Abstract
Objective. To investigate the association between bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) rs17563 polymorphism and nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without palate (NSCL/P) risk. Methods. Four online databases were researched and the related publications were collected. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was applied to assess the relationship; publication bias, metaregression, and sensitivity analysis were conducted to guarantee the strength of results. Results. Six published case-control studies were collected. Overall, no significant association between BMP4 rs17563 polymorphism and NSCL/P risk was found. It was notable that significant susceptibility on different ethnicity was observed in the stratified analysis. For Chinese population, the BMP4 rs17563 polymorphism was a significantly increased risk for NSCL/P (C versus T: OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.28–1.82, P < 0.01, I 2 = 0%; CC versus TT: OR = 2.58, 95% CI = 1.74–3.82, P < 0.01, I 2 = 0%; TC + CC versus TT: OR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.14–1.84, P < 0.01, I 2 = 0%; CC versus TT + TC: OR=2.46, 95% CI = 1.46–4.14, P < 0.01, I 2 = 47.0%). On the contrary, significantly protective effects were found in Brazilian population (C versus T: OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.50–0.96, P = 0.03, I 2 = 68.5%; TC versus TT: OR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.40–0.68, P < 0.01, I 2 = 0%; TC + CC versus TT: OR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.35–0.78, P < 0.010, I 2 = 54.4%). Conclusion. This meta-analysis indicated that BMP4 rs17563 polymorphism could play a different role during the development of NSCL/P based on ethnicity diversity.
1. Introduction
Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without palate (NSCL/P) is among the most common birth defects. NSCL/P occurs in approximately 1/700 to 1/1,000 live births in different areas and ethnicities worldwide [1]. Among Chinese newborns, the prevalence of NSCL/P has been reported to reach 1.42/1000. NSCL/P patients are subjected to long-term medical costs and mental disability, thereby causing a substantive burden to their families and the society [2].
Epidemiological studies have indicated that NSCL/P development is due to the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Genetic mutation, unhealthy habits (cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking), vitamin deficiency, and pollution increase the risk of NSCL/P. For genetic factors, approximately 20 genes are involved in the etiology of NSCL/P, including TGF-beta, MTHFR, AXIN2, IRF6, and MSX1 [3–6].
Animal models showed that the bone morphogenetic protein 4 gene (BMP4) is among the potential candidate genes for NSCL/P [7]. Liu et al. reported that all embryos of BMP4 knockout mouse model had bilateral cleft lip at the 12th embryonic day, thereby indicating that the BMP signal pathway is critical for cell proliferation and fusion during the early stage of oral and maxillofacial construction [8]. Moreover, experimental research showed that BMP4 is expressed at the fusional area of mice facial processes, which indicates that BMP4 could serve an important function in regulating lip fusion during midfacial morphogenesis [9].
BMP4 is located at chromosome 14q22-23, contains a cDNA of 1227b with four exons, and encodes the BMP4 protein [10]. One of the most functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of BMP4 gene, rs17563, is currently a research focus. This SNP showed the change from T to C at 538 nucleotide position (538T/C), which is a promising candidate SNP locus associated with positive risk for NSCL/P development.
In 2008, the first molecular epidemiological study was reported by Lin et al. [11]. Significantly increased risk was found between BMP4 rs17563 and NSCL/P. Many studies have been published on this topic, but the results were inconsistent. Therefore, we conducted this meta-analysis to clarify the association between BMP4 rs17563 and NSCL/P.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Search Strategy
Four electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, CNKI, and Wanfang) were searched to collect related studies. Only studies in English and Chinese were selected. The research terms included “bone morphogenetic protein 4,” “BMP4,” “nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without palate,” “cleft,” “palate,” and “polymorphism.” Furthermore, the bibliographies of some review articles were retrospectively used as complements to identify potential studies.
2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
All selected studies met the following inclusion criteria: (1) case-control or cohort design study on NSCL/P; (2) focus on BMP4 rs17563 polymorphism; (3) sufficient genotype frequency to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI); and (4) being published in English or Chinese. Exclusion criteria include (1) review articles; (2) case reports; (3) preliminary results that do not include BMP4 rs17563 gene polymorphism or outcome; and (4) animal models researchers. The largest or most recently published studies were selected when similar or overlapping data are present.
