Abstract
Purpose
The aim of this meta-analysis was to compare the complication rates of one-stage bilateral total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with and without drainage in order to identify whether there was no clinical significance and the value of drainage.
Methods
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) based on bilateral TKA with and without drainage were identified via a search of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Wanfang databases, and Google Scholar, which were published up to May 2014. Methodological quality was assessed by the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. After data extraction, we compared the outcomes using fixed-effects or random-effects models depending on the heterogeneity.
Results
Three RCTs involving 125 one-stage bilateral TKA patients with an average follow-up of 14 months met the predetermined inclusion criteria. There were 56 total complications in TKA without drainage and 17 with drainage. Except for less erythema and ecchymosis around the wound in the drainage group, there were no statistical differences in wound healing, wound infection, swelling, and deep vein thrombosis in one-stage bilateral TKA with and without drainage.
Conclusion
The current evidences confirm that both drainage and non-drainage have similar clinical value in one-stage bilateral TKA. However, the conclusion should be used with caution due to the limitations of the current study.
Keywords: Drainage, One-stage, Bilateral, Total knee arthroplasty, Randomized controlled trials
Introduction
Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a standardized highly successful procedure in treating late osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) of knee joints. Drainage is frequently used with the purpose of preventing hematoma accumulation, decreasing the risk of infection, and delaying wound healing in TKA [1]. However, some studies claimed that there was no difference in healing of wounds, postoperative blood transfusions, complications, or range of motion in primary TKA [2-4]. What needs to be noted is that the above findings were based on unilateral TKA, and there may be possible influences of age, sex, systemic disease, reaction to anticoagulants or other medications, and effort and differences in rehabilitation.
Until now, no meta-analyses based on bilateral TKA were conducted to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of drainage. Therefore, it is necessary to have a latest, up-to-date meta-analysis to investigate this issue. In the current study, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to compare complication rates of one-stage bilateral TKA with and without drainage in order to identify the clinical significance and value of drainage.
Methods
Literature search
Electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Wanfang Data, and Google Scholar) were searched for RCTs which were published up to May 2014 without limits by two independent reviewers. The search terms were “drainage” or “drain,” “total knee arthroplasty” or “total knee replacement,” and “bilateral” and “randomized controlled trial”. We also searched the reference lists of related reviews and original articles identified for any relevant trials including clinical trials and RCTs involving adult humans.
Eligibility criteria
Studies were identified according to the following criteria: (1) the study was based on one-stage bilateral TKA, (2) a suction drainage was placed by randomization in only one knee for all patients, with the other knee as self-control, and (3) full text was published in English or Chinese.
Quality assessment
Two investigators independently assessed the methodological quality of each included RCT using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale [5]. The 11 items were based on the Delphi list [6]. Each item was scored “+” or “−” with a maximum score of 10 because criterion 1 was not scored. A trial with a score of 6 or more was considered high quality. Conflicts were resolved by discussion with another investigator.
Data extraction
Both researchers extracted relevant data including study design, sample size, patient age, gender, body mass index, thrombosis prevention, length of follow-up, and all the related complications (wound redness or skin edge necrosis, infection, swelling, and deep vein thrombosis).
Statistical analysis
Meta-analysis was conducted with Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager 5.0. For continuous data, weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used in this study. The statistical method was inverse variance. For dichotomous outcomes, risk ratio (RR) and 95% CI were calculated as the summary statistics. The statistical heterogeneity was tested with the χ2 test and I2 test. I2 < 25% was considered low statistical heterogeneity, I2 < 50% moderate statistical heterogeneity, and I2 < 75% high statistical heterogeneity [7]. If the P value of heterogeneity was less than 0.1, heterogeneity would exist. Then, the random-effects model was used for meta-analysis.
Results
Search results
The literature search initially yielded 130 relevant trials. There were 104 articles after removing duplicates. We excluded 99 articles on the basis of titles and abstracts, leaving five potentially relevant studies. Nevertheless, one study was a prospective clinical controlled trial, but not a RCT, and the general characteristics of patients were unclear [1]; one study was overlapping with another RCT [8]. Finally, only three RCTs met the predetermined inclusion criteria (Figure 1) [9-11].
Figure 1.
Flowchart summarizing the selection process of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
Thirty males and 95 females (total, 125 patients) comprised our final study population, with an average age of 65 years (range, 37–84 years). The average follow-up was 14 months (range, 12–28 months). Table 1 shows the characteristics of each included study population. Surgical procedures were conducted by senior orthopedic surgeons.
Table 1.
