Abstract
Background
Two blinded, controlled laboratory studies were conducted to assess the acaricidal efficacy of a new combination of fipronil and permethrin (Frontline Tri-Act®/Frontect®) against two tick species. Study A evaluated the efficacy of the product against both Ixodes ricinus and Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Study B evaluated the efficacy against R. sanguineus only.
Methods
16 (Study A) and 12 (Study B) healthy adult dogs were allocated to two groups in each study. Dogs in Group 1 served as untreated controls. Dogs in Group 2 were treated with a new topical spot-on formulation containing 6.76% (w/v) fipronil + 50.48% (w/v) permethrin once on Day 0. Each dog of study A was infested with 50 unfed adult ticks of each species and each dog of study B was infested with 50 unfed adult Rhipicephalus sanguineus prior to treatment (Day −2 in Study A, Day −1 in Study B) and post treatment on Days 7, 14, 21 and 28. The ticks were removed and counted 48 h after treatment (Day 2) or subsequent infestations (Days 9, 16, 23 and 30). Acaricidal efficacy was defined as the percent reduction in the number of live ticks in the treated group compared to the untreated control group.
Results
The percent efficacy in the treated group for R. sanguineus was 100%, 100%, 100%, 100% and 96.7% in Study A, and 94.4%, 100%, 100%, 98.7% and 98.0% in Study B, for counts performed on Days 2, 9, 16, 23 and 30, respectively. For I. ricinus, in Study A, the percent efficacy of the treatment was 100%, 100%, 100%, 100% and 99.2% for counts performed on Days 2, 9, 16, 23 and 30, respectively. There was a significant difference of the geometric mean numbers of live ticks between the treated and control groups at each time point in each study (p = 0.005 for every day in Study A, and p < 0.005 for every day in Study B).
Conclusions
A single topical administration of a combination of fipronil and permethrin provides excellent acaricidal efficacy against both I. ricinus and R. sanguineus for at least 4 weeks.
Keywords: Ticks, Ixodes ricinus, Ripicephalus sanguineus, Permethrin, Fipronil, Dog, Acaricide, Frontline Tri-Act®/Frontect®
Abrégé
Contexte
Deux études expérimentales contrôlées et randomisées ont été conduites afin de mesurer l’efficacité acaricide d’une nouvelle combinaison de fipronil et de perméthrine (Frontline Tri-Act®/Frontect®) contre deux espèces de tiques. L’étude A a évalué l’efficacité du produit vis-à-vis de Ixodes ricinus et Rhipicephalus sanguineus et l’étude B a évalué l’efficacité vis-à-vis de R. sanguineus seul.
Méthodes
Pour chaque étude, 16 (étude A) et 12 (étude B) chiens adultes en bonne santé ont été répartis en deux groupes. Les chiens du groupe 1 servaient de témoins non traités. Les chiens du groupe 2 étaient traités une fois au jour 0 avec une nouvelle formulation spot-on topique contenant 6,76% (w/v) de fipronil + 50,48% (w/v) de perméthrine. Chaque chien de l’étude A a été infesté par 50 tiques adultes à jeun de chaque espèce et chaque chien de l’étude B a été infesté par 50 Rhipicephalus sanguineus adultes à jeun, avant le traitement (jour −2 dans l’étude A, jour −1 dans l’étude B) et après traitement, aux jours 7, 14, 21 et 28. Les tiques ont été retirées et comptées 48 h après traitement (jour 2) ou après chaque infestation (jours 9, 16, 23 et 30). L’efficacité acaricide est définie comme le pourcentage de réduction du nombre de tiques vivantes dans le groupe traité par rapport au groupe témoin non traité.
