Abstract
Background and objective. The liver-specific functions of hepatocytes are improved by co-culturing hepatocytes with primary hepatic stellate cells (HSC). However, primary HSC have a short lifespan in vitro, which is considered a major limitation for their use in various applications. This study aimed to establish immortalized human HSC using the simian virus 40 large T antigen (SV40LT) for applications in co-culturing with hepatocytes and HSC in vitro.
Methods. Primary human HSC were transfected with a recombinant retrovirus containing SV40LT. The immortalized human HSC were characterized by analyzing their gene expression and functional characteristics. The liver-specific functions of hepatocytes were evaluated in a co-culture system incorporating immortalized human hepatocytes with HSC-Li cells.
Results. The immortalized HSC line, HSC-Li, was obtained after infection with a recombinant retrovirus containing SV40LT. The HSC-Li cells were longitudinally spindle-like and had numerous fat droplets in their cytoplasm as shown using electron microscopy. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), VEGF Receptor 1(Flt-1), collagen type Iα1 and Iα2 mRNA expression levels were observed in the HSC-Li cells by RT-PCR. Immunofluorescence staining showed that the HSC-Li cells were positive for α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta (PDGFR-β), vimentin, and SV40LT protein expression. The HSC-Li cells produced both HGF and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) in a time-dependent manner. Real-time PCR showed that albumin, CYP3A5, CYP2E1, and UGT2B7 mRNA expression generally increased in the co-culture system. The enzymatic activity of CYP1A2 under the co-culture conditions also generally increased as compared to the monoculture of immortalized human hepatocytes.
Conclusions. We successfully established the immortalized human HSC cell line HSC-Li. It has the specific phenotypic and functional characteristics of primary human HSC, which would be a useful tool to develop anti-fibrotic therapies. Co-culturing with the HSC-Li cells improved the liver-specific functions of hepatocytes, which may be valuable and applicable for bioartificial liver systems.
Keywords: human hepatic stellate cells, simian virus 40 large T antigen, immortalization, immortalized human hepatocytes, co-culture, bioartificial liver
Introduction
Due to the shortage of liver donors for orthotropic liver transplantation, bioartificial liver systems are currently considered as an alternative therapy for liver failure in clinical trials 1. However, bioartificial liver system applications are also limited because suitable liver cell sources are not available. Thus far, immortalized human hepatocytes with indefinite expansion in vitro and allogeneic cells are ideal for bioartificial liver system applications 2-4. However, the functionality and differentiation of these two cell types are lower than the functionality and differentiation of primary human hepatocytes 5, 6.
Human hepatic stellate cells (HSC), which are also known as fat-storing cells or Ito cells, are liver non-parenchymal cells that are located in the perisinusoidal tissue space of Disse. In both developing and adult livers, cell-cell interactions, including hepatocytes and stellate cells, have important functions regarding the stability of the liver functions of primary hepatocytes 7. In vitro, the co-culturing of primary hepatocytes with HSC maintains and stabilizes the differentiated phenotype of hepatocytes such as albumin and cytochrome P450 (CYP450) expression 8-10.
However, human HSC are terminally differentiated liver cells, have a limited proliferation capacity and do not passage in vitro for long periods of time. Isolating HSC is also extremely time consuming, laborious and usually produces low yields. Thus, using HSC for bioartificial liver systems or for liver tissue engineering is extremely limited. Cell immortalization is an effective technique to overcome senescence by introducing the simian virus 40 large T antigen (SV40LT) or human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) into primary HSC 11, 12. Thus, primary human HSC may be exempted from definitive passages by cell immortalization.
In this study, we developed an immortalized human HSC cell line using the retroviral transfer of SV40LT into primary human HSC. We also investigated the enhancement of the liver-specific functions of immortalized human hepatocytes by co-culture with immortalized human HSC.
Materials and Methods
The preparation of retroviral supernatant containing SV40LT
A recombinant retroviral vector containing SV40LT was successfully transferred into PT67 retroviral-packaging cells. Virus stocks were collected and stored at an ultra-lower temperature freezer until used as described in our previous study 13.