Study characteristics
| Study | Study design | Sample size | Mean age (years) | Gender (M/F) | BMI (kg/m 2 ) | Thrombosis prevention | Follow-up(month) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients | Knees | OA | |||||||
| Kim YH et al. 1998 [10] | RCT | 69 | 138 | 84.1% | 64 (37–80) | 7/62 | 26 | NR | 16 (14–28) |
| Xiong MY et al. 2008 [11] | RCT | 16 | 32 | 62.5% | 65 (45–84) | 7/9 | 26 | Aspirin | 12 |
| Fan Y et al. 2013 [12] | RCT | 40 | 80 | 100% | 66.5 (49–75) | 16/24 | NR | LMWH | 12 |
RCT randomized controlled trials, OA osteoarthritis, M/F male/female, BMI body mass index, LMWH low molecular weight heparin, NR not reported.
Characteristics and quality of included studies
The methodological quality of each included RCT was assessed in accordance with the PEDro scale. The results showed that two RCTs were of high and one trial was of low methodological quality. All the studies used the randomized method. Two studies used concealed allocation. No study used the blinding method. The methodological score of each included trial with general remarks is shown in Table 2.
Table 2.
PEDro critical appraisal scores
| Study | PEDro criteria | Total | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | ||
| Kim et al. [9] | − | + | + | + | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | 7 |
| Xiong et al. [10] | − | + | + | + | − | − | − | + | − | + | + | 6 |
| Fan et al. [11] | − | + | − | + | − | − | − | + | − | + | + | 5 |
PEDro criteria: 1. Eligibility criteria. 2. Random allocation. 3. Concealed allocation. 4. Baseline comparability. 5. Participant blinding. 6. Therapist blinding. 7. Assessor blinding. 8. >85% follow-up. 9. Intention-to-treat analysis. 10. Between-groups statistical comparison for at least one key outcome. 11. Point estimates and variability measures for at least one key outcome.
Complications
There were 56 total complications in TKA without drainage and 17 with drainage (Table 3). The forest plot of complication rates indicated statistical difference in TKA between no drainage and drainage (P < 0.01, I2 = 12%) (Figure 2); however, no statistical difference existed when erythema and ecchymosis were excluded (P = 0.87, I2 = 59%) (Figure 3). Besides, there was also no statistical difference in circumference at 10 cm above the patellae on the seventh day after surgery between the two groups (P = 0.16, I2 = 63%) (Figure 4).
Table 3.
Results of complications
| Complications | No drainage | Drainage |
|---|---|---|
| Erythema/ecchymosis | 51 | 9 |
| Skin edge necrosis | 2 | 4 |
| Deep infection | 1 | 2 |
| Calf muscular venous thrombosis | 2 | 1 |
| Wound redness | 0 | 1 |
| Total | 56 | 17 |
Figure 2.
Forest plot for complication rates with erythema and ecchymosis of bilateral TKA with and without drainage.
Figure 3.
Forest plot for complication rates without erythema and ecchymosis of bilateral TKA with and without drainage.
Figure 4.
Forest plot for circumference at 10 cm above the patellae of bilateral TKA with and without drainage.
Discussion
Since the goals of drainage are to prevent hematoma accumulation, to decrease the risk of infection, and finally to obtain a minimum of complications and adverse events, the current study was conducted to objectively evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of drainage in one-stage bilateral TKA. The most significant finding of the present study was that except for less erythema and ecchymosis around the wound in the drainage group, there were no statistical differences in wound healing, wound infection, swelling, and deep vein thrombosis in one-stage bilateral TKA with and without drainage.
According to a survey of all members of the British Orthopedic Association, 94% of surgeons in the United Kingdom, accounting for 80% of all TKA, used closed suction drainage, and the primary reason was fear of hematoma formation and infection [12]. Thus, infection was analyzed first. The latest retrospective study by Demirkale et al. claimed that non-drainage decreased need for blood transfusion and infection rate in bilateral TKA (510 knees in the non-drainage group versus 454 knees in the drainage group) [13]. However, their results showed that the superficial infection rate of non-drainage and drainage was 1.96% and 4.85%, respectively (P = 0.078), and that the deep infection rate was 0.78% and 2.6%, respectively (P = 0.111). Besides, there was also no statistical difference in urinary tract infection, pulmonary embolism, and hemarthrosis between the non-drainage and drainage groups (P > 0.05) [14]. In addition, several meta-analyses based on unilateral TKA proclaimed no statistical difference in complication rates in TKA with and without drainage [3,4,14], which were consistent with the findings of the current meta-analysis.
