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. 2014 Nov 20;42(2):197–209. doi: 10.1007/s00259-014-2949-6

The diagnostic value of PET/CT imaging with the 68Ga-labelled PSMA ligand HBED-CC in the diagnosis of recurrent prostate cancer

Ali Afshar-Oromieh 1,2,✉, Eleni Avtzi 1, Frederik L Giesel 1,2, Tim Holland-Letz 3, Heinz G Linhart 4, Matthias Eder 5, Michael Eisenhut 5, Silvan Boxler 6, Boris A Hadaschik 6, Clemens Kratochwil 1,2, Wilko Weichert 7, Klaus Kopka 5, Jürgen Debus 8, Uwe Haberkorn 1,2
PMCID: PMC4315487  PMID: 25411132

Abstract

Purpose

Since the introduction of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with 68Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC (=68Ga-DKFZ-PSMA-11), this method has been regarded as a significant step forward in the diagnosis of recurrent prostate cancer (PCa). However, published data exist for small patient cohorts only. The aim of this evaluation was to analyse the diagnostic value of 68Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT in a large cohort and the influence of several possibly interacting variables.

Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis in 319 patients who underwent 68Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT from 2011 to 2014. Potential influences of several factors such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level and doubling time (DT), Gleason score (GSC), androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), age and amount of injected tracer were evaluated. Histological verification was performed in 42 patients after the 68Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT. Tracer uptake was measured in 901 representative tumour lesions.

Results

In 82.8 % of the patients at least one lesion indicative of PCa was detected. Tumor-detection was positively associated with PSA level and ADT. GSC and PSA-DT were not associated with tumor-detection. The average maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of tumour lesions was 13.3 ± 14.6 (0.7–122.5). Amongst lesions investigated by histology, 30 were false-negative in 4 different patients, and all other lesions (n = 416) were true-positive or true-negative. A lesion-based analysis of sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value (NPV) and positive predictive value (PPV) revealed values of 76.6 %, 100 %, 91.4 % and 100 %. A patient-based analysis revealed a sensitivity of 88.1 %. Of 116 patients available for follow-up, 50 received local therapy after 68Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT.

Conclusion

68Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT can detect recurrent PCa in a high number of patients. In addition, the radiotracer is highly specific for PCa. Tumour detection is positively associated with PSA and ADT. 68Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT can help delay systemic therapy of PCa.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00259-014-2949-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Keywords: Prostate cancer, PET/CT, Positron emission tomography, PSMA, FMCH, FECH

Introduction

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequent tumour entity in men worldwide and an increasing incidence has been noted in recent years [1]. An important problem in clinical management is the development of tumour recurrence after prostatectomy, radiotherapy or other local treatment modalities. In most cases, recurrence after initial therapy is diagnosed either by two consecutive prostate-specific antigen (PSA) values of ≥0.2 μg/l after prostatectomy or external beam radiation therapy [2].

One of the key issues is early detection of recurrent disease. If the tumour is accessible for surgery or external radiation therapy, patients may be cured or systemic therapy and the resultant side effects can be delayed. However, the prerequisite of these approaches is an accurate diagnostic modality with high sensitivity and specificity. To date, this is a major challenge for all conventional imaging methods [3].

Although choline-based positron emission tomography (PET)/CT is widely used for this purpose, there have been numerous studies reporting a low sensitivity and specificity, especially at low PSA levels and high Gleason scores (GSC) [4–8]. Therefore, the development of new and improved imaging methods was required. In this context, the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has recently received increased attention [9–13]. This cell surface protein is significantly overexpressed in PCa cells compared to other PSMA-expressing tissues such as kidney, proximal small intestine or salivary glands [14, 15]. It therefore provides a promising target for PCa-specific imaging and therapy [10, 11, 16–23].

Amongst the methods available to image PSMA-expressing tumours, Glu-NH-CO-NH-Lys-(Ahx)-[68Ga(HBED-CC)] (68Ga-DKFZ-PSMA-11) as a 68Ga-labelled PSMA-targeted radioligand developed by our group became one of the most successful with respect to clinical application showing a rapid spread across many countries. However, to date data exist only for a limited number of patients, and the influence of several parameters used for follow-up and assessment of prognosis has not been addressed. The aim of this evaluation was to retrospectively analyse a greater number of patients investigated with this imaging modality as well as possibly interacting variables such as PSA level, GSC, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), age and amount of injected radiotracer.