The isolation and immortalization of human HSCs
A liver tissue sample was obtained from an adult donor undergoing hepatic resection at the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University. This method and the experimental procedures in this study were performed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and approved by the ethics committee of the hospital. The patients provided written informed consent to participate in the study. The primary human HSC were isolated from surgical specimens of adult liver donors as previously described 14, 15. After 24 h of culturing, the primary HSC were incubated with 1.5 mL of retrovirus stocks containing SV40LT and 8 µg/mL polybrene (Aldrich Chemical, USA) at 37°C for 6h one time a day for 3 days. Three days after the final infection, the primary HSC were selected by adding the neomycin analog G418 (Sigma, USA) at a final concentration of 450µg/mL. One of the transferred HSC, called HSC-Li, was specifically selected due to its phenotypic and functional characteristics and was continuously expanded by passaging in vitro.
Electron microscopy examination
The ultra microstructure of immortalized human HSC was observed under an electron microscope. For scanning electron analysis, the HSC-Li cells were prepared using standard techniques and were observed using a Cambridge Stereoscan 260 SEM. For transmission electron analysis, the HSC-Li cells were also prepared using standard techniques and were examined using a Philips TECNAI 10 TEM. The analysis procedure to determine the ultra microstructure of the immortalized human HSC was previously described in detail 13, 16.
Reverse transcription PCR analysis
The mRNA of the immortalized human HSC was extracted from T25 flask cultures using TRIzol according to the manufacturer's instructions. RT-PCR was performed using a one-step RT-PCR reagent kit according to the manufacturer's instructions (Invitrogen, USA). The PCR products were visualized using a Bio-Rad image instrument under ultraviolet light. The primers and annealing temperatures for the PCR amplification of SV40LT, VEGF Receptor 1(Flt-1), HGF, collagen type Iα1, collagen type Iα2 and human β-actin mRNAs were previously described 13, 17.
Immunofluorescence staining
The immortalized human HSC were inoculated onto overlaps (Fisher, USA) in six-well plates. After 24 h of culture, the immortalized HSC attached onto the overlaps were washed twice with PBS. The overlaps were transferred and incubated in cold acetone for 10 min of fixing. Next, the overlaps were washed twice with PBS, permeabilized with PBS containing 0.1% Triton X-100 for 15 min, and then washed twice with PBS. Then, the overlaps were incubated in blocking solution at 37 °C for 30 min and PBS containing 3% BAS with primary antibody for 120 min. After washing with PBS, the overlaps were incubated with a secondary antibody in PBS containing 3% BAS for 60 min. The overlaps were finally washed twice with PBS, and DAPI (ENZO, USA) was used for cell nucleus staining. The overlaps were visualized by fluorescence microscopy (Olympus, Japan). The primary antibodies included anti-human vimentin antibody (R&D Systems, USA), anti-human α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) antibody (R&D Systems, USA), platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta (PDGFR-β) (Santa Cruz, USA) and mouse monoclonal anti-SV40LT antibody (Santa Cruz, USA). The secondary antibodies included FITC fluorescent goat anti-mouse antibody and donkey anti-rabbit antibody (Abcam, USA).
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake assay
The HSC-Li cells (1.0 × 105 cells/well) were inoculated into six-well plates with DMEM media containing 10% FBS. After 24 h of incubation, these cells were incubated with the same media supplemented with 10 μg/mL DiI-LDL (fluorescent LDL; Molecular Probes, Invitrogen, USA) for another 24 h at 37 °C. The HSC-Li cells were washed twice with cold PBS, and DiI-LDL uptake was observed under a fluorescence microscope (Olympus, 1×81, Japan).
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) production in HSC-Li cells
To measure HGF and TGF-β1 secretion in the HSC-Li cells, we inoculated 1.0 × 106 of HSC-Li cells into 90 mm dishes. After 24 h of culture, the cells were cultured with DMEM media supplemented with low amounts of FBS for eleven days. The culture supernatant of the HSC-Li cells was collected daily and assayed using human HGF and TGF-β1 ELISA kit (R&D Systems, USA) according to the manufacturer's manual.
Growth curve of immortalized human HSC
To plot the growth curve of the HSC-Li cells, we inoculated the HSC-Li cells into six-well plates at an initial density of 2.0 × 104 cells/well. The cell numbers were calculated once a day for 11 days using trypan blue exclusion tests. Three wells were included in each cell count.
Tumorigenicity analysis
This study was performed in strict accordance with the recommendations in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Institutes of Health. The protocol was approved by the Committee on the Ethics of Animal Experiments of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University (Permit Number: ZJU201308-1-01-086). All surgery was carried out under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia in order to minimize suffering.