There were several strengths of the current study. First, we did a thorough search of the published literature; both English and Chinese full texts were included. Second, all the included studies were RCTs with a low risk of bias.
Some possible limitations to this meta-analysis should be pointed out. First, only three RCTs were included in this current study. There might be a potential publication bias. Second, the total number of patients was too small to have much power as expected. Thus, further multi-center studies with more patients should be performed to have a subjective evaluation of postoperative complications, especially revision rate.
In conclusion, the current evidences confirm that drainage and non-drainage have similar clinical significance and value in one-stage bilateral TKA. However, due to the limitations of the current study, our conclusion should be used with caution. Therefore, future studies with high methodological quality and long-term follow-up periods are needed for updated meta-analyses to better evaluate the clinical efficacy and value of drainage.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Ms. Jing Zhu for her help in this study. This work was performed at the Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, China.
Footnotes
Ning Li and Ming Liu contributed equally to this work.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
NL and ML carried out the literature search and data extraction, participated in the statistical analysis, drafted the manuscript, and revised the manuscript. DW conceived the study, coordinated and participated in the entire process of drafting, and revised the manuscript. MH contributed to the statistical analysis and the revision of the manuscript. LX contributed to the literature search, data extraction, statistical analysis, and revision of the manuscript. All authors have contributed significantly. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Authors’ information
NL and ML are considered as co-first authors.
Contributor Information
Ning Li, Email: lining117826@126.com.
Ming Liu, Email: zzliuming@126.com.
Dan Wang, Email: 773912@qq.com.
Mang He, Email: 672368842@qq.com.
Lei Xia, Email: zxzmx@126.com.
References
- 1.Beer KJ, Lombardi AV, Jr, Mallory TH, Vaughn BK. The efficacy of suction drains after routine total joint arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1991;73:584–7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Niskanen RO, Korkala OL, Haapala J, Kuokkanen HO, Kaukonen JP, Salo SA. Drainage is of no use in primary uncomplicated cemented hip and knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis: a prospective randomized study. J Arthroplasty. 2000;15:567–9. doi: 10.1054/arth.2000.6616. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Zhang QD, Guo WS, Zhang Q, Liu ZH, Cheng LM, Li ZR. Comparison between closed suction drainage and nondrainage in total knee arthroplasty: a meta-analysis. J Arthroplasty. 2011;26:1265–72. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2011.02.005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Zhang XN, Wu G, Xu RZ, Bai XZ. Closed suction drainage or non-drainage for total knee arthroplasty: a meta-analysis. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2012;50:1119–25. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.de Morton NA. The PEDro scale is a valid measure of the methodological quality of clinical trials: a demographic study. Aust J Physiother. 2009;55:129–33. doi: 10.1016/S0004-9514(09)70043-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Verhagen AP, de Vet HC, de Bie RA, Kessels AG, Boers M, Bouter LM, et al. The Delphi list: a criteria list for quality assessment of randomized clinical trials for conducting systematic reviews developed by Delphi consensus. J Clin Epidemiol. 1998;51:1235–41. doi: 10.1016/S0895-4356(98)00131-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003;327:557–60. doi: 10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Lin J, Fan Y, Chang X, Wang W, Weng XS, Qiu GX. Comparative study of one stage bilateral total knee arthroplasty with or without drainage. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2009;89:1480–3. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Kim YH, Cho SH, Kim RS. Drainage versus nondrainage in simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasties. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1998;347:188–93. doi: 10.1097/00003086-199802000-00021. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Xiong MY, Zhang HY, Chang YQ. Evaluation for the effect of closed suction drainage for bilateral total knee replacement. Chinese J Practical Medicine. 2008;35:1–2. [Google Scholar]
- 11.Fan Y, Liu Y, Lin J, Chang X, Wang W, Weng XS, et al. Drainage does not promote post-operative rehabilitation after bilateral total knee arthroplasties compared with nondrainage. Chin Med Sci J. 2013;28:206–10. doi: 10.1016/S1001-9294(14)60003-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Chandratreya A, Giannikas K, Livesley P. To drain or not drain: literature versus practice. J R Coll Surg Edinb. 1998;43:404–6. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Demirkale I, Tecimel O, Sesen H, Kilicarslan K, Altay M, Dogan M. Nondrainage decreases blood transfusion need and infection rate in bilateral total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2014;29:993–7. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2013.10.022. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Sun JG, Zhai S, Yuan H. Systematic review of the earlier safety of closed suction drainage for knee arthroplasty. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2009;47:1544–9. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]