Table 1.

Mean Values and Standard Deviations (SD) of the Emotional Symptom Severity Score, End-Tidal CO₂, and Respiratory Rate for the Control and Clinical Sample

	Control sample	Clinical sample	Cohen's d	t value
	M (SD)	M (SD)
	n = 62	n = 63
SDQ-em	3.7 (2.3)	7.3 (1.6)	1.8	−9.8***
ETCO2 (%)	4.8 (0.3)	4.2 (0.3)	2.0	10.8***
RR (BrPM)	14.9 (4.4)	16.4 (3.8)	0.4	−2.1*

Note. SDQ-em = Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire emotional subscale; ETCO₂ = end-tidal CO₂; RR = respiratory rate; BrPM = breaths per minute.

^*p < .05.

^***p < .001.