Materials and methods

For this evaluation we performed a retrospective analysis of 319 patients (Table 1 and Supplementary Table 1) who underwent PET/CT 1 h post-injection (p.i.) of 68Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC (=68Ga-DKFZ-PSMA-11) between May 2011 and January 2014 at our department. All patients signed a written informed consent form for the purpose of anonymized evaluation and publication of their data. All reported investigations were conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and with our national regulations. This evaluation was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Heidelberg (permit S-321/2012). One hundred and two patients in the present evaluation had been partially analysed in previous studies [18–21, 24–26]. The authors are convinced that these patients had to be included in the present evaluation instead of being excluded. Their inclusion improves the data quality and significantly strengthens statistical analysis and conclusions. Patients who did not sign the written informed consent (n = 19) and those who were investigated outside a time frame of 45–75 min p.i. (n = 18) were excluded from this evaluation.

Table 1.

Characteristics of the patients investigated in this study (for more details, see Supplementary Table 1)

Age (y) [n = 319] Tracer (MBq) [n = 319] GSC [n = 284] PSA at PET [n = 311]
Mean 67.6 168 7.5 161.0
SD 7.1 71.4 1.1 2347.6
Range 46-86 40–400 5–10 0.01–41395
Median 68 154 7 4.59
Prostatectomy Radiation Therapya ADT at PET
Yes = 226 Yes = 177 Yes = 86
No = 89 No = 125 No = 233
n/a = 4 n/a = 17 n/a = 0
PSA Doubling-Time [n/a: n = 127]
0–1 month (n = 30) 1–3 months (n = 52) 3–6 months (n = 36) 6–12 months (n = 34) >1 year (n = 37)
Initial Pathological Stage (TNM) [Incomplete TNM: n = 44. n/a: n = 91]
pT1 pN0 (n = 4) pT2 pN0 (n = 61) pT3a pN0 (n = 30) pT3b/pT4 + pN0 (n = 29) any pT and pN+ (n = 60)
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SD standard deviation

aRadiation therapy of the prostate gland or of the prostate fossa after prostatectomy

In most patients (n = 292) progressive disease was suspected following prior conventional treatment of PCa (e.g. radiation therapy and/or surgery). In 27 cases, PET/CT was conducted before initiation of local therapy to exclude metastases after PCa was confirmed by biopsy and in 38 cases (also progressive disease) to evaluate possible therapy with radiolabelled PSMA ligands [21]. Patients with very low PSA values were referred to PSMA imaging after progressive disease was suspected in alternative imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

To increase the validity of the statistical analysis, only the initial PET/CT of each patient was included in this evaluation, regardless of whether they were referred for more scans during follow-up. The analysed patients were therefore not strictly consecutive.

Amongst all lesions visually considered typical for PCa (for more details, see the “Imaging” section), we selected 901 representative lesions for radiotracer uptake analysis measured in maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) as this is common in routine clinical practice. Any visible PCa lesion of a patient was counted and analysed unless they had more than ten lesions. In such a case a maximum of ten lesions were analysed after random selection. This kind of selection avoids an overestimation of SUV values as otherwise dominant lesions would be preferentially selected. In addition, since 68Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT was introduced, we learned that any uptake of 68Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC in lesions above local background is highly specific for PCa and must therefore be regarded as PCa unless otherwise proven (see also histological results). Therefore, a quantitative cut-off for PCa lesions does not exist.

Forty-two patients with pathological radiotracer uptake in 68Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT were further investigated by biopsy or surgery at our hospital. Biopsies and operative findings not conducted at our hospital were not included in this evaluation due to insufficient access to the pathological reports. The histology results were compared with the findings of the 68Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT. An experienced physician from the Department of Urology was involved in this comparison. A lesion-based analysis of sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value (NPV) and positive predictive value (PPV) was performed. With regard to a patient-based analysis, calculating specificity, NPV and PPV is not possible as we assume that virtually all patients referred to our hospital had recurrent disease or persistent primary tumour and that our cohort therefore did not include true-negative cases. Under this assumption, a patient-based sensitivity of the 68Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT was calculated, however, with limited validity as no standardization existed for operative approaches and histology. Thus, no true gold standard for patient-wise positivity/negativity existed. In particular, a negative local histology did not mean that no tumour existed in patients. Follow-up could be conducted in 116 patients up to the time this manuscript was submitted.

We also investigated whether the uptake of the radiotracer in salivary glands can be reduced by a sour excretion stimulus. For this reason, ten patients orally received 10 ml of a vitamin C solution every 30 min (overall three times) after the first scan (1 h p.i.) and were then investigated by a second scan 3 h p.i. The uptakes (SUVmean and SUVmax) of the salivary glands were then measured at 1 and 3 h p.i. and compared to our previous evaluation [19]. The vitamin C solution was prepared by adding 3 g of vitamin C powder to 10 ml of water. In addition, the patients were asked to drink 1 l of water between both scans.

