Abstract
Echinophora Platyloba D.C as a medicinal plant is used for preservation of foods and treatment of many diseases in different regions of Iran. The present study was undertaken to determine the chemical composition and investigation of the antibacterial effects of essential oil as well as methanol extract from aerial part of Echinophora Platyloba D.C against S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, S. Thyphimurium and E. coli. Chemical analysis using gas chromatography and mass spectrophotometry (GC/MS) showed that ocimene (26.51%), 2,3-Dimethyl-cyclohexa-1,3-diene (9.87%), alpha-pinene (7.69%) and gamma-dodecanolactone (5.66%) were dominant components of essential oil and the main constituents of methanol extract were o-Cymene (28.66%), methanol (8.50%), alpha-pinene (7.42%) and gamma-decalactone (5.20%). The essential oil showed strong antimicrobial activity against tested bacteria, whereas the methanol extract almost remained inactive against gram-negative bacteria. The most sensitive bacteria to essential oil and extract of Echinophora Platyloba D.C were L. mono-cytogenes and S. aureus. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of essential oil against L. monocytogenes and S. aureus were 6250 and 12500 ppm, respectively. MIC of methanol extract against S. aureus and L. monocytogenes was 25000 ppm. Therefore, purifying and evaluation of antibacterial effects of the active substances of the essential oil and methanol extract of this plant for future application as antibacterial agents and food preservatives to combat pathogenic and toxigenic microorganisms is recommended.
Key Words: Antimicrobial activity, Echinophora Platyloba D.C, Essential oil, Methanol extract
Introduction
Due to the side effects of chemical and synthetic antimicrobial agents and emerging increase in bacterial resistances to current antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents, more studies have been recently focused on characterization of novel potential natural antimicrobial agents from plant, animal and microbial sources.1 Plants are rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites, such as tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids and flavonoids, which have been reported to have in vitro antimicrobial properties.2 Essential oils and their components are gaining increasing interest because of their relatively safe status, their wide acceptance by consumers and their exploitation for potential multi-purpose functional use.3 Many researchers have reported the antimicrobial, antifungal and anti-oxidant properties of essential oils.4-8
A knowledge of the chemical constituents of plants is desirable not only for the discovery of therapeutic agents but because such information may be of value in disclosing new sources of such economic materials as tannins, oils, gums, precursors for the synthesis of complex chemical substances, etc. In addition, the knowledge of the chemical constituents of plants would further be valuable in discovering the actual value of folkloric remedies.5 The genus Echinophora (Umbelliferae, subfamily Apioideae, tribe Echinophoreae), is represented in the plant flora of Iran.9 Echinophora Platyloba D.C, a member of the Umbelliferae family, is a perennial plant, distributed only in Mediterranean region mostly at maritime sands also which could be found in some central and western provinces of Iran.6,10 The underground rhizome has a wide growth and the erected stem is full of branches. Leaves end with spines. It blossoms from June to September. In Iran, fresh and dried aerial parts of some of these species are added to cheese and yoghurt for flavoring, the species of the Echinophora genera are also used in folk medicine to heal wounds and to treat gastric ulcers due to its anti-fungal, carminative, and digestive properties,11 as a stimulant and an invigorator of the stomach and its anti-microbial and anti-cancer effects have been shown, recently.12
The objectives of this study were 1) to determine the chemical composition (based on GC-MS results) of hydro-distilled essential oils and methanol extract of Echinophora Platyloba D.C and 2) to investigate their antibacterial activities.
Materials and Methods
Plant material. The aerial parts of Echinophora Platyloba D.C was collected during flowering stage (10th June to 15th August 2010) from Maragheh city, northwest of Iran and identified by the Herbarium of West Azerbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resource Center, Urmia, Iran (Voucher specimen no. : 6502). Then, it was dried and ground into powder. The prepared powder was kept in tight containers protected completely from light.
Preparation of the essential oil. Dry aerial parts (100 g) of Echinophora Platyloba D.C were subjected to the hydrodistillation for 2.5 hr, using a clevenger-type apparatus, according to the method recommended by the European Pharmacopia.13,14 The obtained essential oil was dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and stored at 4 ˚C for further experiments.