To analyze the potential tumorigenicity of the immortalized HSC, we subcutaneously injected 2.0 × 106 HSC-Li cells into 8-week-old nude mice. Eight mice were included in the study. As positive controls, 2.0 × 106 HepG2 cells were also injected into eight nude mice (N = 8). All of the mice were examined for tumor formation weekly for three months.
Co-culture of immortalized human hepatocytes with HSC-Li cells
We investigated whether the co-culture with HSC-Li cells improve the liver-specific functions of the immortalized human hepatocytes, HepLi5 cells 15. As shown in Figure 1, direct (mixed) and indirect (Transwell) co-cultures were performed to analyze the effects of co-culturing with HSC-Li cells on the liver-specific functions of immortalized human hepatocytes in comparison with the monoculture (control) group.
Figure 1.
Co-culture systems used in the experiments. A. Hepatocyte monoculture. HepLi5 cells were inoculated into the lower layer of a Transwell dish. B. Mixed co-culture. HepLi5 and DiI-HSC-Li cells were all inoculated into the lower layer of a Transwell dish. C. Separated co-culture. HepLi5 and DiI-HSC-Li cells were inoculated into the lower and upper layers of a Transwell dish, respectively.
To easily sort HepLi5 cells from the mixed co-culture, we used 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI), a fluorescent dye that diffuses within cell membranes, to mark the HSC-Li cells. 2.0 × 105 HepLi5 cells and 1.0 × 105 DiI-HSC-Li cells were mixed and inoculated into the lower layer of dishes in a mixed co-culture. In a Transwell co-culture system, 2.0 × 105 HepLi5 cells and 1.0 × 105 DiI-HSC-Li cells were inoculated into the lower and upper layers of the dishes, respectively, without any cell-cell contact using a culture insert (pore size: 3.0 μm; Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). In the monoculture (control) group, 2.0 × 105 HepLi5 cells were inoculated into the lower layer of the dishes. The supernatant and cells were collected from the different groups after 24, 48, and 72 h.
Separation of DiI-positive and DiI-negative cells in cocultures by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS)
After the culture period, the cells from the mixed co-cultures were trypsinized, counted using trypan blue, and resuspended in PBS. To get single cell suspension of HepLi5 cells, Cells were sorted using BD Aria II Cell Sorting System (BD, USA) into DiI-positive or DiI-negative cells, focusing on the highest possible purity of HepLi5 cells.
CYP450 enzymatic activity
Meanwhile, the enzymatic activity of CPY450 in HepLi5 cells from different groups was assessed by measuring luciferase activity using a P450-GloTM CYP1A2 assay (V8422; Promega, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. In brief, HepLi5 cells from different groups were incubated at 37 °C in Krebs-Henseleit buffer supplemented with luciferin-1A2. After 1 h of incubation, 50 µl of buffer from each well was transferred into a 96-well opaque white plate and mixed with 50 µl of luciferin detection reagent. After 20 min of incubation at room temperature, luminescence was assayed with a multimode reader (DTX880; Beckman Coulter, USA).
Real-time quantitative RT-PCR
The total cellular RNA of the HepLi5 cells from different groups was extracted using an RNeasy® Plus Mini Kit (Qiagen, USA). cDNA synthesis was performed using a reverse transcription kit (Promega, USA) in accordance with the manufacturer's protocol. The mRNA expression levels of albumin, CYP3A5, CYP2E1, and UGT2B7 in HepLi5 cells were quantified using real-time RT-PCR with a SYBR Premix Ex Kit (Takara Biotech Co. Ltd., Dalian, China) and with an ABI 7500 Detector (Applied Biosystems). The real-time PCR amplification parameters and the primer sequences were described in detail in our previous study 15. The relative mRNA expression levels were analyzed using the Delta-Delta Ct method and normalized to GAPDH.
Statistical analysis
The quantitative values are presented as the mean ± SD. All data analyses were performed using SPSS 15.0 software (Chicago, IL, USA). Student's t-tests were performed to analyze different significances in the mean values. A P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
The establishment of immortalized human HSCs
Three immortalized human HSC lines were successfully established by transferring primary human HSC with a retroviral supernatant containing SV40LT. The immortalized human HSC cell line, HSC-Li, was investigated in this study. Under a contrast phase microscope, the HSC-Li cells were generally elongated and longitudinally spindle-like and exhibited hill-and-valley morphology (Fig. 2A and B). Electron microscopy examination showed that the HSC-Li cells were longitudinally spindle-like and had many fat droplets in their cytoplasm (Fig. 2C and D). Moreover, the morphology of HSC-Li cells at 100 passages were also showed by contrast phase microscope (Fig. 2E and F). The results indicated that HSC-Li cells were cultured for more than 100 passages without any crisis. The RT-PCR and immunofluorescence staining showed that the HSC-Li cells were positive for SV40LT gene and protein expression (Figs. 3 and 4A). All of these results indicate that the cells were immortalized.