Imaging

68Ga3+ was obtained from a 68Ge/68Ga radionuclide generator and used for radiolabelling of PSMA-HBED-CC as previously described [10, 11]. The final product was formulated in isotonic phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and sterile filtered. The radiolabelling and purification of the PSMA ligand was performed with an automated radiosynthesizer. Typically, the radiochemical yield is >98 % as determined by radiosynthesizer validation. The 68Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC solution was applied to the respective patient via an intravenous bolus injection (mean of 172.4 MBq ±70.9, range 40–400 MBq, median 161 MBq). The targeted activity of 68Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC was 2 MBq/kg body weight. Variation of injected radiotracer activity was caused by the short physical half-life of 68Ga (68 min) and variable elution efficiencies resulting during the lifetime of the 68Ge/68Ga generator. However, in our experience with 68Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT during the last 3 years, all injected activities were sufficient in detecting PCa. All injections contained 2 nmol PSMA ligand resulting in a median specific radioactivity of 80.5 GBq/μmol.

A non-contrast-enhanced CT scan was performed 1 h post tracer injection using the following parameters: slice thickness of 5 mm, increment of 1.5 mm, soft tissue reconstruction kernel, 130 keV and 80 mAs. Immediately after CT scanning, a whole-body PET was acquired in 3-D (matrix 168×168). For each bed position (16.2 cm, overlapping scale 4.2 cm) a 4-min acquisition time with a 15.5-cm field of view (FOV) was used. The emission data were corrected for randoms, scatter and decay. Reconstruction was conducted with an ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM) algorithm with 2 iterations/8 subsets and Gauss-filtered to a transaxial resolution of 5 mm at full-width at half-maximum (FWHM). Attenuation correction was performed using the low-dose non-enhanced CT data. PET and CT were performed using the same protocol for every patient on a Biograph 6 PET/CT scanner (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany). Image analysis was performed using an appropriate workstation and software (Syngo TrueD, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany).

Two board certified specialists in nuclear medicine with 10 and 9 years of clinical experience (first and third author) read all data sets independently and resolved any disagreements by consensus. Lesions that were visually considered as suggestive for PCa were counted and analysed with respect to their localization (local relapses, lymph node, bone and soft tissue metastases) and their SUVmax as it is common practice in the daily routine. SUVmax was chosen due to its higher reproducibility between different investigators when compared to SUVmean. The latter is always dependent on the volume of interest (VOI) drawn by the investigator, whereas SUVmax behaves independently [19]. However, with regard to the evaluation of tracer uptake in salivary glands prior to and after the excretion stimulus, SUVmean was also measured to ensure a detailed comparison to the results of our previous evaluation [19]. For calculation of the SUV, circular regions of interest were drawn around areas with focally increased uptake in transaxial slices and automatically adapted to a 3-D VOI at a 70 % isocontour.

Statistical analysis

For statistical analysis, Excel 2010 (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA), SigmaPlot version 12 software (Systat Software Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and R version 3.01 were used. In all cases a p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. The following statistical analyses were used:

  1. The association between positive (pathological) PET/CT results and the variables hormonal therapy (at the time of PET/CT), age, amount of injected tracer, PSA level and GSC was investigated, both univariately (n = 319 for hormonal therapy, n = 319 for age and injected tracer, n = 311 for PSA and n = 284 for GSC) and multivariately (n = 277) using logistic regression.
    • GSC was included in this analysis in four different classes: GSC 5–6 (as reference, all other GSC classes were compared to GSC 5–6), GSC 7, GSC 8 and GSC 9–10.
    • Injected tracer amount was included as multiples of 100 MBq. The odds ratios therefore refer to changes of 100 MBq.
    • Similar to injected tracer amount, age was included as multiples of 10 years.
    • As PSA levels showed a highly skewed distribution, they were converted to a natural logarithmic scale (log PSA).

  2. The association between positive (pathological) PET/CT results and PSA doubling time (DT) was also investigated, both univariately (n = 189) and multivariately (n = 171) using logistic regression. As the inclusion of the PSA DT to the multivariate analysis of all other variables would reduce the patient cohort significantly (from 277 to 171), we decided to analyse this variable separately (Supplementary Table 2). PSA DT was included in this analysis in five different classes: up to 1 month (n = 30, as reference, all other PSA DT classes were compared to PSA DT up to 1 month), 1–3 months (n = 52), 3–6 months (n = 36), 6–12 months (n = 34) and >1 year (n = 37).