Résultats
Le pourcentage d’efficacité contre R. sanguineus dans le groupe traité a été de 100%, 100%, 100%, 100% et 96,7% dans l’étude A, et 94,4%, 100%, 100%, 98,7% et 98,0% dans l’étude B, pour les comptages réalisés aux jours 2, 9, 16, 23 et 30, respectivement. Pour I. ricinus, dans l’étude A, le pourcentage d’efficacité du traitement était de 100%, 100%, 100%, 100% et 99,2% pour les comptages réalisés aux jours 2, 9, 16, 23 et 30, respectivement. Une différence significative entre les moyennes géométriques de tiques vivantes entre les groupes traité et témoin, a été retrouvée à chaque point de comptage dans les deux études (p = 0,005 pour chaque jour dans l’étude A, et p < 0,005 pour chaque jour dans l’étude B).
Conclusions
Une administration topique unique de la combinaison fipronil et perméthrine offre une excellente efficacité acaricide à la fois contre I. ricinus et R. sanguineus pour au moins 4 semaines.
Background
Tick infestations represent an important problem for dogs and their owners. Ixodes ricinus and Rhipicephalus sanguineus are two of the most common tick species infesting dogs in Europe. They are known to also infest humans, and are vectors for several important canine and human diseases’ agents [1,2]. Adequate control measures to prevent and treat infestations in dogs against these species are therefore very important for the health and well-being of dogs.
Ixodes ricinus is widely distributed throughout Europe [3] and is the most common tick species in northwestern Europe [4]. The distribution of this tick species has been expanding in both range and period of activity, possibly due to climate change [5-7]. In dogs, I. ricinus is the vector of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and tick borne encephalitis (TBE) virus [3]. In humans, it can serve as the vector for B. burgdorferi s.l., Babesia divergens, Babesia microti and also TBE virus [1]. Rhipicephalus sanguineus has a worldwide distribution and is the most commonly encountered tick species (or complex of species) infesting dogs [8]. It is the vector for the most common tick-borne pathogens in dogs, which include Ehrlichia spp., Rickettsia spp., Babesia spp. and Hepatozoon canis. [3,8-10], as well as for the pathogens of spotted fever and ehrlichiosis in humans.
Adequate control of tick infestations on dogs is important for both the health of the dog and for preventing pet dogs from carrying and serving as a source of ticks in the home environment of their owners. Various formulations of topical- and collar-based treatments have been employed as a strategy to combat tick infestations in dogs [8,11-13]. Fipronil is one of the most widely used insecticides/acaricides to control fleas and ticks on both dogs and cats [13]. Pyrethroids have also been used as insecticides and acaricides with repellent activity on dogs [14-18], production animals [19] and humans [20,21]. Frontline Tri-Act®/Frontect® is a novel combination of 6.76% w/v fipronil and 50.48% w/v permethrin that has been developed as a monthly topical solution for dogs to provide broad spectrum ectoparasite control. Studies were conducted to confirm the acaricidal efficacy of this combination against I. ricinus and R. sanguineus ticks.
Methods
The studies were designed in accordance with the “World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of parasiticides for the treatment, prevention and control of flea and tick infestation on dogs and cats” [22] and were conducted in accordance with Good Clinical Practices (GCP) as described in the International Cooperation on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Veterinary Medicinal Products (VICH guideline 9).
Animals
None of the dogs had been exposed to ectoparasiticides for the three months preceding the study. Prior to allocation for each study, 20 healthy Beagle dogs (in Study A) and 14 mixed breed dogs (in Study B) were infested with approximately 50 +/−5 unfed adult R. sanguineus (approx. equal sex ratio) and the ticks were removed and counted from each dog after 48 h. The two male and two female dogs with the lowest tick counts were dropped from Study A and the two dogs (regardless of sex) with the lowest tick counts were dropped from Study B. The remaining dogs were ranked within sex by descending tick counts and assigned to blocks of two dogs each. Within blocks, each dog was randomly allocated to the treated and untreated groups. The dogs were managed with due regard for their well-being in accordance with Merial, South African and Irish Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee requirements. The dogs were housed individually. A veterinary examination performed prior to the start of each study ensured that all dogs were healthy and suitable for inclusion, and the dogs were observed daily for any health changes throughout the study.
