Abstract
Mosquito nets treated with long-lasting insecticide (LLINs), when used in compliance with guidelines of the World Health Organization, may be effective for malaria vector control. In 2012, approximately 150,000 LLINs were installed in nine municipalities in the state of Rondônia. However, no studies have assessed their impact on the reduction of malaria incidence. This study analyzed secondary data of malaria incidence, in order to assess the impact of LLINs on the annual parasite incidence (API). The results showed no statistically significant differences in API one year after LLIN installation when compared to municipalities without LLINs. The adoption of measures for malaria vector control should be associated with epidemiological studies and evaluations of their use and efficiency, with the aim of offering convincing advantages that justify their implementation and limit malaria infection in the Amazon Region.
Keywords: Insecticide-Treated Bed Nets, Amazon, Rondônia, API
Abstract
O uso de mosquiteiros impregnados com inseticida de longa duração (MILD), quando obedecidas as orientações da Organização Mundial da Saúde, é medida de controle de vetores da malária que pode apresentar excelentes resultados. Em 2012 foram instalados aproximadamente 150.000 MILDs em nove municípios do estado de Rondônia. Concomitantemente não houve estudo de avaliação de impacto na redução da incidência. O presente estudo analisou dados secundários da incidência, na expectativa de avaliar o impacto dos MILDs na incidência parasitária anual (IPA). Os resultados estatísticos mostram que, no período de um ano após a instalação dos MILDs, não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa na variação da IPA em relação a outros municípios que não receberam os MILDs. A adoção de medidas de controle vetorial deve ser acompanhada de estudos epidemiológicos e de avaliação de uso e eficácia para oferecer subsídios mais robustos que justifiquem a adoção desta medida de controle da malária na Região Amazônica.
INTRODUCTION
In the 1980s, the number of reported malaria cases increased in Brazil, particularly in the nine states of the Legal Amazon region, including Rondônia. By 1990, this state accounted for approximately 50% of cases5, likely as a result of increased road openings, agricultural settlements, deforestation, and mining4, which attracted thousands of immigrants and increased the population by around 300% in the following two decades15. In 2005, despite the efforts of the Ministry of Health, 606,077 cases of malaria were reported in the Amazon Region, 118,633 (19.6%) of which occurred in Rondônia5. This suggests that the state still contributes significantly towards disease incidence. Between 2005 and 2007, approximately 30% of the 52 municipalities of Rondônia showed a high risk of malaria transmission, with high levels of annual parasitic incidence (API) of more than 50 cases per 1,000 inhabitants; furthermore, the highest rates were concentrated in the northern and western parts of the state5,27. A new wave of immigrants moved to the region at the beginning of 2008, due to the construction of two hydroelectric power plants in municipalities of the state's capital city of Porto Velho. A new epidemic cycle of malaria was expected in this endemic region16, due to its epidemiology, presence of individuals with asymptomatic infections1,6, and the combination of large water collections and malaria vectors14,21,22.
In Brazil, the major malaria parasite vector is Anopheles darlingi 9; it is also the most prevalent vector in Rondônia7,8,17. This species possesses an activity intra- and peri-domestic, although prevalent at dusk and dawn, has demonstrated activity in almost all hours of the day; it is also able to sustain disease transmission at low parasite densities10,20. Transmission is possible from asymptomatic carriers, which are also considered parasite reservoirs, making it very difficult to meet the success of this control measure2,7.
In spite of a continuous decrease in reported malaria cases since 2005, the State Agency of Health Surveillance of Rondônia (Agevisa) implemented, in 2012, the distribution of mosquito nets treated with long-lasting insecticide (LLINs) with deltamethrin by the immersion method in the proportion of 55 mg/m2, in several state municipalities with higher annual parasitic incidences (API). Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the impact of LLINs on the API between 2011 and 2013 by analyzing secondary database information to evaluate API differences between municipalities with and without LLINs.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Agevisa (2012) indicated that the installation of 159,140 LLINs was prioritized in nine municipalities of Rondônia with a high API: Alto Paraíso, Buritis, Campo Novo de Rondônia, Candeias do Jamari, Cujubim, Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Machadinho do Oeste, and Nova Mamoré (Fig. 1). To assess the variation of the API in 2012, nine additional municipalities with a high API, but without installation of LLNIs (Ariquemes, Costa Marques, Montenegro, Pimenteiras do Oeste, Porto Velho, Rio Crespo, Vale do Anari, Alvorada do Oeste, and Cacaulândia) were also evaluated. Based on the distribution of mosquito nets, two groups were created: with and without LLINs (labeled 1-9 and A-I, respectively). The secondary database containing API information was obtained through the Epidemiological Surveillance Information System (Sivep-Malária) of the Ministry of Health5.