  3. Proportions of positive PET results were calculated for subgroups defined by PSA levels and GSC. Exact binomial 95 % confidence intervals were determined for these estimates.

  4. A two-sided unpaired two-sample t test was used to evaluate differences concerning GSC between groups with and without pathological uptakes.

Results

There were no adverse or clinically detectable pharmacological effects in any of the patients following injection of the radiotracer. In 264 of 319 patients (82.8 %) at least 1 lesion characteristic for PCa was detected in 68Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT. Figures 1 and 2 show lymph node metastases as well as unifocal and multifocal primary PCa. Figures 3 and 4 demonstrate the probability of a pathological 68Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT depending on PSA level (311 patients) and GSC (284 patients).

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

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68Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT demonstrating two different patients with small lymph node metastases and different intensity of tracer uptake. Both patients had GSC 7. According to our experiences and the histological analysis, even low 68Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC accumulations in lesions outside the prostate gland have to be regarded as PCa-specific until proven otherwise. Red arrows point to lymph node metastases. Colour scales were automatically produced by the PET/CT machine. a CT of the first patient, b CT of the second patient, c fusion of PET and CT of the first patient, d fusion of PET and CT of the second patient

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

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A patient with multifocal PCa (a, c) and another patient (b, d) with unifocal PCa with a rarely seen inguinal lymph node metastasis. Red arrows point to PCa within the prostate gland and blue arrow points to an inguinal lymph node metastasis. Both patients had GSC 7, although the tumours present with different contrast. Colour scales were automatically produced by the PET/CT machine. a Low-dose CT of the patient with a multifocal PCa, c corresponding fusion of PET and low-dose CT 1 h p.i., b low-dose CT of the patients with the unifocal PCa, d corresponding fusion of PET and low-dose CT 1 h p.i.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

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Probability of a pathological 68Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT as histogram (above) and plot of the rates of pathological PET/CTs with confidence intervals (below) depending on PSA levels in 311 patients. Blue columns include the number of pathological PET/CTs and their rate in %

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

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Probability of a pathological 68Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT as histogram (above) and plot of the rates of pathological PET/CTs with confidence intervals (below) depending on GSC in 284 patients. Blue columns include the number of pathological PET/CTs and their rate in %

Patients with pathological radiotracer uptake (n = 264) had a median PSA of 6.02 ng/ml (range 0.01–41,395 ng/ml), a median GSC of 7.0 (range 5–10) and were injected with a mean activity of 165.2 MBq 68Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC (range 40–388 MBq, median 152.5 MBq). Patients without pathological findings (n = 55) had a median PSA of 1.14 ng/ml (range 0.03–15.8 ng/ml), a mean GSC of 7.28 (range 5–9, median 7.0) and were injected with a mean of 180.0 ± 82.6 MBq radiotracer (range 66–400 MBq, median 160.0 MBq).

In the univariate analysis no significant difference was found between PET-positive and PET-negative patients with regard to the injected amount of 68Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC (logistic regression p = 0.165) and GSC (t test p = 0.063). However, concerning log PSA a significant difference was found (logistic regression p < 0.001).

Considering only the subgroup of the most challenging patients (those with PSA <0.2 ng/ml, Supplementary Table 3), no significant difference was found regarding either the injected amount of 68Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC or the log PSA values, while GSC was significantly higher (t test p = 0.004) in the group with pathological 68Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT.

In the multivariate analysis, a strong and significant association was detected between a positive PET result and the following parameters: log PSA level and ADT. No significant or relevant association was detected between a positive PET result and the following parameters: GSC 7, GSC 8, GSC 9–10 (all vs GSC 5–6), age and any of the defined PSA DTs. A noticeable but nonsignificant positive association was also detected between a positive 68Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT and lower amounts of injected radioactivity. The univariate analysis demonstrated no principal shifting with regard to the effect of the single variables. All uni- and multivariate values are listed in Supplementary Table 2.

SUVmax values of 901 representative tumour lesions were as listed in Table 2. Of the lesions, 13 were defined as local relapses after prostatectomy, 328 as lymph node metastases, 129 as soft tissue metastases, 359 as bone metastases and 72 as vital tumour lesions within the prostate gland, no matter whether they were pretreated or not. Included in the cohort of 72 lesions within the prostate gland are: (1) cases in which PET/CT was conducted before initiation of local therapy to exclude metastases after PCa was confirmed by biopsy, (2) patients who were pretreated by radiation therapy without surgery (we decided to list these patients in the “72 group” as it remains unclear if the primary tumours in PET/CT were relapses or residual vitality in tumours after radiation) and (3) patients who were pretreated by ADT only.