Preparation of methanol extract. The air-dried and finely ground sample was extracted using the method described previously.15 Briefly, 100 g of sample were extracted in a Soxhlet with methanol in 60 ˚C for 6 hr. The extracts were then filtered with Whatman filter paper number 1 and concentrated in vacuo at 45 ˚C by a rotary evaporator (Heidolph laborta 4003, Schwabach, Germany) yielding a waxy material. Extracts were concentrated in vacuo, dried, and kept in the dark at 4 ˚C until tested.
Analysis of the essential oil and extract. Chemical composition of the essential oil and extract were analyzed by gas chromatography. The gas chromatograph (Agilent 6890, Swindon, UK) was equipped with an HP-5MS capillary column (30 × 0.25 mm ID × 0.25 mm film thickness) and the data were taken under the following conditions: initial temperature 50 °C, temperature ramp 5 °C per min, 240 °C min to 300 °C (holding for 3 min), and injector temperature at 290 °C. The carrier gas was helium and the split ratio was 0.8 mL-1 per min. For confirmation of results, essential oil was also analyzed by gas chromato-graphy mass spectrometry (Agilent 6890 gas chromatograph equipped with an Agilent 5973 mass-selective detector; Agilent, Swindon, UK) and the same capillary column and analytical conditions were used as mentioned above. The MS was run in electron-ionization mode with ionization energy of 70 eV (Wiley-VCH 2001, Weinheim, Germany).
Bacterial strains. The essential oil and extract were individually tested against two gram-negative (S. Thyphimurium ATCC 13311 and E. coli ATCC 43894) and two gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus ATCC 6538, L. monocytogenes ATCC 19118). Lyophilized cultures of the organisms were obtained from the culture collection of the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
Micro-well dilution assay. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of the essential oil and extract were studied for the bacterial strains in micro plates. The inocula of the bacterial strains were prepared from 18 hr nutrient broth cultures and suspensions were adjusted to 0.5 McFarland standard turbidity. Essential oil and extract were dissolved in 10% dimethyl sulfoxide. Then, the solution firstly was diluted to the highest concentration (100000 ppm) as a stock solution, and then serial two-fold dilutions were made in a concentration range from 1562.5 to 100000 ppm in nutrient broth. Minimum inhibitory concentration values of essential oil and extract against bacterial strains were determined based on a micro-well dilution method. The 96-well plates were prepared dispensing 160 µL of nutrient broth and 20 µL of the inoculums into each well. A 20 µL aliquot from the stock solutions of essential oil initially prepared at the concentration of 100000 ppm were added into the first wells. Then, 20 µL from their serial dilutions was transferred into consecutive wells. The last well containing 180 µL of nutrient broth without any chemical compound and 20 µL of the inoculum on each strip which were used as the negative control. The final volume in each well was 200 µL.16 The plates were covered with a sterile plate sealer. Contents of each well were mixed on plate shaker at 300 rpm for 20 sec and then incubated at appropriate temperatures for 24 hr. Microbial growth was determined by absorbance at 600 nm using the ELx 800 universal micro-plate reader (Biotek Instrument Inc., Winooski, VT, USA) and confirmed by plating 5 µL samples from clear wells on nutrient agar medium. The MIC and MBC were defined as the lowest concentration of the compounds to inhibit the growth of microorganisms and show bactericidal effects on micro-organisms, respectively.17,18
Statistical analysis. All data were expressed as mean ± standard deviations (SD) of triplicate measure-ments. Data analysis was performed using Graphpad Prism (Version 5.0 for Windows, Graphpad software, San Diego, CA, USA).
Results
The yield of essential oil and methanol extract were 0.3% and 1.5% (v/W) based on dry weight, respectively. The chemical compositions of E. platyloba D.C essential oil and extract are summarized in Tables 1 and 2. Ninety and 21 compounds were characterized representing 85.42% and 91.68% of the total content of essential oil and methanol extract, respectively.
Table 1.