Fig. 1. Map of the state of Rondônia with the municipalities with LLIN in dark gray (1 to 9) and without LLIN in light gray (A to I). See Table 1.
Microsoft Excel® 2010, BioEstat 5.3, and GraphPad Prism version 5.00 were used to perform the following statistical analyses: Student's t-test for parametric comparison within the same group and Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests for non-parametric comparisons between the two groups, with a significance level of p <0.05. API variation was measured as the percentage ratio of API related to the previous year. The municipalities of each group were classified in descending order by the reported 2012 API values and correlated for comparative analyses as follows: one with A, two with B, and so on (Table 1). GPS TrackMaker® Pro software, version 4.8 was used to create a location map of the study area.
Table 1. Annual Parasite Incidence for the years 2011 to 2013 of the municipalities with and without long-lasting insecticidal nets installed, indexed in decreasing order in respect to 2012 API.
| Municipality | ID | API | API variation (%) | ||||
| 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | ||
| With LLIN | |||||||
| Candeias do Jamari | 1 | 269.8 | 143.7 | 82.1 | 27.7 | -46.7 | -42.8 |
| Machadinho do Oeste | 2 | 86.6 | 42.9 | 23.0 | -10.9 | -50.4 | -46.4 |
| Cujubim | 3 | 104.5 | 32.5 | 30.0 | -14.7 | -68.9 | -7.8 |
| Itapuã do Oeste | 4 | 51.0 | 32.4 | 16.9 | -41.3 | -36.5 | -47.9 |
| Nova Mamoré | 5 | 38.8 | 19.0 | 8.3 | -15.4 | -51.0 | -56.1 |
| Campo Novo de Rondônia | 6 | 36.8 | 18.7 | 6.2 | 9.4 | -49.1 | -66.8 |
| Guajará-Mirim | 7 | 20.7 | 13.6 | 6.7 | -48.8 | -34.1 | -51.2 |
| Alto Paraíso | 8 | 35.0 | 7.6 | 2.4 | -47.3 | -78.2 | -68.2 |
| Buritis | 9 | 12.8 | 5.5 | 4.7 | -17.2 | -57.2 | -13.5 |
| Without LLIN | |||||||
| Porto Velho | A | 43.6 | 35.3 | 19.6 | -20.3 | -19.0 | -44.4 |
| Rio Crespo | B | 63.6 | 25.7 | 21.9 | -67.8 | -59.6 | -14.7 |
| Vale do Anari | C | 20.2 | 17.7 | 27.2 | -40.6 | -12.8 | 54.0 |
| Costa Marques | D | 14.4 | 14.0 | 7.5 | -49.5 | -2.9 | -46.7 |
| Monte Negro | E | 11.1 | 7.5 | 5.4 | -7.6 | -33.0 | -27.9 |
| Pimenteiras do Oeste | F | 25.1 | 7.0 | 4.4 | -10.8 | -72.2 | -37.1 |
| Ariquemes | G | 5.9 | 2.2 | 1.8 | -57.4 | -62.3 | -18.8 |
| Cacaulândia | H | 5.1 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 3.6 | -62.3 | -54.8 |
| Alvorada do Oeste | I | 2.1 | 1.9 | 1.0 | -22.2 | -10.2 | -47.7 |
| Mann Whitney test (p-value) | 0.0244 | 0.0770 | 0.2224 | 0.3865 | 0.3401 | 0.1903 | |
ID: identification; API: annual parasite incidence; LLIN: long-lasting insecticidal nets.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Comparison of API for the years before and after 2012 showed that almost all municipalities in the two groups had reduced API (Table 1). The only exception, with an increased API in 2013, was Vale do Anari, which did not use LLINs. This resulted in a positive percentage variation of API above 50%. However, this outlier did not change the statistical outcome between the two groups for each year, as no significant differences were observed (p> 0.05). Statistical analysis of API variation between 2011 and 2012 also showed no statistically significant differences between groups, suggesting similar API reduction in both groups. The API difference between the two groups was statistically significant only in 2011 (p = 0.0244).
When the API was assessed between 2011 and 2013 (Table 2), it was observed that only the group using LLINs showed a statistically significant difference (Kruskal-Wallis: p = 0.0181), which was higher before the installation of LLINs, 2011-2012 (p = 0.0193). The group without LLINs showed no statistically significant differences in API (p> 0.05). Therefore, the API variation was not so different from the results of the API.