Table 2.

Average SUVmax of all types of PCa lesions

SUVmax (± SD) Min. Max. Median
All Tumor Lesions (n=901) 13.4 (±14.6) 0.7 122.5 8.1
Local Relapse (n=13) 11.3 (±6.6) 2.4 22.8 11.3
Lymph Node Metastases (n=328) 14.2 (±17.1) 1.0 122.5 7.0
Soft Tissue Metastases (n=129) 8.4 (±8.0) 0.7 47.5 6.0
Bone Metastases (n=359) 14.3 (±14.0) 1.6 115.4 9.8
Primary PCa (n=72) 11.0 (±9.0) 3 40 7.1
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SD standard deviation

Forty-two patients with pathological radiotracer uptake in 68Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT were further investigated by biopsy or surgery at our hospital. The results are listed in Table 3. In this analysis, 1 local relapse in 1 patient and 29 lymph nodes in 3 other patients were false-negative. All other tissues/lesions were true-positive (n = 98) or true-negative (n = 318). With regard to patients 34 and 37 in Table 3, PET-positive lymph nodes led to lymph node dissection of the pelvis where additional small lymph node metastases were found in the same region.

Table 3.

Summary of histological investigations of 42 patients: 1 local relapse in 1 patient and 29 lymph node metastases in 3 other patients were false-negative. All other lesions (n = 416) were true-positive or true-negative

All Lesions: False-Negative False-Positive True-Negative True-Positive
Prostate Cancer 0 0 2 15
Soft Tissue Met. 0 0 4 11
Lymph Node Met. 29 0 310 65
Local Relapse 1 0 2 7
Lesion-based NPV and PPV 30/348 (8.6 %) 0/98 (0 %) 318/348 (91.4 % NPV) 98/98 (100 % PPV)
Lesion-based Specificity and Sensitivity 30/128 (23.4 %) 0/318 (0 %) 318/318 (100 % Specificity) 98/128 (76.6 % Sensitivity)
Patients: False-Negative False-Positive True-Negative True-Positive
1 0 0 0 1 (PCa)
2 0 0 1 (LN) 1 (LN)
3 0 0 2 (LN) 1 (LN)
4 0 0 9 (LN) 3 (ST)
5 0 0 15 (LN) 1+28 (ST/LN)
6 0 0 11 (LN) 1 (ST)
7 0 0 1+31 (ST/LN) 1+1 (ST/LN)
8 0 0 1 (ST) 2 (ST)
9 0 0 1 (LR) 0
10 0 0 11 (LN) 1 (PCa)
11 0 0 42 (LN) 1 (PCa)
12 0 0 12 (LN) 1 (PCa)
13 0 0 1 (PCa) 0
14 0 0 17 (LN) 1 (PCa)
15 0 0 14 (LN) 1 (PCa)
16 0 0 13 (LN) 1 (PCa)
17 0 0 0 1 (PCa)
18 0 0 37 (LN) 1 (LR)
19 0 0 0 1 (LR)
20 0 0 3 (LN) 1 (LR)
21 0 0 0 7 (LN)
22 0 0 0 1 (ST)
23 0 0 0 1 (PCa)
24 0 0 0 1 (PCa)
25 0 0 7 (LN) 1+2+2 (PCa/ST/LN)
26 1 (LN) 0 0 1 (PCa)
27 0 0 0 1 (PCa)
28 0 0 0 1 (LR)
29 0 0 24 (LN) 5+1 (LN/LR)
30 0 0 1 (LR) 0
31 1 (LR) 0 0 0
32 0 0 0 1 (LN)
33 0 0 0 1 (PCa)
34 26 (LN) 0 1+32 (ST/LN) 7 (LN)
35 0 0 1+16 (ST/LN) 1 (LN)
36 0 0 8 (LN) 1+1 (LR/LN)
37 2 (LN) 0 0 4 (LN)
38 0 0 1 (PCa) 0
39 0 0 0 1 (PCa)
40 0 0 0 1 (PCa)
41 0 0 2 (LN) 5 (LN)
42 0 0 3 (LN) 1 (LR)
Patient-based Analysisa 5/42 (11.9 %) not existing not existing 37/42 (88.1 % Sensitivity)a
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The false-negative LN metastases of patients 35 and 37 were located in the same region as the PET-positive LNs

PCa prostate cancer within the prostate gland, LN lymph node (metastasis), ST soft tissue (metastasis), LR local relapse of PCa

aAs described in the “Materials and methods” section, a patient-based analysis of specificity, NPV and PPV is not possible

The lesion-based analysis of sensitivity, specificity, NPV and PPV revealed values of 76.6, 100, 91.4 and 100 % (Table 3). The patient-based analysis revealed a sensitivity of 88.1 %. As described in the “Materials and methods” section, the latter value needs to be interpreted with caution and a patient-based calculation of specificity, NPV and PPV was not possible.

