Table 1.
Demographics and metabolic measurements
| Type 1 diabetes (n = 21) | Control (n = 17) | |
|---|---|---|
| Sex (male) | 10 (47.6) | 5 (29.4) |
| Age (years) | 15.0 (13.0, 18.0) | 14.0 (12.0, 18.0) |
| Race** | ||
| White | 18 (85.7) | 9 (52.9) |
| Hispanic | 3 (14.3) | 4 (23.5) |
| Black | 0 | 2 (11.8) |
| Other (more than one) | 0 | 2 (11.8) |
| Tanner stage* | ||
| Missing | 1 (4.8) | 0 |
| 2 | 0 | 3 (17.7) |
| 3 | 1 (4.8) | 0 |
| 4 | 4 (19.1) | 7 (41.2) |
| 5 | 15 (71.4) | 7 (41.2) |
| BMI (kg/m2)** | 25.0 ± 4.2 | 21.4 ± 3.9 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 |
| Percent total body muscle mass | 65.9 ± 9.8 | 68.3 ± 8.8 |
| HbA1c (%)*** | 8.2 (6.7, 12.0) | 5.3 (4.7, 5.8) |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol)*** | 66 (50, 108) | 34 (28, 40) |
| Inflammatory markers | ||
| AST (units/L) | 28.5 (19.0, 45.0) | 29.0 (18.0, 62.0) |
| ALT (units/L) | 20.0 (3.0, 38.0) | 19.5 (12.0, 64.0) |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 0.49 (0.12, 7.71) | 0.20 (0.03, 20.60) |
| Interleukin-6 (pg/mL) | 1.25 (1.25, 12.50) | 1.25 (1.25, 11.90) |
| Myloperoxidase (mg/L) | 445.0 ± 193.7 | 433.7 ± 173.2 |
| White blood cells (1 kcell/μg) | 6.2 (3.9, 14.3) | 5.8 (3.4, 7.8) |
| Platelets (1 kcell/μg) | 240.7 ± 57.6 | 251.1 ± 51.2 |
| Lipids | ||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL)** | 140.2 ± 24.9 | 163.2 ± 26.6 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 74.0 (42.0, 112.0) | 83.0 (44.0, 196.0) |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 47.1 ± 9.2 | 46.8 ± 10.9 |
| LDL (mg/dL)* | 78.5 ± 20.7 | 98.9 ± 26.1 |
| FFA baseline (mmol/L)* | 355.8 ± 226.3 | 563.9 ± 212.1 |
| Clamp measurements | ||
| FFA end clamp (mmol/L)* | 33.0 (7.5, 125.0) | 20.5 (15.0, 35.0) |
| Insulin end clamp (mmol/L) | 181.0 (108.0, 812.0) | 213.3 (158.0, 252.0) |
| Glucose end clamp (mg/dL) | 94.7 ± 4.7 | 99.1 ± 9.4 |
| GIR (mg/kglean/min)*** | 10.10 (3.01, 20.78) | 18.92 (9.39, 28.09) |
| Rd (mg/kglean/min)*** | 12.3 ± 4.4 | 19.9 ± 3.9 |
Data are n (%), mean ± SD, or median (minimum, maximum). P values are from χ2 or Fisher exact test, t test, or Kruskal-Wallis test, as appropriate.
*0.01 ≤ P ≤ 0.05;
**0.0001 ≤ P < 0.01;
***P < 0.0001. kcell, representing 1,000 cells.