaxata Gozmány, 1978 can be separated from its congeners by the slender gnathos longer than uncus, and the valva slightly curved ventrad before apex in the male genitalia (Fig. 3e). Halolaguna sublaxata is similar to Halolaguna guizhouensis in the female genitalia by the corpus bursae sharing three signa, but can be separated from it by the position of the signa: in Halolaguna sublaxata, one large sub-triangular signum placed posteriorly, one small triangular signum below it, and the shuttle-shaped signum placed anteriorly (Fig. 4d); in Halolaguna guizhouensis, two small papillate signa placed posteriorly, and the third large rhombic signum is placed at middle of the corpus bursae.
Distribution.
China (Hubei, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shanxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang).
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgements
We express our cordial thanks to Dr. K. T. Park (Korea) for providing useful literature. This study is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31372241 and No. J1210005).
Citation
Teng K, Liu S, Wang S (2014) Taxonomic study of the genus Halolaguna Gozmány (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae) from China, with descriptions of two new species. ZooKeys 464: 99–110. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.464.8571
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