Follow-up information was available for 116 patients up to the time this manuscript was submitted. Amongst these, 50 received local treatment: 27 were treated with external radiation of PSMA-positive lesions (17 patients thereafter demonstrated a decrease of PSA and in 10 patients PSA was not available), 19 were operated and 4 were treated by high-intensity focused ultrasound (all presented with a decrease of PSA thereafter). Overall, 34 patients were treated by systemic therapy with 131I- or 177Lu-labelled PSMA ligands (131I-MIP1095 and the novel promising theranostic agent 177Lu-DKFZ-PSMA-617 [21, 27]). All other patients (n = 36) were treated by ADT and/or chemotherapy.

Intraindividual changes in SUVmean/SUVmax values between 1 and 3 h p.i. were measured in the salivary glands of ten patients. Between both scans, an excretion stimulus using vitamin C was orally administered every 30 min as described in the “Materials and methods” section. The SUV values as well as SUV changes between 1 and 3 h p.i. (Fig. 5) were similar to our previous evaluation in which no excretion stimulus was administered [19].

Fig. 5.

Fig. 5

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Average SUVmean/SUVmax values of ten patients who received excretion stimulus between the first 68Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT (1 h p.i.) and the second PET/CT (3 h p.i.). As demonstrated, the excretion stimulus did not reduce the high physiological radiotracer uptake of the salivary glands

Discussion

Since the invention of the radiotracer Glu-NH-CO-NH-Lys-(Ahx)-[68Ga(HBED-CC)] and its clinical introduction for PET imaging at our institute in May 2011, this highly promising method (68Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT) has rapidly spread. The first clinical experiences led to the assumption that 68Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT could be a significant step forward in the diagnosis of recurrent PCa [18–20, 26]. This imaging modality is based on the observation that almost all adenocarcinomas of the prostate gland express PSMA to which Glu-NH-CO-NH-Lys-(Ahx)-[68Ga(HBED-CC)] is able to bind with very high affinity [28, 29]. The aim of this evaluation was to assess 319 patients who were referred to our hospital for 68Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT from the first clinical implementation of this method in May 2011 until January 2014.

Overall, 82.8 % of the patients presented with at least one lesion characteristic for PCa in 68Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT. This rate is slightly lower compared to our previous reports [19, 20]. A possible explanation is that our previous studies were conducted in the initial phase of imaging with this novel method and that after 68Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT became increasingly better known, more challenging cases with negative alternative imaging results and low PSA values were referred to our hospital.

In the multivariate analysis a strong association was detected between a pathological 68Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT and the PSA level. This result was expected as an increase in PSA levels usually indicates progressive disease. However, as demonstrated by Fig. 3, a continuous increase in PSA level does not automatically correlate with an increase in tumor detection. In general the question remains why not more patients show a pathologic 68Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT although according to literature almost all prostatic adenocarcinomas express PSMA [28, 29]. Possible reasons could be the individual tumor heterogeneity, a dedifferentiation of PCa leading to a decoupling of tumor mass and PSA level, absent or very low PSMA expression of some tumors (e.g. neuroendocrine PCa), tumors adjacent to the urinary bladder, small tumour size below the spatial resolution of the PET scanner or the stage of technology of the PET scanner. With regard to the latter aspect we believe for example that new scanners with time of flight (TOF) technology enable more sensitive tumour detection.

In the most challenging cohort (patients with PSA <0.2 ng/ml) GSC was significantly higher in the group with pathological 68Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT compared to the group without pathological 68Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT. However, with regard to all patients analysed in this evaluation, the multivariate analysis did not show a relevant association between a positive 68Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT and GSC 7, 8 or 9–10 compared to a low GSC of 5–6. This result is contrary to our expectations: in the literature, a positive correlation between higher GSC and PSMA expression has been demonstrated in preclinical studies [30–32]. The sole explanation we have at this stage is that the small cohort of patients with GSC 5–6 causes substantial variability in the statistical analysis. We consider GSC as an important variable in both imaging and therapy with PSMA ligands. Further studies focusing on this topic are eagerly awaited.

The multivariate analysis also did not demonstrate a relevant association between a positive 68Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT and the five defined PSA DTs. At this stage, we assume that there is no significant correlation between proliferation index and PSMA expression of the tumours.