Chemical composition (%) of Echinophora Platyloba D.C essential oil analyzed by GC/MS.
| Compound | KI | Composition |
|---|---|---|
| Sum | - | 85.42 |
| Hexanal | 806 | 1.25 |
| 2,3-Dimethyl-cyclohexa-1,3-diene | 863 | 9.87 |
| Alpha-pinene | 948 | 7.69 |
| Ocimene | 958 | 26.51 |
| Beta-linalool | 1082 | 1.80 |
| Benzopyran | 1342 | 1.18 |
| Cyclohexene, 2-ethenyl-1,3,3-trimethyl | 1105 | 1.44 |
| 2,5-Octadecadiynoic acid, methyl ester | 2112 | 2.30 |
| Caryophyllene | 1494 | 2.48 |
| Dihydropseudoionone | 1420 | 1.48 |
| Gamma-dodecanolactone | 1582 | 5.84 |
| 4-(2,2-Dimethyl-6-methylenecyclohexylidene) -3-methylbutan-2-1 |
1475 | 1.13 |
| Nerolidol | 1564 | 5.66 |
| All-trans-farnesol | 1710 | 3.30 |
| Gamma-dodecalactone | 1582 | 3.28 |
| Heptacosane | 2705 | 2.10 |
| Nonacosane | 2904 | 4.11 |
| Cis-Z-alpha-bisabolene epoxide | 1531 | 1.11 |
| 2-[4-6-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)hexa-1,3,5-trienyl]cyclohex-1-en-1-carboxaldehyde | 2561 | 2.89 |
Table 2.
Chemical composition (%) of Echinophora Platyloba D.C methanolic extract analyzed by GC/MS.
| Compound | KI | Composition |
|---|---|---|
| Sum | - | 91.68 |
| Methanol | 315 | 8.50 |
| Alpha-pinene | 948 | 7.42 |
| Beta-terpinene | 1071 | 1.49 |
| Beta-myrcene | 993 | 3.22 |
| O-cymene | 1028 | 28.66 |
| beta.-cis-Ocimene | 1040 | 9.77 |
| Isopinocarveol | 1198 | 1.06 |
| Beta-Linalool | 1109 | 4.99 |
| 13-Tetradece-11-yn-1-ol | 1663 | 1.08 |
| 2-Nonenal | 1161 | 1.31 |
| Naphthalene | 1157 | 3.47 |
| 5-Isopropenyl-2-methyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]-heptan-2-ol | 1294 | 1.42 |
| Acetic acid | 1009 | 1.84 |
| Trans-Z-alpha-bisabolene epoxide | 1746 | 1.34 |
| 5,6,6-Trimethyl-5-(3-oxobut-1-enyl)-1-oxaspiro[2.5]octan-4-1 | 1442 | 1.00 |
| Gamma-decalactone | 1431 | 5.20 |
| Formic acid | 1576 | 1.24 |
| Spathulenol | 1699 | 2.92 |
| Trans-Farnesol | 2021 | 3.17 |
| 2-Butyloxycarbonyloxy-1,1,10-trimethyl-6,9-epidioxydecalin | 3942 | 1.60 |
| 1.3-Ethyl-5-(2'-ethylbutyl)octadecane | 3430 | 1.00 |
The major compound of essential oil was ocimene (26.51%), following by 2,3 Dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene (9.87%), alphapinene (7.96%), gamma-dodecalactone (5.84%) and nerolidol (5.66%). Ocimene (28.66%) was the most abundant components in E. platyloba D.C methanol extract and the other major components were beta-cis-ocimene (9.77%), methanol (8.57%), alpha-pinene (7.42%), gamma.-decalactone (5.20%) and beta-linalool (4.99%). The minimum inhibitory concentration and MBC values of E. platyloba D.C essential oil and extract on different kinds of bacteria in this study are summarized in Tables 3 and 4. The essential oil showed strong antimicrobial activity against tested bacteria, whereas the methanol extract almost remained inactive against gram-negative bacteria. The most sensitive bacteria to essential oil and extract of Echinophora Platyloba D.C were L. monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aurues, MIC values of essential oil against L. monocytogenes and S. aureus were 6250 and 12500 ppm, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration of extract against S. aureus and L. monocytogenes was 25000 ppm.
Table 3.