Treatment
Dogs in Group 1 of Study A and B served as untreated controls. Dogs in Group 2 of both studies were treated once on Day 0 with a topical formulation containing 6.76% (w/v) fipronil and 50.48% (w/v) permethrin with a total volume corresponding to the appropriately sized pipette based upon body weight such that dogs weighing less than or equal to 10 kg received 1.0 mL, dogs weighing greater than 10 but less than 20 kg received 2.0 mL, and dogs weighing greater than 20 but less than 40 kg received 4.0 mL. The total volume of the product was divided into two approximately equal fractions and placed on the skin on the midline of the neck. One fraction was applied between the base of the skull and the shoulder blades and the other was applied at the front of the shoulder blades. All of the animals were observed hourly for any adverse reaction for 4 h following the treatment of the last animal.
Ticks
The ticks used in the studies were unfed adult I. ricinus ticks (50 females with 4–5 added males for each challenge) and unfed adult R. sanguineus ticks (approx. equal sex ratio) that were not known to be resistant to any ectoparasiticide. The ticks originated from European tick populations, now bred under experimental conditions. The I. ricinus ticks originated from natural populations from the United Kingdom, Slovakia, and Ireland. The R. sanguineus ticks used in Study A originated from natural populations from Oxford, UK, and for Study B the ticks originated from field collections in France.
Tick infestation and counting
Dogs in both studies were infested prior to treatment (Day −2 in Study A, Day −1 in Study B) and post treatment on Days 7, 14, 21 and 28 with 50 unfed adult R. sanguineus (approx. equal sex ratio). In Study A each dog was also infested with 50 unfed adult female I. ricinus ticks (with at least an additional 10 male I. ricinus ticks to stimulate female attachment) at the same time points.
Live ticks on the dogs were removed and counted on Days 2, 9, 16, 23 and 30 (48 h after treatment or infestation). Ixodes ricinus and R. sanguineus ticks were counted and recorded separately. Only female I. ricinus were counted while for R. sanguineus, both females and males were counted.
For tick infestations and counting in Study A, dogs were anesthetized with intramuscular injections of ketamine (Narketan®, Vetoquinol; approx. 10.0 mg/kg) and xylazine (Chanazine®, Chanelle; approx. 2.0 mg/kg). In Study B, dogs were sedated with medetomidine (Domitor®, Pfizer; 0.06 mg/kg) for tick infestations only.
Data analysis
For each tick species, total counts of live ticks were transformed to the natural logarithm of (counts + 1) for calculation of geometric means (GM) by treatment group at each time point. As described in the WAAVP guidelines, the use of geometric means allow to describe a central tendancy whereas arithmetic means maintains the same weight to extreme data. Percent efficacy of the treated group compared to the control group was calculated at every post-treatment time point using the formula 100×[(C-T)/C], where C is the GM for the control group and T is the GM for the treated group.
In Study A the treated group was compared to the control group at every post-treatment time using the Friedman rank test with blocks defined as the allocation blocks. The testing was two-sided and used a significance level of 5%. All analyses were performed using SAS® Version 9.1.3. In Study B the groups were compared by a non-parametric analysis using the Mann–Whitney test. SAS® Version 9.3 TS Level 1 M2 was used for the statistical analysis.
Results
No adverse reactions to treatment were observed in any dog in either study, including during the 4 h after treatment.
A summary of the tick counts and efficacy results are shown in Table 1 (Study A) and Table 2 (Study B).
Table 1.
Efficacy of a new combination of fipronil and permethrin against Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Ixodes ricinus (Study A)
| Tick species | Study day | Geometric mean of live ticks | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Untreated control dogs (n = 8) | Treated dogs (n = 8) | Efficacy (%) | ||
| R. sanguineus | 2 | 31.8 | 0.0 | 100.0* |
| R. sanguineus | 9 | 24.8 | 0.0 | 100.0* |
| R. sanguineus | 16 | 27.8 | 0.0 | 100.0* |
| R. sanguineus | 23 | 22.8 | 0.0 | 100.0* |
| R. sanguineus | 30 | 24.7 | 0.7 | 96.7* |
| I. ricinus | 2 | 36.7 | 0.0 | 100* |
| I. ricinus | 9 | 32.5 | 0.0 | 100.0* |
| I. ricinus | 16 | 30.7 | 0.0 | 100.0* |
| I. ricinus | 23 | 31.6 | 0.0 | 100.0* |
| I. ricinus | 30 | 33.3 | 0.3 | 99.2* |
*Significant difference between the tick population means of the treated and control groups (p = 0.005).