Figure 2.
Morphological features of immortalized human HSC. A and B. The HSC-Li cells at 30 passages were generally elongated and longitudinally spindle-like as observed under a contrast phase microscope. Original magnification: ×100 and ×200, respectively. C and D. HSC-Li cells were longitudinally spindle-like and had numerous fat droplets in their cytoplasm as observed under an electron microscope. Original magnification: ×1460 and ×6200, respectively. E and F. The morphology of HSC-Li cells at 100 passages were also showed by contrast phase microscope. Original magnification: ×100 and ×200, respectively.
Figure 3.
The expression of HSC markers and SV40LT in HSC-Li cells. The HSC-Li cells expressed the following genes: Flt-1, HGF, collagen type Iα1, collagens type Iα2, and SV40LT. Primary hepatic stellate cells (P-HSC) served as the control.
Figure 4.
Immunofluorescence staining of HSC-Li cells and DiI-LDL uptake. A. The expression of SV40LT proteins was positive in the HSC-Li cells. It was localized in the nucleus of HSC-Li cells. Cells were costained with DAPI to identify nuclei. Original magnification: ×400. B-D. The expression of α-SMA, vimentin, and PDGFR-β proteins was also positive in the HSC-Li cells. Cells were costained with DAPI to identify nuclei. Original magnification: ×400. E.The HSC-Li cells strongly endocytosed LDL after 24 h of culture with DiI-LDL. Original magnification: ×200.
The gene expression of HSC markers in HSC-Li cells
The gene expression of HSC markers was detected by RT-PCR in HSC-Li cells at 30 passages. The RT-PCR showed that the HSC-Li cells expressed Flt-1, collagen type Iα1, and collagen type Iα2. HGF expression was particularly abundant in HSC-Li cells (Fig. 3).
Immunofluorescence staining for the protein expression of HSC markers in HSC-Li cells
We also detected the protein expression of intermediate filaments, including α-SMA and vimentin in HSC-Li cells. The immunofluorescence staining showed that HSC-Li cells strongly expressed α-SMA, vimentin, and PDGFR-β proteins (Fig. 4B-D).
DiI-LDL uptake in HSC-Li cells
The HSC-Li cells were incubated with DiI-LDL for 24 h. Fluorescence microscopy showed that the HSC-Li cells strongly endocytosed DiI-LDL (Fig. 4E).
HGF and TGF-β1 production in HSC-Li cells
The HGF and TGF-β1 concentration in the supernatant of the HSC-Li cells was measured by ELISA. The concentrations were 128.33 ±8.02, 411.0±9.85 and 1536.00±44.36 pg/mL after 24 h, 72 h, and 11 days of culture, respectively (Fig. 5A). These results indicate that the HSC-Li cells produced HGF in a time-dependent manner. Meanwhile, the levels of TGF-β1 secretion were significantly increased during the period of culture (Fig. 5A). These results also indicate that the HSC-Li cells produced TGF-β1 in a time-dependent manner.
Figure 5.
HGF and TGF-β1 production in HSC-Li cells and growth curve of HSC-Li cells. A. The HSC-Li cells produced both HGF and TGF-β1 in a time-dependent manner. B. Growth curve of HSC-Li cells.
Growth curve
The growth curve of the HSC-Li cells was drawn with the culture time as the abscissa and with the cell numbers as the ordinate. The HSC-Li cells proliferated significantly from 2.0 × 104 cells/well to 42.5 ± 1.6 × 104 cells/well throughout all observation periods (Fig. 5B). The HSC-Li cells proliferated with a doubling time of 8 h. Moreover, the HSC-Li cell line was cultured in DMEM with only 1% FBS. However, it was not able to grow under serum free conditions.
Tumorigenicity analysis
Regarding tumorigenicity analysis, 2.0 × 106 HSC-Li cells were subcutaneously injected into 8-week-old nude mice. No tumors formed during the three-month observation period. However, tumors were observed in the nude mice approximately three weeks after the injection of 2.0 × 106 HepG2 cells.