Patients with an ADT at the time of 68Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT more frequently showed a positive PET scan compared to patients without such treatment. One explanation for this result could be that patients with advanced disease are more often referred to ADT. However, this theory needs to be investigated in more detail as many cases exist in which ADT is started at low PSA values. We believe that the time to start ADT depends on many variables such as patients’ demands, preferences/experience of physicians, PSA DT, etc. In addition, ADT usually leads to a reduction of PSA levels and can also reduce the tumour size [33, 34]. Both have the potential to negatively influence the detection rate in imaging modalities. Another explanation for our findings could be that the PSMA expression is apparently differentially regulated by androgens. In previous preclinical studies, PSMA expression was downregulated by androgen therapy and upregulated by antiandrogen therapy [35–37]. This counterintuitive behaviour is not yet fully understood and more studies are eagerly awaited to investigate the influence of ADT on both diagnosis and therapy with PSMA ligands.

A noticeable but nonsignificant positive association was also detected between a positive 68Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT and lower amounts of injected radioactivity. However, according to our experience in routine clinical practice, tracer activities of more than 100–120 MBq lead to improved image quality while especially amounts less than 60–70 MBq cause the opposite. At this stage, our sole explanation for this unexpected finding is statistical variability. We do not believe that higher radioactivity amounts lead to any adverse molecular interaction as all injections contained 2 nmol PSMA ligand.

The analysis of SUV values within the manifestations of PCa demonstrate that uptake of 68Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC is high in primary tumours as well as in local relapses and all types of metastases. This result confirms our previous evaluation in which we could demonstrate that the total uptake of PCa lesions as well as tumour contrast are significantly higher compared to choline PET/CT [20]. However, as shown in the aforementioned evaluation, it has to be considered that lymph node metastases usually present with the highest contrast, followed by bone metastases, local relapses and soft tissue metastases.

We assume that virtually all patients referred to our hospital had recurrent disease or persistent primary tumour and that our cohort did not include true-negative cases. Therefore, calculating patient-based specificity, NPV and PPV is not possible as described in the “Materials and methods” section. However, with regard to a lesion-based analysis, it is apparent that 68Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC is able to detect PCa with good sensitivity and excellent specificity (Table 3). Only 1 local relapse in 1 patient and 29 lymph node metastases in 3 other patients were false-negative. With regard to two of the latter patients (patients 34 and 37 in Table 3), PET-positive lymph nodes led to lymph node dissection of the pelvis where additional small lymph node metastases were found. These PET-negative lymph nodes were located in the same region as the PET-positive lymph nodes and had therefore no negative influence on the therapy procedure. We assume that the mentioned metastases were not detected by 68Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT due to a small size and low PSMA expression. However, with the exception of the above-mentioned PET-negative metastases in four different patients, all other lesions (n = 416) were true-positive or true-negative. This result demonstrates that 68Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC is highly specific for PCa. However, theoretically an expression of PSMA within inflammatory lesions can exist, although it is considered to be rare [29].

Overall, the histology results need to be interpreted with caution, e.g. cases with different numbers of lymph node metastases usually cause a bias. In addition, there was no standardized protocol to investigate PET-positive lesions. Calculating patient-based values of specificity, NPV and PPV is therefore not reasonable as mentioned before. The most important message of the histology results is that 68Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC is highly specific for PCa. At this stage, we suggest that accumulations of 68Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC in lesions outside the prostate gland have to be regarded as PCa-specific until proven otherwise. In addition, we suggest that specification of a cut-off SUV for malignant or benign tissue is not reasonable for lesions outside of the prostate gland. On the other hand, for lesions within the prostate gland, calculation of such cut-off SUVs can possibly help to distinguish different GSC or tumour and inflammatory tissue. However, such cut-offs cannot be provided by this evaluation as a sufficient number of benign tissues need to be analysed. Stereotactic biopsy studies are underway to provide more data.

Among the 116 patients who were available for follow-up, 50 (40 %) were treated locally after 68Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT and therefore delayed systemic therapy due to the results of the 68Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT. We believe that such patients who can delay systemic therapy have a greater potential for improved quality of life. Systemic therapies usually present with significant side effects and the therapeutic effect is frequently temporary. It also has to be considered that patients who present with locally accessible tumours have theoretically a better chance to be cured of their disease. However, long-term studies are necessary to evaluate the impact of 68Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT on the overall survival time and quality of life of PCa patients.

In this evaluation we could also demonstrate that a sour excretion stimulus does not reduce the high physiological radiotracer uptake of the salivary glands. We therefore assume that such a stimulus would not help to reduce radiation-related side effects of therapy with radiolabelled PSMA ligands.