Table 2.
Efficacy of a new combination of fipronil and permethrin against Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Study B)
| Study day | Geometric mean of live ticks | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Untreated control dogs (n = 6) | Treated dogs (n = 6) | Efficacy (%) | |
| 2 | 35.9 | 2.0 | 94.4* |
| 9 | 27.0 | 0.0 | 100.0* |
| 16 | 33.1 | 0.0 | 100.0* |
| 23 | 38.7 | 0.5 | 98.7* |
| 30 | 32.0 | 0.6 | 98.0* |
*Significant difference between the tick population means of the treated and control groups (p ≤ 0.005).
The percent efficacy of the treated group for R. sanguineus was 100%, 100%, 100%, 100% and 96.7% in Study A, and 94.4%, 100%, 100%, 98.7% and 98.0% in Study B, for counts performed on Days 2, 9, 16, 23 and 30, respectively. There was a significant difference of the geometric mean number of live ticks between the treated and control groups in both studies at each time point (p = 0.005 for every day in Study A, and p < 0.005 for every day in Study B).
For I. ricinus the percent efficacy of the treated group was 100%, 100%, 100%, 100% and 99.2% for counts performed on Days 2, 9, 16, 23 and 30, respectively. There was a significant difference of geometric mean number of live ticks between the treated and control groups at each time point (p = 0.005 for every day).
In addition, the majority of dogs remained free of live ticks in the treated groups. All of the dogs treated with the tested spot-on were not infested with ticks at the counts performed for I. ricinus on Days 2, 9, 16 and 23; on Day 30, 6 out of 8 treated dogs did not harbour tick (data not shown). In Study A, no ticks were found on all of the treated dogs at the counts performed for R. sanguineus on Days 2, 9, 16 and 23; on Day 30, only 2 of 8 dogs were found to be infested with ticks. In Study B all of the dogs in the treated group were not infested with ticks on Days 9 and 16. On Days 23 and 30, 4 out of 6 treated dogs were tick free (data not shown).
Discussion
The results of the studies presented here demonstrate that a single topical treatment with the combination of fipronil and permethrin provides excellent efficacy against both I. ricinus and R. sanguineus. In each counting time points in both studies, the mean infestation rate in the control group for both I. ricinus and R. sanguineus was very good. The average number of I. ricinus per dog in the control group ranged from 30.7 to 36.7 ticks per dog, while for R. sanguineus the average tick number per dog ranged from 22.8 to 31.8 in Study A and from 27.0 to 38.7 in Study B. In comparison, there were no live ticks found on the dogs treated with the combination of fipronil and permethrin in either study for the Day 9 and Day 16 counts and only a very low number of ticks found on Days 2, 23, and 30 (Tables 1 and 2). These results are in the range to what has already been published with other acaricidal spot-on formulations like Frontline® Combo or Advantix® [8,12,13,16-18] and exceed the European regulatory threshold of more than 90% of efficacy counted at 48 h to get a claim.
Frontline Tri-Act®/Frontect® has also been shown to have repellent and parasiticidal efficacy against Dermacentor ticks [23], fleas [24,25], mosquitoes and plebotomine sandflies [26,27], indicating that the combination of fipronil and permethrin can be an important component in the reduction of the risk of transmission of most canine vector-borne diseases.
Conclusions
In conclusion, a single topical administration of a combination of fipronil and permethrin provides excellent acaricidal efficacy against both I. ricinus and R. sanguineus for at least 4 weeks. The product is safe and can also be used to reduce the risk of transmission of tick-borne pathogens in dogs.