FACS of co-cultured cells
The sorting strategy aimed at highest possible purity of HepLi5 cells to exclude contamination with HSC-Li cells-derived RNA used in the quantitative RT-PCR. A representative example for FACS after 72 h-coculture is shown in Fig.6. The viable cells of HepLi5 and HSC-Li cells were gated according to forward and side scatter properties, which were located in p3 and used as a negative control (Fig.6A). The DiI-HSC-Li cells were gated in p4 and used as a positive control (Fig.6B). The sample of HepLi5 and DiI-HSC-Li cells from72h after the mixed co-culture were located in p3 and in p4, respectively. The cells from p3 were selectively sorted using FACS (Fig.6C). The sorted cells from p3 were analyzed by Flow cytometry again. The results showed that the sorted cells were all located in p3, indicating that HepLi5 cells were successfully sorted from the mixed co-culture of HepLi5 and DiI-HSC-Li cells (Fig.6D).
Figure 6.
FACS of co-cultured cells. A. The viable cells of HepLi5 and HSC-Li cells were gated, which were located in p3 and used as a negative control. B. The DiI-HSC-Li cells were gated in p4 and used as a positive control. C. The sample of HepLi5 and DiI-HSC-Li cells from72h after the mixed co-culture were located in p3 and in p4, respectively. The cells from p3 were selectively sorted using FACS. D. The results of Flow cytometry analysis showed that the sorted cells were all located in p3, indicating that the HepLi5 cells were successfully sorted from the mixed co-culture.
The effects of co-culture with HSC-Li cells on the hepatocyte-specific functions of immortalized human hepatocytes
To optimize the degree of heterotypic cell-cell interactions between the HepLi5 and HSC-Li cells, we varied the ratios of these cells from 5:1 to 1:5. The 2:1 ratio (HepLi5: HSC-Li cells) in the co-culture showed the best improvement in CYP1A2 activity and in albumin expression in the HepLi5 cells (data not shown). Thus, this ratio was used in our subsequent experiments. We used real-time quantitative PCR to assay the effect of co-culturing with the HSC-Li cells on the liver-specific gene expression of HepLi5 cells between monoculture and co-culture. Real-time PCR showed that the albumin, CYP3A5, CYP2E1, and UGT2B7 mRNA expression levels in the HepLi5 cells in separated co-culture and in mixed co-culture were generally higher than the expression levels in a monoculture of HepLi5 cells (Fig. 7A-D).
Figure 7.
The effects of co-culturing with HSC-Li cells on hepatocyte-specific functions of HepLi5 cells. A-D. The ratio of gene expression levels in HepLi5 cells between monolayer culturing and co-culturing as determined using real-time RT-PCR. The relative expression levels were determined by the Delta-Delta Ct method and normalized to GAPDH. The mRNA expression levels of albumin, CYP3A5, CYP2E1, and UGT2B7 in HepLi5 cells in mixed co-culture and in separated co-culture were generally higher than the levels in monolayer-cultured HepLi5 cells alone. (E). The CYP1A2 activity of HepLi5 cells in separated co-culture and in mixed co-culture was generally higher than in a monoculture of HepLi5 cells.
We also compared the CYP1A2 activity levels in the HepLi5 cells between a monoculture of HepLi5 cells and a co-culture of HepLi5 cells with the HSC-Li cells. The CYP1A2 activity levels in the HepLi5 cells in a separated co-culture and in a mixed co-culture were generally higher than that in a monoculture of HepLi5 cells (Fig. 7E).
Discussion
In the present study, we established immortalized human HSC cell line by transfecting a recombinant retrovirus containing SV40LT into primary human HSC. HSC-Li cells, which were derived from one of the immortalized human HSCs, possessed morphological features of HSC. Specifically, the HSC-Li cells expressed HSC markers such as collagen type Iα1, HGF, PDGFR-β and collagen type Iα2 as well as α-SMA and TGF-β1. The results of this study demonstrate that co-culturing with the HSC-Li cells significantly improved the liver-specific gene expression and functions of the HepLi5 cells.
HSC, which are the nearest neighbors of hepatocytes, has an important function in the proliferation and maintenance of hepatocyte differentiation. However, these cells have a finite life span. Telomere shortening controls the entry of HSC into senescence. The functional expression of hTERT stabilizes telomere length and extends the lifespan of primary human HSC 12, 18. SV40LT expression enables rat primary stellate cells to surpass replicative senescence and to extend the lifetime of rat primary stellate cells 11. In this study, the HSC-Li cells were established by transferring SV40LT into primary human HSC. The HSC-Li cells were longitudinally spindle-like and had numerous fat droplets in their cytoplasm as observed under an electron microscope. SV40LT gene and protein expression were strongly positive in the HSC-Li cells based on RT-PCR and immunofluorescence staining. Moreover, HSC-Li cells possessed preliminarily morphological features of HSC after in vitro 100 passages. All of these results demonstrate that the HSC-Li cells were immortalized human HSC.