Antimicrobial properties (MIC and MBC) of Echinophora Platyloba D.C essential oil.
| Microorganisms | MIC (ppm) | MBC (ppm) |
|---|---|---|
| S. aureus | 12500 | 25000 |
| L. monocytogenes | 6250 | 6250 |
| E. coli | 50000 | |
| S. typhimurium |
No effect was determined while the highest concentration was used.
Table 4.
Antimicrobial properties (MIC, MBC) of Echinophora Platyloba D.C methanolic extract.
| Microorganisms | MIC (ppm) | MBC (ppm) |
|---|---|---|
| S. aureus | 25000 | |
| L. monocytogenes | 25000 | |
| E. coli | ||
| S. typhimurium |
No effect was determined while the highest concentration was used.
Discussion
The oil composition of different species from Echinophora genus has been studied and various compounds such as 3-carene,9 (E)-β-ocimene,19 a-phellandrene20 and delta-3-carene21 have been reported as the first major constituent. Rahimi-Nasrabadi et al. indicated that major essential oil composition of the aerial parts of Echinophora platyloba growing wild in Isfahan province of Iran is bata-ocimene, delta-3-carene and limonene which are quite consistent with the results of chemical analysis of current study.19
Most studies concerning the antimicrobial mode of action of essential oil constituents have been performed on bacteria, gram-negative bacteria are generally less susceptible than gram-positive bacteria.22 The outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria contains hydrophilic lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which create a barrier toward macromolecules and hydrophobic compounds, providing gram-negative bacteria with higher tolerance toward hydrophobic antimicrobial compounds like those found in essential oils.23 Minimum inhibitory concentration and MBC values of E. platyloba D.C essential oil on different kinds of bacteria in this study indicated the notable sensitivity of gram-positive bacteria and the relative susceptibility of gram-negative bacteria.
An study by Entezari et al. indicated that methanolic extract of E. platyloba D.C can inhibit the growth of two bacterial species of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa.3 In the current study S. aureus was one of the most sensitive tested bacteria to essential oil and extract of Echinophora Platyloba D.C as well and it’s growth was inhibited in MIC values of 12500 and 25000 ppm for essential oil and extract, respectively.
Results of this study suggested that E. platyloba D.C essential oil and extract have potential effects as antimicrobial agents. Main components of essential oil and extract, such as ocimene, α-pinene, myrcene and α-phellandrene have been previously reported to have antibacterial activity.11
The carvacrol precursor p-cymene is a monoterpene that has a benzene ring without any functional groups on its side chains. P-cymene has a high affinity for membranes and causes membrane expansion and affect the membrane potential of intact cells.24 P-cymene had a negligible effect on the protein synthesis of E. coli cells, while its effect on the membrane potential resulted in decreased cell motility, as a proton motive force is needed for flagellar movement.25
Terpenes are hydrocarbons produced from combination of several isopreneunits (C5H8). In a large scale experiment, limonene, α-pinene, β-pinene, δ-3-carene, sabinene, and α-terpinene showed no or low antimicrobial activity against 25 different genera of bacteria that pose problems in animals, plants, and food products.26 Koutsoudaki et al. compared the antibacterial effects of α-pinene, β-pinene, p-cymene, β-myrcene, β-caryophyllene, limonene and γ-terpinene on E. coli, S. aureus and Bacillus cereus, their antimicrobial activity were low or absent.27 The p-cymene and γ-terpinene were ineffective as fungicides against Saccharomyces cerevisiae.28 These in vitro tests indicate that terpenes are inefficient as antimicrobials when applied as single compounds.
In conclusion, regarding this study, it is clear that E. platyloba D.C essential oil and its methanol extract indeed exhibit antibacterial activity. Its antibacterial activity against L. monocytogenes was the highest followed by S. aureus and E. coli. Therefore, it can be suggested to purify and evaluate the antibacterial effects of active substances of E. platyloba D.C essential oil and methanol extract for therapeutic or industrial utilization.
Acknowledgments
This work was financially supported by Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University and Food and Beverage Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran. The authors wish to thank Dr. H. Hasanzadazar and Mrs. M. Heydari for their technical assistance.
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