Our retrospective analysis shows typical limitations compared to prospective studies: biased patient referrals and thereby possibly biased treatments and follow-up as well. However, we believe that our data reflect the daily clinical routine and that every centre which conducts 68Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT faces similar conditions. Our results and messages therefore can help to better understand PSMA imaging until more data are available in the future.

Conclusion

This evaluation investigated the diagnostic value of PET/CT imaging with the new 68Ga-labelled PSMA ligand HBED-CC (68Ga-DKFZ-PSMA-11) in the diagnosis of PCa. 68Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT 1 h p.i. can detect PCa in a high percentage of patients with suspected cancer (82.8 %). In addition, the tracer is highly specific for PCa: histological analysis demonstrated that accumulation of 68Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC in lesions correlates with manifestations of PCa in virtually all cases and false-positive lesions could not be detected. Detection of PCa is improved at higher PSA levels. Also, ADT had a significantly positive influence on tumour detection rate, which, however, has to be interpreted with caution. However, no association was found between a positive PET/CT and faster PSA DTs as well as GSC 7, 8 or 9–10 compared to a low GSC of 5–6. Amongst all patients who were available for follow-up after 68Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT, 40 % could be treated locally with resulting delayed systemic therapy. We could also demonstrate that an excretion stimulus using vitamin C does not lead to a reduction of the physiologically high 68Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC uptake in salivary glands. With regard to possible therapy of metastatic PCa with radiolabelled PSMA ligands, we therefore assume that such an excretion stimulus would not help to reduce radiation-based off-target effects to the salivary glands.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary Table 1 (429.3KB, pdf)

Patients’ characteristics. (PDF 429 kb)

Supplementary Table 2 (318.2KB, gif)

Part A (upper table): results of the univariate and multivariate analyses for several variables possibly interacting with 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT. The number of patients for whom all listed variables are available is 277. Part B (lower table): same analyses as above but extended by several PSA doubling times (PSA DT). By including the PSA DT, the number of patients for whom all listed variables are available drops to 171. ADT androgen deprivation therapy, GSC Gleason score. (GIF 318 kb)

High-resolution image (TIF 2.64 mb) (2.6MB, tif)
Supplementary Table 3 (123.3KB, gif)

Characteristics of patients with PSA values < 0.2 ng/ml. (GIF 123 kb)

High-resolution image (TIF 551 kb) (551.2KB, tif)

Acknowledgment

A huge number of people helped to investigate and analyse the patients in the past few years. We wish to express our gratitude to all of them. Amongst them are Dr. Sabine Haufe, Dr. Anna Malcher, Dr. Christian Zechmann and all members of our staff.

Conflicts of interest

None.

Contributor Information

Ali Afshar-Oromieh, Phone: +49-6221-56-7732, Email: a.afshar@gmx.de.

Eleni Avtzi, Email: thessalonikia90@web.de.

Frederik L. Giesel, Email: f.giesel@dkfz.de

Tim Holland-Letz, Email: t.holland-letz@dkfz.de.

Heinz G. Linhart, Email: heinz.linhart@med.uni-heidelberg.de

Matthias Eder, Email: m.eder@dkfz.de.

Michael Eisenhut, Email: m.eisenhut@kabelbw.de.

Silvan Boxler, Email: silvanboxler@gmx.ch.

Boris A. Hadaschik, Email: boris.hadaschik@med.uni-heidelberg.de

Clemens Kratochwil, Email: clemens.kratochwil@med.uni-heidelberg.de.

Wilko Weichert, Email: wilko.weichert@med.uni-heidelberg.de.

Klaus Kopka, Email: k.kopka@dkfz.de.

Jürgen Debus, Email: Juergen.Debus@med.uni-heidelberg.de.

Uwe Haberkorn, Email: uwe.haberkorn@med.uni-heidelberg.de.

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary Table 1 (429.3KB, pdf)

Patients’ characteristics. (PDF 429 kb)

Supplementary Table 2 (318.2KB, gif)

Part A (upper table): results of the univariate and multivariate analyses for several variables possibly interacting with 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT. The number of patients for whom all listed variables are available is 277. Part B (lower table): same analyses as above but extended by several PSA doubling times (PSA DT). By including the PSA DT, the number of patients for whom all listed variables are available drops to 171. ADT androgen deprivation therapy, GSC Gleason score. (GIF 318 kb)

High-resolution image (TIF 2.64 mb) (2.6MB, tif)
Supplementary Table 3 (123.3KB, gif)

Characteristics of patients with PSA values < 0.2 ng/ml. (GIF 123 kb)

High-resolution image (TIF 551 kb) (551.2KB, tif)

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