The immunofluorescence staining indicated that the HSC-Li cells strongly expressed α-SMA and PDGFR-β, which are characteristics of HSC. And the HSC-Li cells produced TGF-β1 in a time-dependent manner. Especially, the HSC-Li cells expressed specific HSC markers such as collagen type Iα1, collagen type Iα2 and PDGFR-β as well as α-SMA and TGF-β1. These findings suggested that immortalized activated HSC line HSC-Li would be a useful tool to develop anti-fibrotic therapies.
In addition, the HSC-Li cells also expressed HGF and Flt-1 and strongly endocytosed LDL. And the HSC-Li cells produced HGF in a time-dependent manner. Moreover, the HSC-Li cells could be cultured in DMEM with lower serum conditions. And the HSC-Li cells were not tumorigenic throughout 3 months of observation. Thus, the HSC-Li cells may be useful for tissue engineering and for the co-culturing of hepatocytes and non-parenchymal liver cells.
The communication between primary hepatocytes and non-parenchymal liver cells has an important function in maintaining the liver-specific function of primary hepatocytes 19, 20. HSC are considered to have a critical function in regulating primary rat hepatocyte proliferation or in preserving several key aspects of differentiated hepatocyte function in vitro 10, 21. In this study, we used HSC-Li cells to analyze the effects of co-culturing on the liver-specific functions of immortalized human hepatocytes. The real-time PCR results indicated that the mRNA expression levels of albumin, CYP3A5, CYP2E1, and UGT2B7 in the HepLi5 cells were generally upregulated after co-culturing with the HSC-Li cells. Moreover, human CYP450, which is a marker of liver-specific biotransformation functions, has an important function in the metabolism of most drugs. The CYP1A2 activity level in the HepLi5 cells also generally improved after co-culturing with HSC-Li cells. All of these results demonstrate that both the transcriptional levels of liver-specific genes and CYP450 activities were enhanced when the HepLi5 cells were co-cultured with the HSC-Li cells. The obtained results were consistent with the results of a previous study, which found that heterotypic interactions are important for enhanced hepatocyte functions 17, 22. The results of the present study also demonstrated that the liver functions of hepatocytes in separated co-culture were considerably higher than the functions of hepatocytes in mixed co-culture. These similar results were proven by another study that demonstrated that the DNA synthesis of primary rat hepatocytes in mixed co-culture is considerably lower than the level during separated co-culture conditions 21. These results suggest that the cell-cell indirect contact between hepatocytes and HSC significantly enhance hepatocyte functions.
HGF is a potential endogenous mitogen for hepatocytes. This study demonstrated that the HSC-Li cells produced HGF in a time-dependent manner, indicating that HGF enhances hepatocyte functions. Moreover, the liver-specific functions of hepatocytes in separated co-cultures were considerably higher than these hepatocyte functions in a mixed co-culture. We speculate that soluble factors secreted by HSC-Li cells are involved in this co-culture system. However, the mechanisms by which the liver functions of hepatocytes are upregulated by HSC have not been elucidated. Thus, further investigations are required to determine the underlying mechanisms.
In conclusion, the HSC-Li cells were successfully established by introducing SV40LT into primary human HSC. The HSC-Li cells exhibited the morphological features of HSC and expressed HSC markers. The hepatocyte function in the HepLi5 cells was significantly improved by co-culturing with the HSC-Li cells. This co-culture system is a promising approach to enhance the liver-specific functions of hepatocytes for potential applications in bioartificial liver systems.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Chinese High Tech Research & Development (863) Program (No.2013AA020102 and 2012AA020204), Science Fund for Creative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.81121002), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.2014XZZX008 and 2014FZA7010), Zhejiang Health Science Foundation (2009A076) and Technology Group Project for Infectious Disease Control of Zhejiang Province (2009R50041).
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: LJ and XP. Performed the experiments: XP, XP, JZ and YH. Analyzed the data: XP and WB. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: XP, XP, YN, HC, ZN, DH and YC. Wrote the paper: XP.
References
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