Table 2. Comparative analysis of the API and API variation in the analyzed years, for both groups with and without LLIN.
| Variable analysis | With LLIN (p-value) | Without LLIN (p-value) |
|---|---|---|
| API | ||
| Paired t test | ||
| 2011-2012 | 0.0193 | 0.0670 |
| 2012-2013 | 0.0404 | 0.2672 |
| Tukey's multiple comparison test. Significant? p<0.05? | ||
| 2011-2012 | Y | N |
| 2011-2013 | Y | N |
| 2012-2013 | N | N |
| Dunn's multiple comparison test. Significant? p<0.05? | ||
| 2011-2012 | N | N |
| 2011-2013 | Y | N |
| 2012-2013 | N | N |
| Kruskal-Wallis test | 0.0181 | 0.3078 |
| Kruskal-Wallis test (with versus without LLIN) | 0.0993 | |
| API variation (%) | ||
| Paired t test | ||
| 2011-2012 | 0.0066 | 0.6025 |
| 2012-2013 | 0.4090 | 0.4429 |
| Tukey's multiple comparison test. Significant? p<0.05? | ||
| 2011-2012 | Y | N |
| 2011-2013 | Y | N |
| 2012-2013 | N | N |
| Dunn's multiple comparison test. Significant? p<0.05? | ||
| 2011-2012 | Y | N |
| 2011-2013 | N | N |
| 2012-2013 | N | N |
| Kruskal-Wallis test | 0.0139 | 0.8251 |
| Kruskal-Wallis test (with versus without LLIN) | 0.2285 | |
LLIN: long-lasting insecticidal nets. API: annual parasite incidence. N: no. Y: yes.
However, no statistically significant differences were observed between groups with and without LLINs for both the API and API variation (Kruskal-Wallis test: API: p = 0.0993; API variation: p = 0.2285). The results showed decreased API and similar API variation in both groups. Therefore, LLINs had no impact on malaria incidence in the municipalities in which they were installed. When API values and variation were plotted according to their median and interquartile ranges, a higher decrease in the API variation was observed in the group without LLINs (Fig. 2C, 2D).
Fig. 2. API and API variation scatter dot plot of the municipalities with and without LLIN from 2011 to 2013. Dashed line: median. Solid line: interquartile range. LLIN: long-lasting insecticidal nets. API: annual parasite incidence.
The 2012 installation of LLINs in Rondônia was not accompanied by studies to evaluate their use, effectiveness, and durability, an impediment to in-depth epidemiological and statistical analyses. However, because this control measure had already been implemented, the authors sought to evaluate its effectiveness using available information.
The major mosquito vector found in the Brazilian Amazon feeds predominantly in the early evening, when individuals are outside their homes and not protected by LLINs25. Feeding habits may be a contributing factor to the low API reduction observed in this study. The absence of studies to assess the impact of LLINs on the reduction of vector density and number of bites do not support their large-scale use in this region18.
When evaluated as a malaria control measure, LLIN use was associated with reduced bites and consequent decreases in parasitemia and anemia in resident populations3,26. However, most studies on the efficiency of LLINs are carried out in Africa, where the predominant vectors are other anopheline species with different behaviors13 from Brazilian species11,12,17,19. Moreover, the only study on this subject was carried out in Brazil at the end of the 1990s, and it describes the poor adherence of the population to use mosquito nets23,24, a measure that also did not reduce the incidence of malaria. According to SANTOS (1999)24 among the reasons for the low use of mosquito nets, are the trips, overnights spent in the fields, high temperatures, nights getting out of bed to urinate and constant handling of the mosquito nets, reducing the amount of insecticide impregnated. Another reason for low adherence of the population, is that people can be bitten by mosquitoes on entering and leaving the mosquito net, and if there are holes in the mosquito net, this enables the entry of Anopheles.
The statistical analysis of the API and its annual percentage variation revealed that the use of LLINs in Rondônia municipalities did not significantly reduce the API. The absence of parallel scientific studies to evaluate LLIN use, handling, and impact of associated epidemiological parameters on the incidence of malaria precludes more accurate analyses on their effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses of the control measure of this disease.
Given the significant national reduction of reported malaria cases, especially in the Brazilian Amazon, future control measures aim to eradicate the parasite, making it essential to design scientific evaluation studies alongside the implementation of new strategies for disease control, as these assessments will support decision-making.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank Moreno de Souza Rodrigues for reviewing the statistical analysis.
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