Provide optimized antidepressant monotherapy with multiple drugs before considering antidepressant polypharmacy

Summary

Many patients with chronic or recurring major depressive disorder have suboptimal responses to the wide range of antidepressant medications available. When confronted with these patients, clinicians may augment the original antidepressant with other medications, including adjunctive treatment with a second or third antidepressant. Although it is a widely-used practice among psychiatrists and primary care physicians in high-income countries, evidence for the benefits of this type of antidepressant polypharmacy is limited. Care should be taken to utilize this approach only after failure of optimized monotherapy with different classes of antidepressants.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a chronic recurrent condition. With the advent of efficacious antidepressants in the 1950s and 1960s, the treatment paradigm for this disorder shifted dramatically. There are now a large number of antidepressants with clear benefits in the treatment of MDD, but-given the chronic and recurring nature of this syndrome-many patients have suboptimal responses to these medications. When confronted with these patients, clinicians often resort to augmention of a primary antidepressant with other medications, including second and third antidepressant medications. Sometimes a second antidepressant is used to target a specific symptom, such as using trazodone or mirtazapine for sleep, but at other times the second antidepressant is to improve the overall therapeutic outcome. While these practices are common, the evidence to support polypharmacy with antidepressants to improve efficacy is minimal.

Combining antidepressants may be useful in some special cases, but there is little evidence to support making this a standard approach for managing treatment-resistant depression. The potential benefits of antidepressant polypharmacy include potentiation of the partial effectiveness of the initial monotherapy regimen, particularly in resistant depressive cases that show limited benefit from multiple monotherapy switch treatments. Most of the benefit of this type of polypharmacy occurs in individuals with unipolar depression. Various risks of antidepressant polypharmacy include: (a) drug-drug interactions and the impact on medication metabolism; (b) the potential for increased adverse effects, increased rates of treatment-emergent mania, or cycling of bipolar affective patients; (c) increased financial burden; and (d) increased risk of patients’ medication errors.

Despite the absence of robust evidence, anti-depressant polypharmacy has become common-place among psychiatrists in high-income countries, particularly among patients classified as ‘treatment-resistant’ due to failure of multiple monotherapy trials. In a study of office-based psychiatric practices between 1996 and 2006 based on the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, [1] polypharmacy with two or more antidepressants was disproportionately more common among adults 45 to 64 years of age versus those 18 to 44, and it was significantly more common in women than in men. In a separate chart review of 135 patients, [2] antidepressant polypharmacy was no better than antidepressant monotherapy in terms of medication response (based on changes in the Clinical Global Impressions Scale (CGI) score), clinical response, or remission rates. This paper also reported that many of the monotherapy trials patients had received prior to ‘graduating’ to antidepressant polypharmacy were inadequate either in dose or duration. This lends to the concern that general psychiatric practitioners may initiate polypharmacy prematurely, before the effectiveness of monotherapy is fully tested.

The combination of mirtazapine and venlafaxine-termed ‘California rocket fuel’-was widely publicized as an effective regimen for treatment-resistant depression. A little over a decade ago, this set off a popular trend among clinicians of utilizing multiple adjunct antidepressants to treat recurrent and severe depression. However, data from the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) study[3] did not find significantly increased remission rates of patients taking the mirtazapine plus venlafaxine combination versus those on monotherapy with tranylcypromine. However, the side effect profiles and overall tolerability were more favorable with the combination regimen than when using a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. The more recent large-scale Combining Medications to Enhance Depression Outcomes (CO-MED) study[4] again failed to show that antidepressant polypharmacy was superior to antidepressant monotherapy.

The prevalence of antidepressant use among adults in the community in the United States has increased 3- to 4-fold over the last 15 years, reaching an astounding 8-10% of the adult population by 2010.[5] Despite the lack of evidence of effectiveness of antidepressant polypharmacy, as part of this general increase in the use of antidepressants, antidepressant polypharmacy has also increased. Healthplan database reviews in 2011 found that antidepressant polypharmacy was present in 2% of 1615 older adults participating in the health plan and in 3% of 4854 younger adults.[6]

Although it is a widely-used practice among psychiatrists and primary care physicians in high-income countries, given the very limited evidence of effectiveness, care should be taken to limit use of antidepressant polypharmacy approaches to the very small number of cases that have failed optimized monotherapy with a variety of antidepressants from different classes. For patients who continue to demonstrate treatment resistance after multiple adequate monotherapy trials, alternative treatment modalities should probably be considered before resorting to antidepressant polypharmacy. These alternative approaches include electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), and ketamine, all of which-unlike antidepressant polypharmacy-have shown efficacy in treatment-resistant patients. These alternative treatments have very different mechanisms of action so, unlike antidepressant polypharmacy, they may be able to overcome treatment resistance that develops to conventional antidepressant agents.

Biography

Tammy Saah, MD, is a senior associate and the first Treatment Resistant Depression Fellow in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Emory University. Dr. Saah is involved in the development of the Treatment Resistant Depression (TRD) Clinic at Emory and a supervisor in the department’s Dialectical Behavior Therapy group. Dr. Saah’s clinical and research interests are focused in TRD, with an emphasis on advanced psychopharmacology, novel therapeutics, and neuromodulation.