2.3. Data Extraction
Data, that is, senior author's name, year of publication, sources of controls, country where the study was conducted, ethnicity of participants (such as Asian or Caucasian), genotyping method, and number of different genotypes of cases and controls, were extracted from relevant studies collected. The abovementioned data was independently completed by two reviewers (Hu and Qin). A third reviewer (Deng) examined all discrepancies in the analyses for consistency. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was calculated based on the genotypes in the controls.
2.4. Statistical Analysis
Heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran's Q statistic and I 2 method. The strength of the association between the NSCL/P and BMP4 rs17563 polymorphism risk was assessed by crude ORs with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), which comprised the following models: allele contrast (C versus T); codominant (TC versus TT and CC versus TT); dominant (TC + CC versus TT); and recessive (CC versus TT + TC). If the P value < 0.10 or I 2 was greater than 40%, the summary OR estimation was calculated with a random-effect model (DerSimonian and Laird method). Otherwise, the fixed-effect model (Mantel-Haenszel method) was adopted. Cumulative meta-analyses and sensitivity analysis were conducted to evaluate the stability of the results for each model. Potential publication bias was evaluated by Egger's linear regression and Begg's funnel plots. To adjust for multiple comparisons, we applied Bonferroni method with R software. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA version 11.0 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA) and R software (version 3.1.1). All P values were two-sided. P < 0.05 was considered significant.
3. Results
3.1. Study Characteristic
Thirty-three relevant studies were selected based on the search words. The flow chart of study selection is presented in Figure 1. After screening the titles and duplicated reports, 21 of the publications were excluded. Abstracts and full texts of the remaining 12 articles were reviewed, and six studies were subsequently excluded. Finally, six publications with eligible genotypes were selected. These studies included 1,040 cases and 1,260 controls [12–17] and were subjected to meta-analysis. No study deviated from HWE. Also, the minor allele frequency of the C allele ranged from 0.27 to 0.52. The characteristics of included studies are summarized in Table 1.
Figure 1.
Flow diagram of the study selection process.
Table 1.
Characteristics of case-control studies on BMP4 rs17563 T>C polymorphism and NSCL/P risk included in the meta-analysis.
| First author | Year | Country | Racial/descent | Source of controls | Case | Control | Genotype distribution | P for HWEa | Genotyping type | MAF | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Control | ||||||||||||||
| TT | TC | CC | TT | TC | CC | ||||||||||
| Jianyan et al. [17] | 2010 | Chinese | Asian | Hospital control | 200 | 200 | 74 | 90 | 36 | 89 | 94 | 17 | 0.258 | PCR-RFLP | 0.32 |
| Wang [12] | 2012 | Chinese | Asian | Hospital control | 65 | 65 | 21 | 32 | 12 | 32 | 28 | 5 | 0.740 | PCR-RFLP | 0.29 |
| You [13] | 2013 | Chinese | Asian | Population control | 116 | 123 | 40 | 40 | 36 | 46 | 66 | 11 | 0.063 | PCR-RFLP | 0.36 |
| Araújo [14] | 2012 | Brazilian | Mixed | Population control | 123 | 246 | 49 | 53 | 21 | 52 | 130 | 64 | 0.351 | PCR-RFLP | 0.52 |
| Antunes [15] | 2013 | Brazilian | Mixed | Hospital control | 382 | 436 | 176 | 147 | 59 | 150 | 224 | 62 | 0.137 | Taqman | 0.40 |
| Jin [16] | 2013 | Chinese | Asian | Hospital control | 154 | 190 | 66 | 70 | 18 | 104 | 69 | 17 | 0.264 | PCR-RFLP | 0.27 |
aHWE in control.
MAF: minor allele frequency.