Acknowledgements
The authors are sincerely grateful to all monitors, investigators and the staff of the study locations (Ireland and South Africa) either linked to the authors or serving as independent CROs who took part in the studies and ensured that high GCP standards were adhered to.
Frontline Tri-Act® and Frontect® are registered trademarks of Merial in France and pending registration in other countries. All other marks are the property of their respective owners.
This document is provided for scientific purposes only. Any reference to a brand or trademark herein is for informational purposes only and is not intended for a commercial purpose or to dilute the rights of the respective owner(s) of the brand(s) or trademark(s).
Footnotes
Competing interests
The work reported herein was funded by Merial Limited. All authors were employees or contractors of Merial.
Authors’ contributions
PD, STC, BG, MS and FB participated in the design of the studies and protocols, and PD, BG, JF and FB carried out the studies. STC compiled and analysed the data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Contributor Information
Pascal Dumont, Email: pascal.dumont@merial.com.
Theodore S Chester, Email: ted.chester@merial.com.
Boyd Gale, Email: boyd.gale@crl.com.
Mark Soll, Email: mark.soll@merial.com.
Josephus J Fourie, Email: josephus.fourie@clinvet.com.
Frédéric Beugnet, Email: frederic.beugnet@merial.com.
References
- 1.Dantas-Torres F, Chomel BB, Otranto D. Ticks and tick-borne diseases: a One Health perspective. Trends Parasitol. 2012;28:437–46. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2012.07.003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Wilhelmsson P, Lindblom P, Fryland L, Nyman D, Jaenson TG, Forsberg P, et al. Ixodes ricinus ticks removed from humans in Northern Europe: seasonal pattern of infestation, attachment sites and duration of feeding. Parasit Vectors. 2013;6:362. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-362. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Chomel B. Tick-borne infections in dogs-an emerging infectious threat. Vet Parasitol. 2011;179:294–301. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.03.040. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Claerebout E, Losson B, Cochez C, Casaert S, Dalemans AC, De Cat A, et al. Ticks and associated pathogens collected from dogs and cats in Belgium. Parasit Vectors. 2013;6:183. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-183. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Beugnet F, Chalvet-Monfray K. Impact of climate change in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in domestic carnivores. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013;36:559–66. doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2013.07.003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Gray JS, Dautel H, Estrada-Pena A, Kahl O, Lindgren E. Effects of climate change on ticks and tick-borne diseases in europe. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis. 2009;2009:593232. doi: 10.1155/2009/593232. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Dantas-Torres F, Otranto D. Seasonal dynamics of Ixodes ricinus on ground level and higher vegetation in a preserved wooded area in southern Europe. Vet Parasitol. 2013;192:253–8. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.09.034. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Brianti E, Pennisi MG, Brucato G, Risitano AL, Gaglio G, Lombardo G, et al. Efficacy of the fipronil 10% + (S)-methoprene 9% combination against Rhipicephalus sanguineus in naturally infested dogs: speed of kill, persistent efficacy on immature and adult stages and effect of water. Vet Parasitol. 2010;170:96–103. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.01.033. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Jongejan F, Uilenberg G. The global importance of ticks. Parasitology. 2004;129(Suppl):S3–14. doi: 10.1017/s0031182004005967. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Shaw SE, Day MJ, Birtles RJ, Breitschwerdt EB. Tick-borne infectious diseases of dogs. Trends Parasitol. 2001;17:74–80. doi: 10.1016/S1471-4922(00)01856-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Beugnet F, Franc M. Results of a European multicentric field efficacy study of fipronil-(S) methoprene combination on flea infestation of dogs and cats during 2009 summer. Parasite. 2010;17:337–42. doi: 10.1051/parasite/2010174337. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Bonneau S, Gupta S, Cadiergues MC. Comparative efficacy of two fipronil spot-on formulations against experimental tick infestations (Ixodes ricinus) in dogs. Parasitol Res. 2010;107:735–9. doi: 10.1007/s00436-010-1930-y. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Kuzner J, Turk S, Grace S, Soni-Gupta J, Fourie JJ, Marchiondo AA, et al. Confirmation of the efficacy of a novel fipronil spot-on for the treatment and control of fleas, ticks and chewing lice on dogs. Vet Parasitol. 2013;193:245–51. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.11.006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Brianti E, Falsone L, Napoli E, Prudente C, Gaglio G, Giannetto S. Efficacy of a combination of 10% imidacloprid and 4.5% flumethrin (Seresto(R)) in slow release collars to control ticks and fleas in highly infested dog communities. Parasit Vectors. 2013;6:210. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-210. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Dantas-Torres F, Capelli G, Giannelli A, Ramos RA, Lia RP, Cantacessi C, et al. Efficacy of an imidacloprid/flumethrin collar against fleas, ticks and tick-borne pathogens in dogs. Parasit Vectors. 2013;6:245. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-245. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Doyle V, Beugnet F, Carithers D. Comparative efficacy of the combination fipronil-(S)-methoprene and the combination permethrin-imidacloprid against Dermacentor reticulatus, the European dog tick, applied topically to dogs. Vet Ther. 2005;6:303–10. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Endris RG, Everett R, Cunningham J, Katz TL, Thompson K. Efficacy of two 65% permethrin spot-on formulations against canine infestations of Ctenocephalides felis and Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Vet Ther. 2002;3:326–33. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Endris RG, Hair JA, Katz TL, Zobre E, Pennington RG, Meyer JA. Efficacy of three dose volumes of topically applied 65% permethrin against Ctenocephalides felis and Rhipicephalus sanguineus on dogs weighing 30 kg or more. Vet Ther. 2002;3:435–40. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Ndeledje N, Bouyer J, Stachurski F, Grimaud P, Belem AM, Molele Mbaindingatoloum F, et al. Treating cattle to protect people? Impact of footbath insecticide treatment on tsetse density in Chad. PLoS One. 2013;8:e67580. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067580. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Bissinger BW, Apperson CS, Watson DW, Arellano C, Sonenshine DE, Roe RM. Novel field assays and the comparative repellency of BioUD((R)), DEET and permethrin against Amblyomma americanum. Med Vet Entomol. 2011;25:217–26. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2010.00923.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Miller NJ, Rainone EE, Dyer MC, Gonzalez ML, Mather TN. Tick bite protection with permethrin-treated summer-weight clothing. J Med Entomol. 2011;48:327–33. doi: 10.1603/ME10158. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Marchiondo AA, Holdsworth PA, Fourie LJ, Rugg D, Kellmann K, Snyder DE, et al. World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) second edition: guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of parasiticides for the treatment, prevention and control of flea and tick infestations on dogs and cats. Vet Parasitol. 2013;194:84–97. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.02.003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Dumont P, Fourie JJ, Soll MD, Beugnet F. Acaricidal and repellent efficacy of a new combination of fipronil and permethrin against the main vector of canine babesiosis in Europe: Dermacentor reticulatus ticks. Parasit Vectors (in press). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
- 24.Fankhauser B, Dumont P, Halos L, Hunter IIIJS, Kunkle B, Everett WR, et al. Efficacy of a new combination of fipronil and permethrin against Ctenocephalides felis flea infestation in dogs. Parasit Vectors (in press). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
- 25.Beugnet F, Soll MD, Bouhsira E, Franc M. Sustained speed of kill and “repellence” of a new combination of fipronil and permethrin against Ctenocephalides canis flea infestation in dogs. Parasit Vectors (in press). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
- 26.Fankhauser B, Dumont P, Hunter IIIJS, McCall JW, Kaufmann C, Mathis A, et al., Repellent efficacy of a new combination of fipronil and permethrin against several mosquitoes species (Aedes sp., Culex sp.). Parasit Vectors (in press). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
- 27.Dumont P, Fankhauser B, Bouhsira E, Lienard E, Jacquiet P, Beugnet F, et al., Repellent efficacy of a new combination of fipronil and permethrin against the main vector of canine leishmaniosis in Europe (Phlebotomus perniciosus). Parasit Vectors (in press). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]