3.2. Meta-Analysis
In general, no significant association was found between NSCL/P and BMP4 rs17563 polymorphism in the meta-analysis of five genotype models. Interestingly, the two ethnicities (Chinese Han and Brazilian) showed different susceptibilities to NSCL/P development. For the Chinese population, BMP4 rs17563 polymorphism possibly contributed to a significant increase in NSCL/P risk (for allele contrast, C versus T: OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.28–1.82, P < 0.01, I 2 = 0%; codominant model, CC versus TT: OR = 2.58, 95% CI = 1.74–3.82, P < 0.01, I 2 = 0%; dominant model, TC + CC versus TT: OR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.14–1.84, P < 0.01, I 2 = 0%, Figure 2; and recessive model, CC versus TT + TC: OR = 2.46, 95% CI = 1.46–4.14, P < 0.01, I 2 = 47.0%). By contrast, significantly protective effects were found in the Brazilian population (for allele contrast, C versus T: OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.50–0.96, P = 0.03, I 2 = 68.5%; for codominant model, TC versus TT: OR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.40–0.68, P < 0.01, I 2 = 0%; and for dominant model, TC + CC versus TT: OR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.35–0.78, P < 0.010, I 2 = 54.4%, Figure 2). Furthermore, no substantial changes were found about the adjusted P value in the five genetic models of overall and subgroup analysis; it also showed that the statistical results were reliable. Heterogeneity was found in all genotype models. Metaregression was conducted and the results indicated that ethnicity could explain the τ 2 values in the genetic models (for C versus T, P = 0.006; for TC versus TT, P = 0.033; for CC versus TT, P = 0.019; for TC + CC versus TT, P = 0.006; for CC versus TT + TC, P = 0.058). The subsequently stratified analysis indicated that heterogeneity was absent in the Asian population (Table 2).
Figure 2.
OR and 95% CIs for the association between BMP4 rs17563 polymorphism and NSCL/P risk in TC + CC versus TT model.
Table 2.
Summary ORs and 95% CI of BMP4 rs17563 T>C polymorphism and NSCL/P risk.
| N * | C vs. T | TC vs. TT | CC vs. TT | TC + CC vs. TT | CC vs. TT + TC | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | P | I 2 (%)a | Bon | OR | 95% CI | P | I 2 (%)a | Bon | OR | 95% CI | P | I 2 (%)a | Bon | OR | 95% CI | P | I 2 (%)a | Bon | OR | 95% CI | P | I 2 (%)a | Bon | ||
| Total | 6 | 1.17 | 0.81–1.68 | 0.40 | 87.6 | 1 | 0.88 | 0.56–1.38 | 0.58 | 81.7 | 1 | 1.51 | 0.72–3.15 | 0.27 | 85.9 | 1 | 1.01 | 0.63–1.63 | 0.96 | 85.7 | 1 | 1.63 | 0.91–2.90 | 0.10 | 80.3 | 0.49 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese | 4 | 1.52 | 1.28–1.82 | <0.01 | 0 | <0.01 | 1.21 | 0.83–1.76 | 0.32 | 49.2 | 1 | 2.58 | 1.74–3.82 | <0.01 | 0 | <0.01 | 1.45 | 1.14–1.84 | <0.01 | 0 | 0.02 | 2.46 | 1.46–4.14 | <0.01 | 47.0 | <0.01 |
| Brazilian | 2 | 0.69 | 0.50–0.96 | 0.03 | 68.5 | 0.14 | 0.52 | 0.40–0.68 | <0.01 | 0 | <0.01 | 0.55 | 0.24–1.26 | 0.16 | 79.3 | 0.78 | 0.52 | 0.35–0.78 | <0.01 | 54.4 | <0.01 | 0.83 | 0.45–1.54 | 0.55 | 70.7 | 1 |
*Numbers of comparisons.
aThe variation in OR attributable to heterogeneity.
Bon: P value with Bonferroni testing of multiple comparisons.
3.3. Sensitivity Analysis
Each study in the meta-analysis was deleted one by one to reflect the effect of an individual dataset to the pooled ORs. The results were consistent (Figure 3 for the dominant model) in the genetic model studies, indicating that our results are statistically robust.
Figure 3.
Sensitivity analysis through deleting each study to reflect the influence of the individual dataset to the pooled ORs in TC + CC versus TT model of BMP4 rs17563 polymorphism.
3.4. Publication Bias
Funnel plot and Egger's test were performed to estimate the publication bias of the studies. The shapes of the funnel plots in all genetic models failed to reveal any asymmetrical evidence. Figure 4 shows the shapes of the funnel plots of the dominant model, which was used in the studies to examine the populations. The result was further supported after data analysis using Egger's test. No significant publication bias was found in this meta-analysis (P = 0.208 for C versus T; P = 0.394 for TC versus TT; P = 0.213 for CC versus TT; P = 0.320 for TC + CC versus TT; P = 0.256 for CC versus TT + TC).
Figure 4.
Funnel plot analysis to detect publication bias for TC + CC versus TT model of BMP4 rs17563 polymorphism. Each point represents a separate study.
4. Discussion
NSCL/P is the most common congenital malformation of the oral and maxillofacial region and is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Molecular research showed that many signaling pathways participate in the connection and fusion of the epithelium during the development of lip and palate. MTHFR, IRF6, MSX1, and TGF are proven risk factors for NSCL/P.
Recently, a number of studies focused on the mechanism of BMP4 during NSCL/P development. Immunohistochemical studies show that BMP4 could be expressed in the edge epithelium at the fusion of the maxillary prominence, which forms the lateral parts of the upper lip and the secondary palate [9, 18]. In an experiment using BMP4 gene knockout mice, nearly all embryos exhibited cleft lip [8]. All studies indicate that the BMP4 gene is a promising candidate for NSCL/P.
BMP4, located at chromosome 14q22-23, is a member of the BMP family and belongs to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily. In 1999, Mangino first reported a promising candidate SNP in the human BMP4 gene, in which the amino acid valine was replaced by alanine in exon 4 (Val152Ala) [19]. In 2008, Lin et al. [11] were the first to report that the CC genotype was associated with a significantly increased risk of NSCL/P compared with the TT genotype (ORs = 2.83, 95% CI: 1.46–5.47, and P = 0.002). The same results were also found in the overlapping and expanding data of Jianyan and colleagues [17]. However, results from association analysis have not been consistent. Interestingly, all published reports focused on Chinese and Brazilian populations. In a study of a Northeast China population in 2013, Jin found that the TC genotype elevated the risk for NSCL/P compared with the TT genotype (OR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.02–2.52, and P = 0.042) [16]. Furthermore, other studies provided further evidence of the significant association between BMP4 rs17563 C mutation and NSCL/P risk [12, 13]. Two studies revealed conflicting conclusions in a Brazilian population. Araújo et al. [14] found that the BMP4 rs17563 C allele may have a protective effect on NSCL/P occurrence (OR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.25–0.65, and P = 0.00018). Antunes et al. [15] suggested that BMP4 rs17563 polymorphism could be a clinically important protective factor in NSCL/P etiology. Ethnicity differences may be the most critical factor affecting diverse NSCL/P susceptibility among the Chinese and Brazilian populations.
In our meta-analysis, the nucleotide mutation form T to C of BMP4 rs17563 will increase the risk of developing NSCL/P in Chinese population; on the contrary, the protective effects of T allele were found in Brazilian population. The different or adverse results indicated that the BMP4 rs17563 polymorphism maybe play a different role during the development of NSCL/P in different ethnicity.
This meta-analysis has several limitations. First, all results were from unadjusted estimates and lacked the original data from the included studies. The relationship between gene-environment interactions and NSCL/P development was not explained. Second, because of the small sample size and the limited number of publications, the exact association between BMP4 rs17563 C mutation and NSCL/P risk was not revealed. Third, only studies on Chinese and Brazilian populations were included in our meta-analysis, thereby suggesting the presence of ethnicity bias.
In summary, our meta-analysis primarily indicated that BMP4 rs17563 polymorphism may serve an important function in the development of NSCL/P based on ethnicity differences. Future case-control studies with large sample sizes are required to investigate the potential mechanism between BMP4 rs17563 polymorphism and NSCL/P.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledged the support of the subjects who participated in this study. This study was partly supported by the Foundation of Ministry of Education of Hubei Province (D20142102).
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Authors' Contribution
Yuan-Yuan Hu, Chuan-Qi Qin, and Mo-Hong Deng contributed equally to this work.
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